大气甲烷的源和汇与土壤氧化 (吸收)甲烷研究进展

甲烷是主要的温室气体之一,对温室效应的贡献仅次于CO₂,而每分子甲烷温室增温潜力是CO₂的21倍.因此确定全球大气甲烷的源与汇,并对其进行估算、预测已成为目前全球环境变化及温室效应研究的一个热点.本文概述了国内外大气甲烷源与汇研究的进展情况,详述了土壤氧化(吸收)大气与内源甲烷机理及其影响因子(如土地利用情况、环境甲烷浓度、土壤温度、湿度、pH值、孔隙状况等).最后指出,通过在长白山森林垂直分布带开展地带性土壤甲烷氧化(吸收)研究,对估算我国温带至寒带、高山苔原带土壤吸收甲烷总量,乃至全球甲烷汇具有重要意义.     

填埋覆土甲烷氧化微生物及甲烷氧化作用机理研究进展

甲烷是一种长期存在于大气中的温室气体,它对温室效应的贡献率是二氧化碳的26倍.生活垃圾填埋场是大气甲烷的主要产生源之一,由其产生的甲烷约占全球甲烷排放总量的1.5%～15%.甲烷氧化微生物在调节全球甲烷平衡中起着重要作用.垃圾填埋场覆土具有相当强的甲烷氧化能力.填埋覆土甲烷氧化菌及其氧化作用机理的研究,已成为环境微生物学研究领域的热点之一.本文对生活垃圾填埋场填埋覆土中甲烷氧化微生物、甲烷氧化机理及动力学机制、甲烷与微量填埋气体的共氧化机制以及影响甲烷氧化的环境因子研究的最新进展进行综述,并对生活垃圾填埋场甲烷氧化微生物的研究进行展望.     

大气甲烷的源和汇与土壤氧化(吸收)甲烷研究进展

甲烷是主要的温室气体之一,对温室效应的贡献仅次于CO2,而每分子甲烷温室增温潜力是CO2的21倍,因此确定全球大气甲烷的源与汇,并与其进行估算,预测已成为目前全球环境变化及温室效应研究的一个热点。本文概述了国内外大气甲烷烷源与汇研究的进展情况,详述了土壤氧化（吸收）大气与内源甲烷机理及其影响因子（如土地利用情况,环境甲烷浓度,土壤温度,湿度,pH值,孔隙状况等）,最后指出,通过在长白山森林垂直分布带开展地带性土壤甲烷氧化（吸收）研究,对估算我国温带至寒带,高山苔原带土壤吸收甲烷含量,乃至全球甲烷汇具有重要意义。     

模拟增温对青海湖高寒湿地产甲烷菌群落特征的影响

高寒湿地生态系统作为重要的甲烷排放源, 对全球气候变暖有着较大的贡献率。湿地的产甲烷菌群落在温室气体排放中扮演着重要角色, 探究高寒湿地产甲烷菌群落结构及多样性对温度升高的响应十分重要。以青海湖高寒湿地为研究对象, 采用高通量测序方法开展研究。基于97%的序列相似度聚类, 10个土壤样品的总OTU数量为602个, 对照与增温处理样品的特有OTU数分别为30和43。与对照相比, 增温处理并未显著改变高寒湿地产甲烷菌群落的多样性指数及目水平优势菌群(P>0.05)。高寒湿地产甲烷菌均为广古菌门, 目水平以甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales, 67.35%)、八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales, 14.14%)、甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales, 10.21%)为优势菌群。Lefse分析表明, 增温后Methanomassiliicoccus相对丰度显著降低、Candidatus Methanogranum相对丰度显著升高。整体而言, 青海湖高寒湿地产甲烷菌群落组成及多样性较为稳定, 温度升高对产甲烷菌群落影响较小, Methanomassiliicoccus和Candidatus Methanogranum对温度变化较为敏感。     

甲烷氧化过程中铜的作用研究进展

甲烷生物氧化在全球甲烷平衡和温室效应控制中扮演着重要的角色,而铜是甲烷生物氧化过程中的重要影响因子.一方面,铜是调控不同类型甲烷单加氧酶表达的主要影响因子,是组成颗粒性甲烷单加氧酶的必需金属元素;另一方面,在自然环境体系中,铜含量及其形态的变化对甲烷氧化菌的分布、代谢甲烷和非甲烷类有机化合物的能力以及甲烷氧化菌的特异性铜捕获系统也会产生较大影响.准确把握铜在甲烷生物氧化过程中发挥的作用将有助于全面了解甲烷生物氧化过程,进而更好地指导甲烷氧化微生物在温室气体减排及非甲烷有机物污染修复中的应用.本文主要从铜的角度,概述了铜对甲烷氧化菌的分布和活性的影响,介绍了铜在调控甲烷单加氧酶的表达和活性以及调节甲烷氧化菌铜捕获系统方面的作用,并展望了其研究方向.     

湿地反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化研究进展

甲烷是最重要的温室气体之一,其单分子温室效应是CO2的298倍。湿地是甲烷重要的排放源,也是氮素的源和汇。微生物参与湿地碳、氮转化的生物地球化学循环过程,湿地CH4是土壤淹水条件下微生物厌氧降解有机质而产生,微生物又可以通过反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化过程(DAMO)降低湿地甲烷的排放,对缓解全球温室效应具有重要作用。本文系统介绍了DAMO过程机理、功能微生物Methylomirabilis oxyfera菌群特性、分布以及土壤DAMO过程的检测方法和DAMO过程的影响因素,并对未来更多的湿地DAMO微生物的发现,尤其是对稻田湿地DAMO过程的相关研究提出展望,以期推动该领域更深入的研究,为稻田湿地甲烷排放量的估算及制定合理的减排措施提供科学依据。     

甲烷氧化菌及其在环境治理中的应用

甲烷的生物氧化包括好氧氧化和厌氧氧化两种,分别由好氧甲烷氧化菌和厌氧甲烷氧化菌完成.由于该过程是减少自然环境中温室气体甲烷排放的重要途径,越来越受到各国学者的重视.本文主要对当前甲烷氧化菌的研究现状进行了综述,对好氧甲烷氧化菌的种类、参与氧化甲烷的关键酶,厌氧甲烷氧化菌的种类、参与的微生物菌种以及氧化机理进行了论述,并对这两类微生物在温室气体减排、污染物治理、废水生物脱氮、硫及金属元素回收等方面的应用现状及前景进行了分析.     

垃圾填埋场甲烷氧化菌及甲烷减排的研究进展

垃圾填埋场是全球最重要的人为甲烷排放源之一,其全球年甲烷释放量为35-69 Tg,垃圾填埋场甲烷减排是目前全球温室气体研究的热点。甲烷氧化菌能够氧化分解甲烷,作为减少大气甲烷排放的重要生物汇,对保持大气中甲烷浓度的平衡具有重要意义。从甲烷氧化菌的类型及其特征、甲烷氧化机理着手,介绍了多样性研究方法、填埋场中甲烷氧化菌的活性影响因素及甲烷生物减排应用等最新研究进展。在综述前人研究的基础上,探讨了目前研究的不足,提出了利用甲烷氧化菌复合微生物菌剂等综合处理措施,旨为垃圾填埋场甲烷减排的研究和应用提供新的思路。     

甲烷代谢古菌分离培养研究进展

全球变暖是全人类面临的一个巨大挑战,而温室气体排放持续上升是全球变暖的关键因素,并引发一系列生态环境问题。甲烷是第二温室气体,对全球变暖的贡献达20%。然而,在甲烷代谢中发挥重要作用的产甲烷古菌和厌氧甲烷氧化古菌(anaerobic methanotroph,ANME)较难培养,极大地限制了人们对甲烷代谢及其影响碳源-汇关系与机制的研究。本文综述了最新产甲烷古菌和ANME富集、分离和培养方法,包括富集培养、原位培养、共培养、微流控技术、稀释分离和固体分离技术、ANME反应器和培养瓶富集培养,以及宏基因组预测和反向基因组学,并对这些方法的优缺点进行了评估,对未来甲烷代谢古菌的富集、分离和培养提出新的建议。     

生物质炭对土壤性质及温室气体排放的影响

生物质炭是指生物质如作物残体、畜禽粪便以及其他任何形式的有机物质,在高温缺氧下裂解形成的物质。生物质炭有很多环境效应,最主要的是将碳长期固存在土壤中,缓温室效应,遏制全球气候变暖。生物质炭施入土壤后,能有效改善土壤结构,促进植物对土壤养分的吸收,提高作物产量,可以有效降低温室气体的排放。但大规模的生物质炭施用还存在很多的不确定性,包括工业生产的成本核算、原料的有效性以及生物质炭施用的长期效应的不确定等。本文综述了不同条件下制得的生物质炭的性质差异,生物质炭施入后对土壤物理、化学、微生物性质以及对地-气主要温室气体通量的影响,对水稻产量及稻田温室气体排放的影响,森林火灾发生后产生木炭的一些环境效应。     

Region-specific assessment of greenhouse gas mitigation with different manure management strategies in four agroecological zones

Livestock farming systems are major sources of trace gases contributing to emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHG) nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄), i.e. N₂O accounts for 10% and CH₄ for 30% of the anthropogenic contributions to net global warming. This paper presents scenario assessments of whole-system effects of technologies for reducing GHG emissions from livestock model farms using slurry-based manure management. Changes in housing and storage practice, mechanical separation, and incineration of the solid fraction derived from separation were evaluated in scenarios for Sweden, Denmark, France, and Italy. The results demonstrated that changes in manure management can induce significant changes in CH₄ and N₂O emissions and carbon sequestration, and that the effect of introducing environmental technologies may vary significantly with livestock farming practice and interact with climatic conditions. Shortening the in-house manure storage time reduced GHG emissions by 0–40%. The largest GHG reductions of 49 to, in one case, 82% were obtained with a combination of slurry separation and incineration, the latter process contributing to a positive GHG balance of the system by substituting fossil fuels. The amount and composition of volatile solids (VS) and nitrogen pools were main drivers in the calculations performed, and requirements to improve the assessment of VS composition and turnover during storage and in the field were identified. Nevertheless, the results clearly showed that GHG emission estimates will be unrealistic, if the assumed manure management or climatic conditions do not properly represent a given country or region. The results also showed that the mitigation potential of specific manure management strategies and technologies varied depending on current management and climatic conditions.     

Offsetting global warming‐induced elevated greenhouse gas emissions from an arable soil by biochar application

Global warming will likely enhance greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. Due to its slow decomposability, biochar is widely recognized as effective in long‐term soil carbon (C) sequestration and in mitigation of soil GHG emissions. In a long‐term soil warming experiment (+2.5 °C, since July 2008) we studied the effect of applying high‐temperature Miscanthus biochar (0, 30 t/ha, since August 2013) on GHG emissions and their global warming potential (GWP) during 2 years in a temperate agroecosystem. Crop growth, physical and chemical soil properties, temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (R_s), and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) were investigated to yield further information about single effects of soil warming and biochar as well as on their interactions. Soil warming increased total CO₂ emissions by 28% over 2 years. The effect of warming on soil respiration did not level off as has often been observed in less intensively managed ecosystems. However, the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration was not affected by warming. Overall, biochar had no effect on most of the measured parameters, suggesting its high degradation stability and its low influence on microbial C cycling even under elevated soil temperatures. In contrast, biochar × warming interactions led to higher total N₂O emissions, possibly due to accelerated N‐cycling at elevated soil temperature and to biochar‐induced changes in soil properties and environmental conditions. Methane uptake was not affected by soil warming or biochar. The incorporation of biochar‐C into soil was estimated to offset warming‐induced elevated GHG emissions for 25 years. Our results highlight the suitability of biochar for C sequestration in cultivated temperate agricultural soil under a future elevated temperature. However, the increased N₂O emissions under warming limit the GHG mitigation potential of biochar.     

Changes in soil greenhouse gas fluxes by land use change from primary forest

Primary forest conversion is a worldwide serious problem associated with human disturbance and climate change. Land use change from primary forest to plantation, grassland or agricultural land may lead to profound alteration in the emission of soil greenhouse gases (GHG). Here, we conducted a global meta‐analysis concerning the effects of primary forest conversion on soil GHG emissions and explored the potential mechanisms from 101 studies. Our results showed that conversion of primary forest significantly decreased soil CO₂ efflux and increased soil CH₄ efflux, but had no effect on soil N₂O efflux. However, the effect of primary forest conversion on soil GHG emissions was not consistent across different types of land use change. For example, soil CO₂ efflux did not respond to the conversion from primary forest to grassland. Soil N₂O efflux showed a prominent increase within the initial stage after conversion of primary forest and then decreased over time while the responses of soil CO₂ and CH₄ effluxes were consistently negative or positive across different elapsed time intervals. Moreover, either within or across all types of primary forest conversion, the response of soil CO₂ efflux was mainly moderated by changes in soil microbial biomass carbon and root biomass while the responses of soil N₂O and CH₄ effluxes were related to the changes in soil nitrate and soil aeration‐related factors (soil water content and bulk density), respectively. Collectively, our findings highlight the significant effects of primary forest conversion on soil GHG emissions, enhance our knowledge on the potential mechanisms driving these effects and improve future models of soil GHG emissions after land use change from primary forest.     

Experimentally increased soil temperature causes release of nitrogen at a boreal forest catchment in southern Norway

Boreal forest ecosystems are sensitive to global warming, caused by increasing emissions of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases. Assessment of the biological response to future climate change is based mainly on large-scale models. Whole-ecosystem experiments provide one of the few available tools by which ecosystem response can be measured and with which global models can be evaluated. Boreal ecosystem response to global change may be manifest by alterations in nitrogen (N) dynamics, as N is often the growth limiting nutrient. The CLIMEX (Climate Change Experiment) project entails catchment-scale manipulations of CO₂ (to 560 ppmv) and temperature (by + 3 to + 5 °C) to whole forest ecosystems in southern Norway. Soil temperature is increased at 400-m² EGIL catchment by means of electric cables placed on the soil surface. Soil warming at EGIL catchment caused an increase in nitrate and ammonium concentrations in runoff in the first year of treatment. We hypothesize that higher temperature increased N release by mineralization. Whether these responses are only transient will be shown by additional years' treatment.     

Changes in belowground interactions between wheat and white lupin along nitrogen and phosphorus gradients

Plant and Soil - Although elevated atmospheric CO2 and global warming are important climate factors that affect soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soils, it...     

垃圾填埋场N2O排放通量及测定方法研究进展

氧化亚氮(N₂O)是第三大温室气体和最主要的臭氧层破坏气体.填埋是目前城市生活垃圾处理处置的主要方式,而垃圾填埋场是N₂O的排放源之一.实验室研究和现场测定均表明,生活垃圾填埋场可以有高的N₂O释放通量,但不同填埋场测定数据差异很大.目前,对生活垃圾填埋场N₂O排放量的原位准确测定以及排放机理和重要性的认识仍有很多不足.本文概述了生活垃圾填埋场N₂O排放研究现状,从垃圾堆体和覆土层两部分探讨了传统厌氧卫生填埋场的N₂O产生和排放机理,并就此对新型脱氮型生物反应器填埋场做了相应探讨.最后,就静态箱法、涡度相关法等N₂O通量测定方法在填埋场的适用性进行了讨论,并展望了填埋场N₂O排放的研究方向.     

灌水量对温室番茄土壤CO2、N2O和CH4排放的影响

为揭示不同灌水量对温室番茄土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄排放及作物产量的影响,提出有效的减排措施,试验设置充分灌溉(1.0W,W_1.0;W为充分供水的灌水量)、亏缺20%灌溉(0.8W,W_0.8)和亏缺40%灌溉(0.6W,W_0.6)3个灌水水平,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法于2017年4—12月对两茬温室番茄土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄进行全生长季监测,分析土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄排放对不同灌水量的响应.结果表明: 番茄两个生长季中,土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄排放量均随着灌水量增加呈现逐渐增加的趋势(W_1.0＞W_0.8＞W_0.6),除W_0.6和W_1.0处理间土壤N₂O排放具有显著差异外,其他各处理间气体排放差异均不显著.与W_1.0处理相比,W_0.6和W_0.8处理土壤CO₂排放分别减小了12.2%和8.3%,N₂O分别减小了19.1%和8.0%,CH₄分别减小了11.0%和6.2%.番茄产量和由土壤N₂O和CH₄引起的全球增温潜势(GWP)均随灌水量增加而增加;与W_1.0处理相比,W_0.6处理产量和GWP显著减小,降幅分别为17.0%和22.9%,而W_0.8处理对两者未产生显著影响.单位产量GWP随灌水量增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势(W_0.8＞W_1.0＞W_0.6),处理间差异不显著.灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)随灌水量增加而降低,与W_1.0处理相比,W_0.6和W_0.8处理IWUE分别增加了38.3%和9.4%.回归分析表明,土壤CO₂排放通量与土壤水分呈指数负相关关系;土壤CH₄通量与土壤水分呈线性正相关关系;当土壤温度小于18 ℃和大于18 ℃时,土壤N₂O排放通量与土壤温度间均呈指数负相关关系.灌水增加了番茄产量和温室气体排放,但降低了IWUE.综合考虑番茄产量、IWUE和温室效应,推荐W_0.8处理为较佳的灌溉模式.     

土壤溶解性有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用

土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)是有机碳库的活跃组分,在陆地生态系统碳循环中发挥重要作用.本文从碳循环重要性着手,综述了土壤DOC在土壤碳固持与温室气体排放中的作用;结合我国的现实情况(如土壤酸化、气候变暖等),探讨了土壤DOC的相关影响因素如土壤性质、环境因素、人为活动对土壤DOC的影响及作用机制,对进一步理解土壤DOC在陆地生态系统碳循环与温室气体减排中的作用具有重要意义.     

A High Arctic soil ecosystem resists long‐term environmental manipulations

We evaluated above‐ and belowground ecosystem changes in a 16 year, combined fertilization and warming experiment in a High Arctic tundra deciduous shrub heath (Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, NU, Canada). Soil emissions of the three key greenhouse gases (GHGs) (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) were measured in mid‐July 2009 using soil respiration chambers attached to a FTIR system. Soil chemical and biochemical properties including Q₁₀ values for CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O, Bacteria and Archaea assemblage composition, and the diversity and prevalence of key nitrogen cycling genes including bacterial amoA, crenarchaeal amoA, and nosZ were measured. Warming and fertilization caused strong increases in plant community cover and height but had limited effects on GHG fluxes and no substantial effect on soil chemistry or biochemistry. Similarly, there was a surprising lack of directional shifts in the soil microbial community as a whole or any change at all in microbial functional groups associated with CH₄ consumption or N₂O cycling in any treatment. Thus, it appears that while warming and increased nutrient availability have strongly affected the plant community over the last 16 years, the belowground ecosystem has not yet responded. This resistance of the soil ecosystem has resulted in limited changes in GHG fluxes in response to the experimental treatments.     

Unconsidered sporadic sources of carbon dioxide emission from soils in taiga forests

Long-term monitoring in the Russian taiga zone has shown that all known extreme destructive effects resulting in the weakening and death of tree stands (windfalls, pest attacks, drought events, etc.) can be sporadic, but significant sources of CO₂ soil emission. Among them are (i) a recently found effect of the multiyear CO₂ emission from soil at the bottom of deadwood of spruce trees that died due to climate warming and subsequent pest outbreaks, (ii) increased soil CO₂ emissions due to to the fall of tree trunks during massive windfalls, and (iii) pulse CO₂ emission as a result of the so-called Birch effect after drought events in the taiga zone. According to the modeling, while depending on the spatial and temporal scales of their manifestation, the impact of these sporadic effects on the regional and global soil respiration fluxes could be significant and should be taken into consideration. This is due to continuing Climate Change, and further increase of local, regional and Global human impacts on the atmospheric greenhouse gases balance, and land use, as well.