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2.
We evaluated the presence of Ca, Na, K, Cu and Zn in the lenses and aqueous humour of rabbits treated with an Nd:YAG laser to induce opacity of the crystalline. The mean concentrations of the elements found in control lenses were: Ca: 15.8+/-5.2 mg/kg; Na: 1.2+/-0.6 g/kg; K: 10.3+/-3.3 g/kg; Cu: 0.19+/-0.06 mg/kg; Zn: 20.6+/-3.0 mg/kg. With the exception of K and Zn, the values found in the lenses of treated eyes (Ca: 135+/-24 mg/kg; Na: 4.3+/-1.5 g/kg; K: 10.1 +/- 3.2 g/kg; Cu: 0.47+/-0.17 mg/kg; Zn: 21.8+/-4.2 mg/kg) were significantly higher than in the controls. On the other hand, the concentrations found in the aqueous humour of treated eyes (Ca: 21.7+/-4.5 mg/l; Na: 0.66+/-0.21 g/l; K: 0.29+/-0.10 g/l; Cu: 0.035+/-0.009 mg/l; Zn: 0.079+/-0.01 mg/l) were significantly lower than those of the controls. The greatest difference was observed for Na (-68.6%) and Cu (-52.7%), followed by Ca and Zn (-35.0% and -35.2%, respectively). A positive correlation was found between Ca and Na in treated lenses (r2 = 0.9226, p < 0.0001) whereas inverse correlations were found for both Ca (r2 = 0.9788, p<0.0001) and Na (r2 = 0.9491, p<0.0001) between the concentrations found in the lenses and in the aqueous humour of treated eyes. 相似文献
3.
Background: Occupational exposure to the most widely used diisocyanate, 4,4’-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), is a cause of occupational asthma (OA). Early recognition of MDI exposure and sensitization is essential for the prevention of MDI-OA. Objective: Identify circulating microRNAs (miRs) as novel biomarkers for early detection of MDI exposure and prevention of MDI-OA. Materials and methods: Female BALB/c mice were exposed to one of three exposure regimens: dermal exposure to 1% MDI in acetone; nose-only exposure to 4580?±?1497?μg/m3 MDI-aerosol for 60?minutes; or MDI dermal exposure/sensitization followed by MDI-aerosol inhalation challenge. Blood was collected and miRCURY? miRs qPCR Profiling Service was used to profile circulate miRs from dermally exposed mice. Candidate miRs were identified and verified from mice exposed to three MDI-exposure regimens by TaqMan® miR assays. Results: Up/down-regulation patterns of circulating mmu-miRs-183-5p, -206-3p and -381-3p were identified and verified. Circulating mmu-miR-183-5p was upregulated whereas mmu-miRs-206-3p and -381-3p were downregulated in mice exposed via all three MDI exposure regimens. Discussion and conclusion: Upregulation of circulating miR-183-5p along with downregulation of circulating miRs-206-3p and -381-3p may serve as putative biomarkers of MDI exposure and may be considered as potential candidates for validation in exposed human worker populations. 相似文献
4.
Calmodulin (CaM) functions depend on interactions with CaM‐binding proteins, regulated by . Induced structural changes influence the affinity, kinetics, and specificities of the interactions. The dynamics of CaM interactions with neurogranin (Ng) and the CaM‐binding region of /calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (CaMKII 290−309) have been studied using biophysical methods. These proteins have opposite dependencies for CaM binding. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor analysis confirmed that and CaM interact very rapidly, and with moderate affinity ( ). Calmodulin‐CaMKII 290−309 interactions were only detected in the presence of , exhibiting fast kinetics and nanomolar affinity ( ). The CaM–Ng interaction had higher affinity under ‐depleted ( and k −1 = 1.6 × 10 −1s −1) than ‐saturated conditions ( ). The IQ motif of Ng (Ng 27−50) had similar affinity for CaM as Ng under ‐saturated conditions ( ), but no interaction was seen under ‐depleted conditions. Microscale thermophoresis using fluorescently labeled CaM confirmed the surface plasmon resonance results qualitatively, but estimated lower affinities for the Ng ( ) and CaMKII 290−309( ) interactions. Although CaMKII 290−309 showed expected interaction characteristics, they may be different for full‐length CaMKII. The data for full‐length Ng, but not Ng 27−50, agree with the current model on Ng regulation of /CaM signaling. 相似文献
6.
Free N-glycans (FNGs) are ubiquitous in growing plants. Further, acidic peptide: N-glycanase is believed to be involved in the production of plant complex-type FNGs (PCT-FNGs) during the degradation of dysfunctional glycoproteins. However, the distribution of PCT-FNGs in growing plants has not been analyzed. Here, we report the occurrence of PCT-FNGs in the xylem sap of the stem of the tomato plant. Abbreviations: RP-HPLC: reversed-phase HPLC; SF-HPLC: size-fractionation HPLC; PA-: pyridylamino; PCT: plant complex type; Hex: hexose; HexNAc: N-acetylhexosamine; Pen: pentose; Deoxyhex: deoxyhexose; Man: D-mannose; GlcNAc: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; Xyl: D-xylose; Fuc: L-fucose; Lea: Lewis a (Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAc); PCT: plant complex type; M3FX: Manα1-6(Manα1-3)(Xylβ1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-PA; GN2M3FX: GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)(Xylβ1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-PA; (Lea)1GN1M3FX: Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAc1-2 Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)(Xylβ1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-PA or GlcNAc1-2Manα1-6(Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAc1-2Manα1-3)(Xylβ1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-PA. 相似文献
7.
A series of studies was conducted to determine the optimum sex attractant for monitoring the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, in Korea, based on the previously reported pheromone composition in this species. ( Z)-13-Octadecenal (Z13-18:Al) was most active in electroantennogram (EAG) and field tests. ( Z)-11-Hexadecenal (Z11-16:Al), ( Z)-11-octadecenal (Z11-18:Al), ( Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), ( Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate (Z13-18:Ac) and ( Z)-13-octadecenol (Z13-18:OH) individually elicited significant EAG responses, but were not individually attractive in field trials. ( Z)-11-Octadecenol (Z11-18:OH) alone was inactive in both EAG and field tests. The addition of Z11-18:OH and Z13-18:OH to the binary mixture of Z11-18:Al and Z13-18:Al, as the previously reported composition of the Japanese blend, significantly increased the trap catches of males in field trials. In contrast, the Philippine and Indian blends were not attractive to this species. Interestingly, when Z13-18:Ac alone was added to the binary mixture of Z11-18:Al and Z13-18:Al, the trap catch number was the same as that of the Japanese blend. The present study indicates that the four-component blend (Z11-18:Al/Z13-18:Al/Z11-18:OH/Z13-18:OH = 11/100/24/36) and the three-component blend (Z11-18:Al/Z13-18:Al/Z13-18:Ac = 11/100/11) can be used as sex attractants for monitoring the Korean populations of C. medinalis. 相似文献
8.
Increasing atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N) deposition due to human activities could change N cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the differences between the fates of deposited and are still not fully understood. Here, we investigated the fates of deposited and , respectively, via the application of 15NH 4NO 3 and NH 415NO 3 in a temperate forest ecosystem. Results showed that at 410 days after tracer application, most was immobilized in litter layer (50 ± 2%), while a considerable amount of penetrated into 0–5 cm mineral soil (42 ± 2%), indicating that litter layer and 0–5 cm mineral soil were the major N sinks of and , respectively. Broad‐leaved trees assimilated more 15N under NH 415NO 3 treatment compared to under 15NH 4NO 3 treatment, indicating their preference for –N. At 410 days after tracer application, 16 ± 4% added 15N was found in aboveground biomass under treatment, which was twice more than that under treatment (6 ± 1%). At the same time, approximately 80% added 15N was recovered in soil and plants under both treatments, which suggested that this forest had high potential for retention of deposited N. These results provided evidence that there were great differences between the fates of deposited and , which could help us better understand the mechanisms and capability of forest ecosystems as a sink of reactive nitrogen. 相似文献
9.
Mediation effects of multiple mediators are determined by two associations: one between an exposure and mediators (‐) and the other between the mediators and an outcome conditional on the exposure (‐). The test for mediation effects is conducted under a composite null hypothesis, that is, either one of the ‐ and ‐ associations is zero or both are zeros. Without accounting for the composite null, the type 1 error rate within a study containing a large number of multimediator tests may be much less than the expected. We propose a novel test to address the issue. For each mediation test , , we examine the ‐ and ‐ associations using two separate variance component tests. Assuming a zero‐mean working distribution with a common variance for the element‐wise ‐ (and ‐) associations, score tests for the variance components are constructed. We transform the test statistics into two normally distributed statistics under the null. Using a recently developed result, we conduct hypothesis tests accounting for the composite null hypothesis by adjusting for the variances of the normally distributed statistics for the ‐ and ‐ associations. Advantages of the proposed test over other methods are illustrated in simulation studies and a data application where we analyze lung cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to investigate the smoking effect on gene expression through DNA methylation in 15 114 genes. 相似文献
11.
The relationship between cytosolic concentrations of Ca 2+ (Ca) and Na + (Na) were studied in preparations of rat submandibular and pancreatic acini loaded with the Ca 2+-sensitive dye Fura-2 or the Na +-sensitive dye SBFI. Pancreatic acini showed no changes in Na during either transient or persistent changes in Ca. Increases in Ca produced by exposure of submandibular gland acini to carbachol, a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, were followed by an increase in Na after a delay of 5–10 s. When Ca 2+ stores were mobilized without Ca 2+ influx Na also increased, but in acini loaded with BAPTA, a nonfluorescent Ca 2+ chelator, the transient increase in Ca 2+ caused by mobilization of stored Ca 2+ was virtually abolished, as was the increase in Na. In the presence of ionomycin, increases in Ca were followed by increases in Na. Ca 2+-dependent increases in Na were abolished in Na +-free buffer and by the presence of furosemide, a blocker of Na +-K +-2Cl − cotransport. In other studies, extracellular ATP (ATP o) produced an increase in Ca and Na. The steady-state increase in Ca was reduced by increasing extracellular Na + concentrations (Na) in dose-dependent fashion (IC 50 = 16.4 ± 4.7 mM Na +). Likewise, increasing Na reduced ATP o-stimulated 45Ca 2+ uptake at steady state (IC 50 = 15.8 ± 9.2 mM Na +). Changing Na had no effect on carbachol-stimulated increases in Ca. We conclude that, in rat submandibular gland acini, ATP o promotes an increase in Ca and Na via a common influx pathway and that, under physiologic conditions, Na + significantly limits the ATP o-stimulated increase in Ca. In the presence of carbachol, however, Na rises in Ca-dependent fashion in submandibular gland acini via stimulation of Na +-K +-2Cl − cotransport. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
12.
We estimated local and metapopulation effective sizes ( and meta‐) for three coexisting salmonid species ( Salmo salar, Salvelinus fontinalis, Salvelinus alpinus) inhabiting a freshwater system comprising seven interconnected lakes. First, we hypothesized that might be inversely related to within‐species population divergence as reported in an earlier study (i.e., F ST: S. salar> S. fontinalis> S. alpinus). Using the approximate Bayesian computation method implemented in ONeSAMP, we found significant differences in () between species, consistent with a hierarchy of adult population sizes (). Using another method based on a measure of linkage disequilibrium (LDNE: ), we found more finite values for S. salar than for the other two salmonids, in line with the results above that indicate that S. salar exhibits the lowest among the three species. Considering subpopulations as open to migration (i.e., removing putative immigrants) led to only marginal and non‐significant changes in , suggesting that migration may be at equilibrium between genetically similar sources. Second, we hypothesized that meta‐ might be significantly smaller than the sum of local s (null model) if gene flow is asymmetric, varies among subpopulations, and is driven by common landscape features such as waterfalls. One ‘bottom‐up’ or numerical approach that explicitly incorporates variable and asymmetric migration rates showed this very pattern, while a number of analytical models provided meta‐ estimates that were not significantly different from the null model or from each other. Our study of three species inhabiting a shared environment highlights the importance and utility of differentiating species‐specific and landscape effects, not only on dispersal but also in the demography of wild populations as assessed through local s and meta‐s and their relevance in ecology, evolution and conservation. 相似文献
20.
A new genus, Papillonema gen.n., is erected to accomodate the two species P. danieli gen. et sp. n. and P. clavatum (Gerlach, 1957) comb.n. from intertidal sediments of a tropical mangrove. Papillonema gen.n. is characterized by prominent papilliform labial sensillae, an elongate muscular terminal bulb (up to 60% of pharyngeal length), and three precloacal supplements. Comments are given on the use of the terms head capsule, head region, and cervical setae.Abbreviations a:
body length divided by maximum body diameter
- abd:
anal body diameter
- amph %:
diameter of the amphid as a percentage of the corresponding head diameter
- aw:
amphidial width
- b:
body length divided by pharyngeal length
- bdcs:
body diameter at level of the cephalic setae
- bdnr:
body diameter at level of nerve ring
- c:
body length divided by tail length
- cs:
length of cephalic setae
- da:
distance from anterior to anus
- dcs:
distance from anterior edge to cephalic setae
- dnr:
distance from anterior edge to nerve ring
- dv:
distance from anterior to vulva
- gub:
length of the gubernaculum
- hw:
head width
- L:
body length
- Isp:
length of sperm cells
- mbd:
maximum body diameter
- mbd ph:
body diameter at level of pharynx
- ph:
pharyngeal length
- spic:
length of spicules measured along the arc
- t:
tail length
- tmr:
length of non-annulated tail end
- V:
position of vulva as a percentage of the total body length from anterior
- wsp:
width of sperm cells 相似文献
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