毒素-抗毒素系统在应激环境下的生物学作用的研究进展

毒素-抗毒素系统（toxin-antitoxin system,TAS）广泛存在于细菌染色体及质粒上,是细菌中含量丰富的小型遗传元件。TAS通常由两个紧密相连的基因组成,分别编码毒素（toxin）和抗毒素（antitoxin）,稳定的毒素能够损伤宿主细胞,不稳定的抗毒素能够保护宿主细胞免于毒素的损伤作用。依据其性质和作用方式,目前已经发现三种型别的TAS。TAS具有多种生物学作用,如诱导程序性细胞死亡（programmed cell death,PCD）,应激条件下介导持留菌形成（persistence）,稳定基因大片段等。本文就近几年TAS在应激条件下的生物学作用的研究进展做一综述。     

节肢动物田间捕食作用的研究方法

捕食性节肢动物是自然生态系统和农田生态系统中的重要组成部分,其种类和数量非常丰富,对其捕食作用的研家,无疑对了解和充分发挥捕食性节肢动物的自然控制作用具有重要的意义．评价捕食者在调节种群和群落结构方面的作用通常是困难的[1]。目前对节肢动物捕食作用的研究,一般多是在实验室内进行,而室内的条件与田间相差甚远,不能真实反映田间的捕食情况。在自然条件下通常存在多种捕食者和多种猎物,它们之间的关系极其复杂。因此,本文对节肢动物田间捕食作用的研究方法做一简要综述,以供参考。1直挂观宠法捕食作用的直接观察经常是…     

蛇毒细胞毒素抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

蛇毒细胞毒素是蛇毒的主要毒性组分之一,约占蛇毒总蛋白含量的25%～60%,具有广泛的生物学活性,能引起可兴奋性细胞如骨骼肌、心肌和神经组织去极化,可促进细胞膜通透性,轴突传导阻滞,以及溶解肿瘤细胞等。自从1936年Sarker从眼镜蛇(Najanajaatra)蛇毒中分离出一个能使离体猫心停搏的毒素以来,多种类似的毒素如心脏毒素、细胞毒素、骨骼肌去极化因子、眼镜蛇碱、直接溶血因子等相继被分离出来,基于这些碱性多肽都作用于细胞膜的共性,又被称为膜毒素(Membranetoxin)或膜活性多肽(Membraneactivepolypeptide),有足够的证据表明,这些物质或是…     

单克隆抗体及其在节肢动物捕食作用研究中的应用

血清学方法是目前研究节肢动物捕食作用的较为理想的方法,特别是酶联免疫吸附试验(ＥＬＩＳＡ),由于其灵敏度高,特异性强,适于大规模检测田间样本,已被国外许多研究者采用[5]。但是所有这一切都依赖于高效价和高度特异性的抗血清,而传统的抗体制备方法常常不能满足这一要求。特别是早期使用的抗体,特异性甚至只在科的水平,不能满足准确确定猎物种类的要求[3]。而单克隆抗体不仅具有高度的特异性,而且其特异性水平可以根据需要在制备过程中进行筛选。近年来单克隆抗体在国外已开始应用于节肢动物捕食作用的研究,但在国内还未见报道。为此,我…     

幽门螺杆菌毒素及相关疾病的研究进展

幽门螺杆菌是引起胃炎,消化性溃疡等多种胃肠疾病的重要病原体。目前认为该菌的主要致病因子是细胞空泡毒素和细胞毒相关蛋白。本文综述这两种毒素的基因特征,基因分型方法,致病机制和临床相关疾病的国内外最新研究成果。     

黄曲霉毒素生物合成的遗传调控研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是一类具有较强毒性和致癌力的次级代谢产物,在小麦、水稻、玉米和花生等多种粮食、油料、饲料和食品中检出率均比较高。因此,黄曲霉毒素不仅给人和动物的健康造成极其严重的威胁,而且也给食品和饲料等行业造成了巨大的经济损失。黄曲霉毒素主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生。自上个世纪60年代首次发现黄曲霉毒素以来,研究者在黄曲霉毒素合成途径、降解、合成机制和致病机理等方面做了大量研究。本文主要综述近年来国内外以黄曲霉为对象的黄曲霉毒素合成的遗传调控机制研究进展。从转录调控、蛋白翻译后修饰、信号转导途径、参与生长发育和形态建成的蛋白和其他酶等方面对黄曲霉毒素合成机制展开综述,为今后进一步深入系统研究黄曲霉毒素合成机制奠定基础,同时为制定防治黄曲霉及其毒素的策略提供理论基础。     

节肢动物内共生细菌研究进展

节肢动物门是动物界最大的门,占整个动物种数的80%,全世界约有120万现存种。节肢动物在生长发育过程中会感染多种微生物,这些微生物会与其形成协同进化和互利共生的关系。内共生细菌是一类广泛分布于节肢动物体内的共生微生物,能够进行垂直传播和水平传播,对宿主的生长发育、生殖代谢、适应性、免疫功能和进化等诸多方面均具有重要的作用。目前,随着现代分子生物学理论和技术的发展,节肢动物内共生细菌相关研究主要集中在对其宿主的生殖调控功能、与其宿主、宿主寄主植物以及其宿主体内微生物和宿主天敌间互作关系等方面。因此,利用内共生细菌对昆虫种群动态的生殖调控功能,阻断热带蚊虫带来的疾病或植物病害的传播并对宿主昆虫进行种群压制或种群替换,可达到防控害虫的目的。本文从节肢动物内共生细菌的传播方式、对其宿主生物学效应以及内共生细菌与其宿主、宿主寄主植物、宿主天敌和宿主体内微生物互作关系等多方面进行概述,并对内共生细菌今后研究方向进行展望,以期为生物进化、物种形成和种群压制提供参考。     

肉毒毒素研究进展

肉毒毒素是肉毒梭菌产生的一种神经毒素,能够通过抑制神经肌肉接头处的乙酰胆碱释放而引起肌肉麻痹.肉毒毒素在培养液中以复合物形式存在,其中的毒性组分由3个非同源性结构域组成,是一种新型的金属蛋白酶.不同血清型的肉毒毒素能够特异性地作用于不同底物,这些底物在神经细胞的胞外分泌过程中发挥重要作用.肉毒毒素在胞吞胞吐机制的研究以及临床医学应用方面具有宝贵的价值.     

转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉对棉田冠层节肢动物群落的影响

【背景】随着转基因抗虫棉在我国的广泛种植,一种具有抗虫和耐除草剂（草甘膦）的双价棉被培育成功。这种转双价基因棉和转单价基因抗虫棉对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响可能不同。因此,在该类转双价基因棉花进行环境释放之前,有必要研究其对棉田节肢动物群落的影响,评价其环境安全性。【方法】试验于2010年5月9日~9月23日和2011年5月10日~9月24日在河南省安阳市中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验农场进行,棉田类型有3种——转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、转Bt棉田和常规棉田,每种棉田种植3个小区,每个小区面积为200 m2（8 m×25 m）。采用对角线5点取样方法,每5 d调查1次棉田的节肢动物群落,通过目测对节肢动物鉴定到属。【结果】抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、Bt棉田和常规棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的结构与组成无明显差异;抗草甘膦抗虫棉田害虫种群数量低于抗虫棉田和常规棉田,而其天敌种群数量与常规棉田相当,略低于Bt棉田;3种棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数均无明显差异。【结论与意义】种植转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉花不会对棉田节肢动物群落组成造成显著影响。本研究为转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田的环境安全性评价提供了依据。     

Of mites and millipedes: Recent progress in resolving the base of the arthropod tree

Deep‐level arthropod phylogeny has been in a state of upheaval ever since the emergence of molecular tree reconstruction approaches. While a consensus has settled in that hexapods are more closely related to crustaceans than to myriapods, the phylogenetic position of the latter has remained a matter of debate. Mitochondrial, nuclear, and genome‐scale studies have proposed rejecting the long‐standing superclade Mandibulata, which unites myriapods with insects and crustaceans, in favor of a clade that unites myriapods with chelicerates and has become known as Paradoxapoda or Myriochelata. Here we discuss the progress, problems, and prospects of arriving at the final arthropod tree.     

生物源蛋白激发子的研究进展

生物源蛋白激发子是一类能诱导植物产生防卫反应的特殊化合物,主要来源于病原微生物、其他微生物及寄主植物或由寄主-病原物互作后产生。病原微生物或其他微生物产生的激发子包括真菌的β-葡聚糖、糖蛋白、脂类物质和其他细胞壁组分;由寄主植物产生的激发子主要是细胞壁组分中的寡糖物质,如寡聚半乳糖醛酸和木聚糖片段;寄主-病原物互作后产生的激发子主要是互作过程中酶对寄主和病原物细胞组分修饰后产生的。生物源蛋白激发子与寄主植物作用后,通过一系列信号传导,诱导寄主植物产生乙烯、植保素、水杨酸、茉莉酸、病程相关蛋白等,导致植物中多种防卫反应的发生,从而可以控制病害的发展和传播,在农业生产上能够起到减少病虫危害达到增产的目的。近年来,人们对激发子的研究非常广泛,生物源蛋白激发子在生物防治中的作用也日益受到学者们的重视。该文就生物源蛋白激发子的种类:Harpin蛋白、Nep1-like蛋白家族、RXLR蛋白家族、Elicitins及其各类型激发子的功能、信号传导和作用机制的研究进展情况和在农业中的应用进行了综述,并提出了生物源蛋白激发子将来在农业生产中对病害防治方面的展望。     

间斑寇蛛毒素的蛋白质化学与蛋白质组学研究新进展

间斑寇蛛Latrodectus tredecimguttatus俗称"黑寡妇"蜘蛛。其毒素不仅存在于毒腺中,而且存在于其身体的其他部分、卵粒甚至新生幼蛛体内。研究间斑寇蛛毒腺和毒腺外材料中的毒素成分,探明它们之间的异同、进化关系和生物学作用,具有重要的理论和实际意义。现代蛋白质化学和蛋白质组学技术的发展为间斑寇蛛蛋白质和多肽毒素的研究提供了有效手段,从而可以同时从单一纯化蛋白质和组学的层面探究毒素作用的分子基础和作用机制。到目前为止,间斑寇蛛毒素的蛋白质化学与蛋白质组学研究已取得一定的进展,但相关研究尤其是毒腺外材料来源的毒素研究还有待进一步深入。     

淡水藻类产毒研究进展

淡水藻类的许多种属都可产生毒素,如微囊藻属(Microcystis)、节球藻属(Nodularia)、鱼腥藻属(Anabaena)等。藻类毒素可通过多种途径,直接或间接引起人类或动物的健康问题。严重者,甚至导致死亡。试就国内外近年来对藻类毒素的毒理、性质、结构和检测方法等方面的研究作一简要综述。     

The evolution of arthropod limbs

Limb morphology across the arthropods is reviewed using external morphological and internal anatomical data from both recent and fossil arthropods. Evolutionary trends in limb structure are identified primarily by reference to the more rigorous of the many existing phylogenetic schemes, but no major new phylogenetic inferences are presented. Tagmosis patterns are not considered, although the origins and patterns of heteronomy within the postantennulary limb series are analysed. The phenomenon of annulation is examined and two basic types of annuli are recognised: terminal and intercalary. The annulation of the apical segment of a limb results in the formation of terminal flagella, and is typical of primarily sensory appendages such as insect and malacostracan antennules and maxillary palps of some hexapods. Intercalary annulation, arising by subdivision of existing subterminal segments, is common, particularly in the tarsal region of arthropodan walking limbs. Differentiating between segments and annuli is discussed and is recognised as a limiting factor in the interpretation of fossils, which usually lack information on intrinsic musculature, and in the construction of groundplans. Rare examples of secondary segmentation, where the criteria for distinguishing between segments and annuli fail, are also highlighted. The basic crown-group arthropodan limb is identified as tripartite, comprising protopodite, telopodite and exopodite, and the basic segmentation patterns of each of these parts are hypothesised. Possible criteria are discussed that can be used for establishing the boundary between protopodite and telopodite in limbs that are uniramous through loss of the exopodite. The subdivision of the protopodite, which is typical of the postantennulary limbs of mandibulates, is examined. The difficulties resulting from the partial or complete failure of expression of articulations within the mandibulate protopodite and subsequent incorporation of partial protopodal segments into the body wall, are also discussed. The development and homology between the various exites, including gills, on the postantennulary limbs of arthropods are considered in some detail, and the question of the possible homology between crustacean gills and insect wings is critically addressed. The hypothesis that there are only two basic limb types in arthropods, antennules and postantennulary limbs, is proposed and its apparent contradiction by the transformation of antennules into walking limbs by homeotic mutation is discussed with respect to the appropriate level of serial homology between these limbs.     

Identifying inter‐ and intra‐guild feeding activity of an arthropod predator assemblage

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Effects of landscape complexity and stand factors on arthropod communities in poplar forests

The arthropod communities are influenced by both local conditions and features of the surrounding landscape. Landscape complexity and stand factors may both influence arthropod communities in poplar forests, but the multiscale effects of these factors on poplar defoliators and natural enemies are still poorly understood. We collected poplar arthropods at 30 sampling sites within five forest landscapes in Xinjiang, China, and assessed whether landscape complexity and stand factors influence species abundance and diversity of poplar arthropods. Landscape complexity was quantified by several independent metrics of landscape composition, configuration, and connectivity at three spatial scales. We also determined the most powerful explanatory variables and the scale effect of each arthropod. Results found that landscape complexity and stand factors had different effects on different poplar arthropod communities. Landscape complexity promoted natural enemies at different spatial scales, but it inhibited the population of poplar defoliators at the scale of 200 m. Specifically, the abundance and diversity of all defoliators decreased with increasing proportion of nonhost plants. Landscape diversity only had a negative effect on defoliator abundance. The shape complexity of habitat patches increased the abundance of carabid beetles but reduced the abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locusts. The abundance and diversity of predators increased with increasing structural connectivity of forest landscape. Additionally, both the abundance and diversity of all defoliators were positively correlated with the average height of herbaceous plants. Diversity of all defoliators increased with increasing size of host trees. The distance from sampling site to the nearest village positively influenced the abundance and diversity of all predators. Arthropod abundance and diversity in poplar forests were driven by stand factors and landscape complexity. Therefore, maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches and keeping poplar stands away from the village are crucial for management of forest landscape to enhance natural enemies. And in order to reduce the abundance of defoliators in poplar forest, the diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii.     

剌毒鱼毒素研究进展

刺毒鱼是具有发达棘刺的有毒鱼类,其由表皮组织转化而成的毒腺能分泌毒液,毒液通过棘刺注入猎物体内,引起剧痛、痉挛、红肿、呕吐、溶血、心肌麻痹和血压下降等症状。已发现的刺毒鱼毒素主要来自鼬鱼、鲶鱼、江觚、鲈鱼等,其毒性组分主要为具有溶血活性、酶活性及神经毒性的蛋白质或多肽。目前仅有一种石头鱼（stonefish）抗毒素用于临床。本文就刺毒鱼的种类、毒素生化及药理特征的最新进展作一简要综述。