贵州从江侗族Y-DNA及线粒体DNA 序列多态性分析

为分析贵州从江侗族父系及母系遗传结构,探讨其起源及迁徒, 通过聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP), 研究贵州从江侗族无亲缘关系个体由10个单核苷酸位点(SNPs)组成的Y染色体单倍型及11个单核苷酸位点组成的线粒体DNA单倍群频率。结果显示, 从40份男性样本的Y-SNP基因分型中,得到H6 、H11、H14 共3种单倍型;H11的频率为92.5%;通过对线粒体DNA基因分型,得到6种单倍群,有75%的个体能明确分类其所携带的单倍群特征,说明贵州从江侗族父系遗传构成相对简单。通过主成分分析,证明贵州从江侗族与其他的壮侗语族人群相聚,母系遗传结构复杂,无C单倍群分布可能为该民族特征之一。Abstract: To study the patrilineal and matrilineal genetic structure and the origin of Dong Ethnic of Congjiang Guizhou. Study the distribution of Y-chromosome haplotypes which consisted of 10 SNPs of Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups consisted of 11 SNPs by using PCR-RFLP method. The result is three haplotypes H6,H11,H14 were detected, the frequency of H11 is 92.5%. Six haplogroups were identified by mtDNA analysis, 75% of the people can be identified. The patrilineal genetic structure of Dong of Guizhou is simple, Principle component indicated that the structure is closer to Zhuang-Dong branch of Sino-Tibetan language family. The matrilineal genetic structure of Dong of Guizhou is complicated.     

人类线粒体DNA变异的检测方法和思路

基于线粒体DNA（mtDNA)的研究对于人群源流迁移、线粒体相关疾病病因的探讨和法医鉴定等具有重意义,就检测人线粒体突变的一些常用方法,如RFLP、SSO和控制区测序等作一小结和归纳,并重点介绍目前mtDNA突变的筛选方法和思路,另外,还总结了近年来对人mtDNA方面的研究结果,对世界人群中主要单倍型类群（haplogroup)特征变异位点和相应的酶切检测引物作了归纳。     

普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop区序列多态性研究

目的:了解中国新疆吉木萨尔野马繁殖中心的普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)遗传多样性及其遗传背景.方法:采用PCR产物直接测序法,对15匹普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop高变区进行测序分析.结果:测定15个个体的线粒体DNA D-loop高变区15464～15866片段序列402bp.检测到12种单倍型,包括37个多态位点,占全部序列的9.2%,其中转换位点24个、颠换位点20个、转换位点和颠换并存位点8个、缺失位点3个.A%+T%含量(56.1%)高于G%+C%含量(43.9%),平均A含量为28.4%,T含量为27.7%,C含量为29%,G含为14.9%.单倍型间平均遗传距离为0.030,单倍型多态性(h)为1±0.00116,核苷酸多态性(π)为2.90%.15匹普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop高变区之间平均核苷酸变异率为2.48%.结论:研究表明我国新疆吉木萨尔野马繁殖中心的普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop区序列存在丰富的多态性.     

中国部分牦牛品种线粒体DNA遗传多态性研究

采用DNA测序技术首次测定了中国5个牦牛品种(类群)35个个体线粒体DNA控制区(D loop)全序列,结果表明:牦牛线粒体DNA控制区全序列长度为891～895bp,T、C、A、G4种核苷酸的含量分别为28.5%、25.3%、32.5%、13.7%。检测到55个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的6.16%,核甘酸变异类型有转换、颠换、插入/缺失4种。确定了24种单倍型,单倍型H4和H6为中国牦牛的主体单倍型,各单倍型在品种间分布不平衡,所测定的5个牦牛品种(类群)单倍型多样度平均为0.9697±0.0180,说明我国牦牛D loop单倍型类型丰富。牦牛品种内各序列平均核苷酸差异数为10.936,核苷酸多样度为1.231%;牦牛品种间核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)约为0.760%～2.155%,品种间双参数距离范围为0.000～0.029,表明我国牦牛遗传多态性丰富。对D环序列变异的分子方差分析和单倍型网络关系图的结果表明:我国牦牛品种间出现显著的遗传分化,牦牛单倍型网络关系图聚为2个聚类簇,表明我国牦牛有2个母系来源,或者有2个主要的驯化地点。     

利用线粒体DNA控制区序列分析细鳞鲑种群的遗传结构

细鳞鲑(Brachymystaxlenok)是我国重要的经济鱼类,由于过度捕捞、环境污染及其他因素的影响,其种群已处于濒危状态。研究细鳞鲑种群的遗传结构对于探讨这一物种的形成与演化及其有效保护等问题具有十分重要的意义。本文测定了我国东部水系的细鳞鲑7个种群71个个体的线粒体DNA控制区序列片段(835bp),发现43个变异位点,共计15个单倍型。AMOVA分析结果表明,不同的地理区域之间存在显著的遗传分化(63.55%),而区域内和种群内的遗传变异分别只有24.17%和12.28%。采用邻接法(NJ)构建分子系统树,结果表明,单倍型被分成3个与各自的地理区域相对应的族群,各地理区域之间没有共享的单倍型。细鳞鲑的这种独特的遗传结构与其进化历史(例如地理隔离造成基因流的长期中断)和生物学特性(例如有限的散布能力和基因交换能力)有密切的关系。根据上述研究结果,我们建议对这3个遗传分化显著的地理区域加以保护,并按照不同的水系来保护种群,避免不同区域的种群之间发生基因交流。     

中国驴种线粒体DNA D-loop多态性研究

利用Clustal W软件对我国5个家驴品种26个个体的mtDNA D—loop区399bp序列进行同源序列比对,共检测到核苷酸多态位点23个,只有转换1种类型,约占所测核苷酸的5．76％。以欧洲驴D—loop作对照,我国5个家驴品种D—loop区序列的平均核苷酸变异率为1．80％,其中凉州驴的平均核苷酸变异率为0．35％．云南驴为1．25％,关中驴为2．30％,新疆驴为2．91％,佳米驴为2．20％。家驴品种内与品种间mtDNA D—loop区序列歧异度分别为0．25％-5．01％和4．51％-5．51％,说明家驴品种间D—loop区序列多态性比较丰富。在所测家驴个体中,mtD NAD—loop序列由11种单倍型组成,单倍型比例为42．31％,表明我国家驴mtDNA遗传多态性正逐步丧失,需要加强其种质资源保护。引用GenBank中亚洲野驴和欧洲家驴的序列,构建了我国5个家驴品种的NJ分子系统树,首次从分子水平证实中国家驴可能起源于非洲野驴,而与亚洲野驴无关。     

山东荣成人群线粒体DNA多态性研究

人类线粒体DNA（mtDNA)COⅡ/tRNA^lys区有两个9－bp(CCCCCTCTA)的串联重复序列,此重复序列中一个重复单位的缺失,在亚态地区人群中很普遍。对210名山东荣成人的mtDNA COⅡ/tRNA^lys区的9-bp 缺失情况进行了检测,并从中随机选取95个样本,利用PCR－RFLP法对另外6个区进行了多态性分析,以确定其单位型。结果表明,荣成人9－bp缺失频率为12.4%,相对于已检测的中国其他群体,此缺失频率处于中等水平。同时多态性分析也表明在95个被检测对象中存在27种不同的单倍型。此外还发现了两个未报道过的新酶切位点,序列分析表明是由点突变造成的。     

贵州三都水族Y染色体上7个STR基因座的遗传多态性分析

采用多重PCR技术, 结合ABI PRISMTM 377 DNA Sequencer四色荧光标记进行基因扫描分型, 对中国贵州三都水族群体进行7个Y-STR基因座的多态性分析, 计算其基因频率、遗传多样性及单倍型多样性, 获取相应的遗传多态信息.结果显示: 在94个无关男性样本中, DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS390、DYS391、DYS392、DYS393等基因座分别检出6, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5, 4种等位基因, 遗传多样性在0.124(DYS389Ⅰ)～0.630(DYS19)之间; 由此组成的单倍型为27种, 单倍型多样性0.868.此7个Y-STR基因座在贵州三都水族群体中具有较好的多态性, 单倍型具有较高的遗传多态.     

云南地区恒河猴线粒体DNA控制区遗传多态性研究

目的从分子水平探讨云南地区恒河猴遗传多样性,为今后开展恒河猴遗传资源的保护及合理利用提供借鉴和背景资料。方法采用PCR直接测序法测定云南地区恒河猴96份样品的线粒体DNA控制区全序列,用Mege 4.0和DNA SP软件对变异位点数、简约信息位点数、单倍型、单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度等遗传信息进行分析,基于邻接法（neighbor-joining,NJ）和最小进化法（minimum-evolution,ME）构建系统发生树。结果在96份样品中,共检测出了149个多态性位点,定义了46种单倍型,单倍型多样度（Hd）为0.968±0.007,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.020。结论云南地区恒河猴存在着较丰富的遗传多态性。     

贵州水族人群线粒体DNA序列多态分析

研究了我国贵州水族64个个体线粒体DNA控制区第一高变区序列的变异情况,在所测定的495bp序列中,共检测到73个点存在变异,界定了48种不同的单倍型,单倍型的系统发育分析表明水族中存在一些古老的单倍型类型,并且其中的几个单倍型在欧亚人群中也存在分布,来自群体历史动态分析估算的水族群体扩张时间距今约6万年,这些结果提示水族是一个古老的民族群体,结合前期测定的广西壮族以及其他报道的民族人群的比较分析发现,水族在总体上表现出与壮族相近,但又不同于壮族这一典型的南方民族群体。     

贵州三都水族Y染色体单倍型频率分析

在92例贵州三都水族个体中,用PCR-RFLP法研究由11个单核苷酸多态位点(SNPs)组成的Y染色体单倍型频率分布,结果显示该人群的Y染色体主要为南方特异的H11和H9单倍型,两者频率高达90.22％。主成分分析结果显示其父系遗传结构与我国黎族、布依族等汉藏语系壮侗语族民族最为接近。通过Y染色体的遗传学观察与历史记载和语言学分类有较好一致性。 Abstract:Non-recombination region of Y-chromosome is a useful marker in tracing evolutionary history of paternal lineage.In the present study,total 92 individuals from Shui ethnic group in Sandu Shui Ethnic Group Autonomous County of Guizhou Province were inspected with 11 SNP sites including M7,M9,M15,M45,M89,M95,M119,M122,M130,M134 and YAP on Y-chromosome.All the subjects were required to be unrelated and without intermarriage with other ethnic groups within three generations.The haplotypes were analyzed by PCR-RFLP method.Four haplotypes H5,H8,H9 and H11 were detected with frequencies of 0.054,0.044,0.315 and 0.587,respectively.Principle component indicated that the paternal lineage of Shui ethnic group is much closer to Li ethnic group of Hainan Province and Bouyei ethnic group of Guizhou Province,which belong to the group of Zhuang-Dong branch of Sino-Tibetan language family.In addition genetic study of Shui coincides with its linguistic distribution.     

中国瑶族人群(广西)9个STR基因多态性研究

采用STR基因扫描技术选择D3S1358,vWA,FGA,THO1,TPOX,CSF1P0,D5S818, D13S317 和 D7S820 9种STR基因座,研究我国瑶族人群STR遗传多态性。在瑶族群体中9个STR基因座共检出61个等位基因,其频率分布在0.0054~0.5924,平均杂合度为0.7357,多态信息量为0.6887,累积个体识别率为2.02×10-10,非父排除率为0.9999。结果表明,在人类遗传学、法学科等领域建立本民族本地区遗传学资料是十分重要和必不可少的。 Study on 9 STR Loci Polymorphism from Chinese Yao Ethnic Group(Guangxi) GAO Fang1,BI Shi-hua2,LAI Jiang-hua1,LI Sheng-bin1,2 1.National Laboratory of Forensic Sciences,Xian Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710061; 2.Human Genome Genter,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101 China Abstract:Genetic polymorphism of nine STR loci was investigated from a Chinese Yao population based on STR Genescan.Sixty one alleles was determined for 9 loci,such as D3S1358,vWA,FGA,THO1,TPOX,CSF1P0,D5S818,D13S317 and D7S820 with their frequencies 0.0054~0.5924.The average heterozygosity(H) was 0.7357,polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.6887,the accumulative discrimination power(DP) was 2.02×10-10 and the probability of paternity exclusion(PPE) was 0.9999.These results suggested that the nine STR loci are very useful for human identification,such as analyzing forensic casework,establishing DNA databases,processing paternity test and studying gene natural resources. Key words：STR;genescan;Yao ethnic group;individual identification     

广州汉族人群DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ/Ⅱ、DYS390多态性及其单体型

用PCR结合PAGE技术观察111例广州汉族男性DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ/Ⅱ、DYS390等位基因及单体型分布状况。结果显示：广州地区汉族男性DYS19基因座观察到5种等位基因,DYS389Ⅰ观察到4种等位基因,DYS389Ⅱ观察到5种等位基因,DYS390观察到5种等位基因;χ2检验表明上述各等位基因频率分布与其他地区人群存在明显的差异。此外,还观察到72种由上述基因座共同构成的单体型,单体型多样性达0.953。 Abstract: In order to apply a set of useful and high polymorphic Y?STRs in forensic practice and genetic analysis,we performed a population genetic study from Chinese.The allele distributions of the systems DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ/Ⅱ、and DYS390 were investigated in sample of 111 unrelated males from the area of Guangzhou, China.PCR products were detected using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining.5、4、5、5 alleles were observed in locus DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS390 respectively.Different allele frequency distributions were observed when compared to other population.Haplotype frequency date of 72 different types were obtained.     

中国东乡族9个STR基因座遗传多态性研究

选择9个STR基因座,采用四色荧光标记STR基因扫描技术,对中国甘肃省特有民族——东乡族的群体遗传多态性进行研究。同时检测94个无关个体血液样本,共检出72种等位基因,基因频率的分布在0.0053~0.5825之间;检出182种基因型,基因型频率分布在0.0106~0.2660之间;9个STR位点基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律（P＞0.05）。9个STR位点多态信息量（polymorphism information content,PIC）均大于0.6378,杂合度(heterozygosity,H) 均大于0.6500,个体识别力(discrimination power,DP)均大于0.8216,非父排除率(probabilities of paternity exclusion,PPE) 均大于 0.4903。种族比较结果显示,甘肃东乡族与白种人及黑种人在绝大多数位点存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,而9个STR位点与汉族群体的遗传差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。研究结果丰富了中华民族基因数据库,在人类群体遗传学及法医学研究领域有重要应用价值。 Abstract:Genetic distribution for nine STR loci was determined in a Chinese Dongxing ethnic group based on STR genescan marked by fluorescence.Seventy-Two alleles and 182 genotypes were observed in 94 unrelated Chinese Dongxiang individuals,with the corresponding gene frequency and genotype frequency being 0.0053~0.5825 and 0.0106~0.2660 respectively.The genotypes of nine STR loci were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P＞0.05).The statistical analysis of nine STR loci showed PIC( polymorphism information content,PIC)≥0.6378,H(heterozygosity,H) ≥0.6500,DP (discrimination power,DP) ≥0.8216,PPE(probabilities of paternity exculation,PPE) ≥0.4903.The result indicated that there was a significant difference between Dongxiang ethnic group and the white and the black.There was no significant difference in Han nationality.These result filled the Dongxiang ethnic group-a specific group of Chinese into the genetic database and played an important role in Chinese population genetic study and forensic medicine application.     

中国阿昌族九个STR基因位点遗传多态性研究

采集云南阿昌族100个无关个体血样,研究该民族9个STR位点和Amelogenin基因位点,采用四色荧光标记STR基因扫描技术,同时检测96个样品,建立云南阿昌族9个STR位点的基因频率数据库,共检测出69种等位基因,其频率分布在0．0050－0．6100,166种基因型,其基因型频率分布在0．0100－0．3900,平均H为0．7381,累积DP为0．9999999,EPP为0．9999989,9个STR位点基因型分布符合Handy-Weiberg平衡定律,为建立我国不同民族STR基因数据奠定了基础,将在人类学,法医学和民族学领域发挥重要的应用价值。     

Genetic variation in the enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: insights into Turkic population history

The Altaian Kazakhs, a Turkic speaking group, now reside in the southern part of the Altai Republic in south-central Russia. According to historical accounts, they are one of several ethnic and geographical subdivisions of the Kazakh nomadic group that migrated from China and Western Mongolia into the Altai region during the 19th Century. However, their population history of the Altaian Kazakhs and the genetic relationships with other Kazakh groups and neighboring Turkic-speaking populations is not well understood. To begin elucidating their genetic history, we analyzed the mtDNAs from 237 Altaian Kazakhs through a combination of SNP analysis and HVS1 sequencing. This analysis revealed that their mtDNA gene pool was comprised of roughly equal proportions of East (A-G, M7, M13, Y and Z) and West (H, HV, pre-HV, R, IK, JT, X, U) Eurasian haplogroups, with the haplotypic diversity within haplogroups C, D, H, and U being particularly high. This pattern of diversity likely reflects the complex interactions of the Kazakhs with other Turkic groups, Mongolians, and indigenous Altaians. Overall, these data have important implications for Kazakh population history, the genetic prehistory of the Altai-Sayan region, and the phylogeography of major mitochondrial lineages in Eurasia.     

Post‐last glacial maximum expansion from Iberia to North Africa revealed by fine characterization of mtDNA H haplogroup in Tunisia

The first large‐scale fine characterization of Tunisian H lineages clarifies that the post‐Last glacial maximum expansion originating in Iberia not only led to the resettlement of Europe but also of North Africa. We found that 46% of 81 Tunisian H lineages subscreened for 1,580 bp in mtDNA coding region were affiliated with H1 and H3 subhaplogroups, which are known to have originated in Iberia. Although no signs of local expansion were detected, which would allow a clear dating of their introduction, the younger and less diverse Tunisian H1 and H3 lineages indicate Iberia as the radiating centre. Major contributions from historical migrations to this Iberian genetic imprint in Tunisia were ruled out by the mtDNA gene pool similarity between Berber/Arab/cosmopolitan samples and some “Andalusian” communities, settled by the descendents of the “Moors” who once lived in Iberia for 10 centuries (between 8th and 17th centuries), before being expelled to Tunisia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.