小麦根系在碱胁迫下的生理代谢反应

为明确碱胁迫对小麦(Triticum aestivum)根系离子组及代谢组的影响,探讨其响应变化规律及机制,该研究以小麦为实验材料,采用两种碱性盐(Na HCO3和Na2CO3)按摩尔比1:1混合模拟不同碱胁迫强度,利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术结合多元变量分析方法,系统分析小麦根系在碱胁迫下的矿质元素、游离阴离子、代谢产物及代谢途径变化。结果显示:低浓度碱胁迫下小麦根系仍能维持一定的生长,但在高浓度碱胁迫下根系生长受到了明显抑制。当碱胁迫强度超过小麦根系调节能力时,根系中Na含量急剧增加的同时K含量明显减少。碱胁迫刺激根中Ca积累,而Mg、Cu和Fe含量呈现下降趋势。碱胁迫明显减少根中游离阴离子(主要是Cl–)含量。检测代谢物组包括有机酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物、嘧啶和嘌呤等70个代谢产物,主成分分析结果表明代谢物均分布在95%的置信区间内。碱胁明显迫促进苹果酸、琥珀酸等代谢物积累,但造成糖类(果糖、蔗糖)及多元醇(肌醇、山梨糖醇)和氨基酸(γ-氨基丁酸、丙氨酸)含量显著下降。结果表明:根系中Na+含量剧增,加上高pH值危害,导致根系生长率降低;与此同时,游离阴离子明显减少,造成根系内负电荷亏缺和pH不稳定,导致离子平衡遭到破坏,进而引起一系列代谢途径的协变反应。小麦根系在碱胁迫下糖酵解、细胞膜脂代谢和氨基酸合成受到明显的抑制,但三羧酸循环显著增强。这些结果表明碱胁迫(高pH值)对碳素合成和储存有明显的负效应,降低代谢合成碳骨架和能量,使得清除活性氧能力明显下降。碱胁迫下根外部质子缺乏造成NO3–含量降低,影响氮素吸收利用,导致氨基酸合成受阻。三羧酸循环增强为生成有机酸类化合物和调控pH平衡提供能量,这可能是植物适应碱胁迫的一种特殊对应策略。     

外源海藻糖对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响

以盐敏感小麦品种鲁麦15为材料,分别用完全Hoagland营养液、150mmol／L NaCl和150mmol／L NaCl 10mmol／L海藻糖处理小麦幼苗,测定小麦幼苗生长、离子含量、根系质膜H^ -ATPase、SOD活性、MDA含量等指标,旨在探讨外源海藻糖在抗盐性中的作用。结果表明：外源海藻糖可明显缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用;明显提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片中K^ 的含量,降低Na^ 的含量,降低其Na^ ／K^ ;提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗SOD活性,降低MDA的含量,降低细胞质膜透性,缓解根系质膜H^ -ATPase活性抑制。以上结果表叫外源海藻糖可能通过增加活性氧清除能力、缓解质膜伤害、维持胞质离子稳态提高植物抗盐性。     

渍水对冬小麦生长的危害及其生理效应

小麦受渍后叶片的光合和蒸腾速率迅速下降,而后则显微弱的回升趋势。渍害不仅削弱小麦光合产物的积累,并且改变光合产物在地上部分和根系中的分配比例;植株根／冠比下降,而黄叶的发展与根／冠比的变化呈显著负相关;渍害改变小麦的发育进程,尤其是后期渍害明显促使小麦早衰。认为清水使叶片光合速率降低、光合有效面积损失和衰老加速,从而危害小麦的生长。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系生长及氮代谢的影响

用容重分别为1.25 g·cm-3(疏松土壤,对照)和1.55 g·cm-3(紧实土壤)的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号’黄瓜不同生育期根系生长、呼吸速率、活力及氮代谢的影响.结果表明:在土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜不同生育期根系总长度、表面积、分根数和根尖数均显著下降,根系的伸长生长及侧根的发生受到显著抑制,而根系的加粗生长得到激发,平均直径显著增加;根系活力和根系呼吸速率显著下降;根系中的NO3-、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量大幅下降,硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性显著降低,NH4+含量显著增加.说明在土壤紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜根系对硝态氮的吸收量减少,氨同化作用受到抑制,氮代谢显著受阻.     

渍水对冬小麦生长的危害及其生理效应

小麦受渍后叶片的光合和蒸腾速率迅速下降,而后则呈微弱的回升趋势,渍害不仅削弱小麦光合产物的积累,并且改变光合产物在地上部分和根系中的分配比例,植株根／冠比下降,而黄叶的发展与根／冠比的变化呈显著负相关,渍害改变小麦的发育进程,尤其是后期渍害明显促使小麦早衰,认为渍水使叶片光合速率降低,光合有效面积损失和衰老加速,从而危害小麦的生长。     

淹水胁迫对不结球白菜根系生长与呼吸酶活性的影响

采用双套盆法,以不结球白菜‘新矮青’和‘新夏青2号’品种为材料,研究了不同时间(1、3、5、恢复7d后)和不同程度淹水处理(根淹、半淹)后不结球白菜根系生长及呼吸代谢的变化规律。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,淹水胁迫下,不结球白菜幼苗根系鲜重、根系长度、根系活力显著下降,且半淹处理的下降幅度大于根淹处理。(2)淹水胁迫下,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性较对照显著升高,而苹果脱氢酶(MDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性显著降低,且半淹处理的降幅大于根淹,淹水5d后与淹水1d后有显著性差异。(3)淹水胁迫下,‘新矮青’乳酸发酵途径弱于‘新夏青2号’,乙醇发酵则相反,导致后者根系中乳酸积累多于前者,细胞质酸化较严重,降低了对淹水胁迫的耐性。研究表明,不结球白菜幼苗期受到淹水胁迫时,其有氧呼吸明显受阻,无氧呼吸代谢被促进,而且随着淹水时间的延长及淹水深度的加深,根系呼吸代谢受到的抑制程度越严重,最终导致根系生长受到抑制。     

D-精氨酸对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系多胺含量和无氧呼吸代谢的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究了根际低氧胁迫下D-精氨酸（D-Arg）对两个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种根系中多胺含量和无氧呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明,低氧处理下,黄瓜幼苗根系中多胺含量显著增加,无氧呼吸代谢能力提高;与抗低氧能力弱的‘中农八号’相比,抗低氧能力强的‘绿霸春四号’根系中乙醇发酵活性较高,乳酸发酵活性较低;低氧胁迫下,D-精氨酸能显著降低黄瓜幼苗根系中腐胺、亚精胺和精胺含量,根系中乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性增加,乙醇和乳酸含量升高,植株生长受到抑制,而外源腐胺能缓解D-精氨酸的这种作用.说明黄瓜幼苗根系中较高的多胺含量可能有利于缓解低氧胁迫对植株造成的伤害.     

土壤涝渍对杨树和柳树苗期生长及生理性状影响的研究

研究了两种杨树无性系（ＮＬ８０１０５、ＮＬ８０３５１）和柳树在土壤涝渍条件下的生长及生理性状．结果表明,在涝渍胁迫下苗木根系数量减少,根系长度缩短,根活力下降;高生长降低;最终生物量明显减小;叶片气孔对涝渍胁迫有较强反应,叶片中硝酸还原酶（ＮＲ）活性也会受到一定影响．柳树与杨树之间存在较大差异,无论从生长还是生理性状看,杨树不如柳树耐涝．     

氮肥和6-BA对花后受渍冬小麦抗渍性的调控效应

渍水是黄淮南部麦区和长江中下游麦区冬小麦生育后期的主要气象灾害因子,试验以小麦品种‘烟农19’为材料,采用裂区设计研究氮肥和6-BA对花后受渍冬小麦抗渍性的调控效应。结果显示:(1)花后渍害显著降低冬小麦根系活力、总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、旗叶叶绿素含量、旗叶净光合速率,极显著降低穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量,而对穗数无显著影响。(2)受渍后叶面喷施氮肥+6-BA、氮肥、6-BA均能显著提高冬小麦花后抗渍性,其根系活力分别提高18.7%、14.6%、12.0%,根系总吸收面积分别提高31.9%、22.1%、19.6%,根系活跃吸收面积分别提高32.5%、21.7%、18.1%,叶绿素含量分别提高16.2%、9.4%、10.3%,净光合速率分别提高32.6%、23.3%、23.3%,穗粒数分别提高13.8%、9.3%、8.5%,千粒重分别提高17.3%、11.5%、10.5%,籽粒产量分别提高35.9%、23.5%、20.9%。研究表明,氮肥和6-BA正交互作用显著,即花后同时喷施氮肥和6-BA缓解小麦渍害的效果更佳。     

盐旱复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和水分吸收的影响

为明确盐害、干旱及盐旱复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和水分吸收的影响,从而为盐害和干旱胁迫下栽培调控提供理论依据。以2个抗旱性不同的小麦品种(扬麦16和耐旱型洛旱7号)为材料,采用水培试验,以NaCl和PEG模拟盐旱复合胁迫,研究了盐旱复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、根系形态、光合特性及水分吸收特性的变化。结果表明,盐、旱及复合胁迫下小麦幼苗的生物量、叶面积、总根长与根系表面积、叶绿素荧光和净光合速率均显著下降,但是复合胁迫处理的降幅却显著低于单一胁迫。盐旱复合胁迫下根系水导速率和根系伤流液强度显著大于单一胁迫,从而提高了小麦幼苗叶片水势和相对含水量。盐胁迫下小麦幼苗Na~+/K~+显著大于复合胁迫,但复合胁迫下ABA含量却显著小于单一的盐害和干旱胁迫。因此,盐旱复合胁迫可以通过增强根系水分吸收及降低根叶中ABA含量以维持较高光合能力,这是盐旱复合胁迫提高小麦适应性的重要原因。洛旱7号和扬麦16对盐及盐旱复合胁迫的响应基本一致,但在干旱胁迫下洛旱7号表现出明显的耐性。     

Mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in wheat – a review of root and shoot physiology

We review the detrimental effects of waterlogging on physiology, growth and yield of wheat. We highlight traits contributing to waterlogging tolerance and genetic diversity in wheat. Death of seminal roots and restriction of adventitious root length due to O₂ deficiency result in low root:shoot ratio. Genotypes differ in seminal root anoxia tolerance, but mechanisms remain to be established; ethanol production rates do not explain anoxia tolerance. Root tip survival is short‐term, and thereafter, seminal root re‐growth upon re‐aeration is limited. Genotypes differ in adventitious root numbers and in aerenchyma formation within these roots, resulting in varying waterlogging tolerances. Root extension is restricted by capacity for internal O₂ movement to the apex. Sub‐optimal O₂ restricts root N uptake and translocation to the shoots, with N deficiency causing reduced shoot growth and grain yield. Although photosynthesis declines, sugars typically accumulate in shoots of waterlogged plants. Mn or Fe toxicity might occur in shoots of wheat on strongly acidic soils, but probably not more widely. Future breeding for waterlogging tolerance should focus on root internal aeration and better N‐use efficiency; exploiting the genetic diversity in wheat for these and other traits should enable improvement of waterlogging tolerance.     

Root Respiration,Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Two Spring Wheat in Response to Soil Drying

The effects of soil water regime and wheat cultivar, differing in drought tolerance with respect to root respiration and grain yield, were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, a drought sensitive (Longchun 8139-2) and drought tolerant (Dingxi 24) were grown in PVC tubes (120 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter) under an automatic rain-shelter. Plants were subjected to three soil moisture regimes: (1) well-watered control (85% field water capacity, FWC); (2) moderate drought stress (50% FWC) and (3) severe drought stress (30% FWC). The aim was to study the influence of root respiration on grain yield under soil drying conditions. In the experiment, severe drought stress significantly (p < 0.05) reduced shoot and root biomass, photosynthesis and root respiration rate for both cultivars, but the extent of the decreases was greater for Dingxi 24 compared to that for Longchun 8139-2. Compared with Dingxi 24, 0.04 and 0.07 mg glucose m⁻² s⁻¹ of additional energy, equivalent to 0.78 and 1.43 J m⁻² s⁻¹, was used for water absorption by Longchun 8139-2 under moderate and severe drought stress, respectively. Although the grain yield of both cultivars decreased with declining soil moisture, loss was greater in Longchun 8139-2 than in Dingxi 24, especially under severe drought stress. The drought tolerance cultivar (Dingxi 24), had a higher biomass and metabolic activity under severe drought stress compared to the sensitive cultivar (Longchun 8139-2), which resulted in further limitation of grain yield. Results show that root respiration, carbohydrates allocation (root:shoot ratio) and grain yield were closely related to soil water status and wheat cultivar. Reductions in root respiration and root biomass under severe soil drying can improve drought tolerant wheat growth and physiological activity during soil drying and improve grain yield, and hence should be advantageous over a drought sensitive cultivar in arid regions.     

水分条件变化对土壤微生物的影响及其响应机制研究进展

土壤微生物在维持陆地生态系统服务中扮演着重要的角色.土壤水分条件是影响微生物活性与生态系统功能的重要因素之一,全球气候变化所引起的极端干旱与降雨必将加速土壤水分的剧烈变化.由于不同土壤微生物对干旱胁迫的耐受性不同及其对水分变化的响应差异,使得土壤水分条件变化直接改变了土壤微生物活性与群落结构,进而对微生物介导的关键过程与土壤生态系统功能造成深刻的影响.因此,全面深入地理解水分条件变化下土壤微生物群落的结构变化特征与响应机制具有重要意义.本文在总结土壤水分条件变化对土壤微生物活性(土壤呼吸与酶活性)和微生物群落结构的影响的基础上,进一步阐述了土壤微生物对干旱胁迫与水分条件变化的响应机制和生态学策略,包括: 1)积累胞内溶质、产生胞外聚合物、进入休眠状态等应对干旱胁迫的细胞生理策略;2)微生物之间、微生物与植物之间相关抗逆性基因的转移及土壤微生物群落的功能冗余等应对水分变化的微生物机制.研究水分条件变化下土壤微生物群落结构及生态系统功能之间的内在联系,不仅有助于进一步剖析微生物介导的土壤生态过程,而且能够为今后陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应研究和模型预测提供理论依据.     

Impact of oxygation on soil respiration,yield and water use efficiency of three crop species

Aims Oxygation refers to irrigation of crops with aerated water, through air injection using the venturi principle or the supply of hydrogen peroxide in the root zone, both using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system. Oxygation improves water use efficiency (WUE), producing more yield and, and therefore, optimizes the use of drip and SDI. But the efficiency of oxygation is quite possibly dependent on a number of factors. The primary objective of this study was, therefore, to quantify the effects of oxygation, emitter depths and soil type on crop root zone oxygen content, soil respiration, plant physiological response, biomass yield, quality and WUE of three crop species.Methods This study investigated the potential of oxygation to enhance soil respiration, plant growth, yield and water use efficiencies (WUE) of cotton and wheat in experiments in enclosed heavy-duty concrete troughs (tubs) and pineapple and cotton in field experiments. Experimental treatments in tubs for wheat included comparisons between two soil types (vertisol and ferrosol) and superimposed were two oxygation methods (Mazzei air injector and Seair Diffusion System) compared to a control, and for cotton, emitters at two depths using Mazzei air injectors were compared to a control. The field experiments compared Mazzei air injectors and a control for cotton in Emerald and pineapple in Yeppoon, both in central Queensland, Australia.Important findings In all experiments, soil oxygen content and soil respiration markedly increased in response to the oxygation treatments. The O 2 concentration in the crop root zone increased by 2.4–32.6%, for oxygation compared to control at the same depth. The soil respiration increased by 42–100%. The number of wheat ears, leaf dry weight and total dry matter were significantly greater in Mazzei and Seair oxygation compared to the control. Fresh biomass of wheat increased by 11 and 8%, and dry weight of wheat increased by 8 and 3% in Mazzei and Seair oxygation treatments compared to the control, respectively. Likewise, the irrigation water use efficiency increased with oxygation compared to the control in wheat. The yield, WUE and number of other physiological parameters in wheat were enhanced in vertisol compared to ferrosol. The seed cotton yield in the tub experiment increased with oxygation by 14%, and significant differences for fresh biomass, dry matter and yield were also noted between oxygation and the control in the field. Lint yield and WUE both increased by 7% using Mazzei in the cotton field trial during 2008–09. There were significant effects of oxygation on pineapple fresh biomass, and dry matter weight, industry yield and a number of quality parameters were significantly improved. The total fruit yield and marketable increased by 17 and 4% and marketable WUE increased by 3% using Mazzei. Our data suggest that the benefits of oxygation are notable not only for dicotyledonous cotton but also for monocotyledonous wheat and pineapple representing different rooting morphologies and CO₂ fixation pathways.     

华北高产农田生态系统中冬小麦分蘖期生长与碳截留

模拟华北高产施肥条件盆栽冬小麦,采用^14C同位素对分蘖期冬小麦进行脉冲标记,并分别在分蘖期、拔节期、花期和成熟期取样测定冬小麦地上部、根和土壤中的^14C含量,研究冬小麦光合固定碳对土壤碳库的输入机制。结果表明：冬小麦冬前植株地上部分的生长可以用三次方程较好地拟合;冬小麦出苗后36d停止生长,植株地上部分平均干质量为0．219g·株^-1,折合为0．09gC·株^-1。冬小麦分蘖期光合固定的碳在植株地上部分、地下根部和土壤中的分配比例分别占光合同化HC总量的35.2％、10．4％和51．3％。到冬小麦生长期末,植株地上部分、地下根部和土壤中的^14C含量分别降至最初光合同化^14C总量的3．9％、4．6％和26．4％。通过呼吸作用所释放的^14C总量随作物生长时间的推移不断增大,到生长期末,通过呼吸作用输出的^14C的量占分蘖期冬小麦固定总量的65．2％。     

淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗生理特性和生长的影响

为揭示青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗对淹水胁迫的适应性, 在实验地内通过土培盆栽淹水方式从植株生理生态和生长发育方面探讨淹水胁迫对青杨扦插苗的影响。试验分为对照和淹水2个处理, 处理时间为40天。结果显示: (1)淹水胁迫导致青杨幼苗叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量和茎部淹水区的不定根数显著升高, 植株的净光合速率(P_n)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、株高、基径、总叶面积、比叶面积(SLA)、根生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量、总生物量干重和根冠比(R/S)显著降低。(2)与雄株相比, 淹水胁迫显著增加了雌株幼苗的MDA含量, 降低了SOD活性、P_n、类胡萝卜素(Caro)含量、叶绿素a/b、SLA、根生物量和R/S, 并导致雄株在淹水胁迫下具有比雌株更高的气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、不定根数和株高。可见, 淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗的形态生长和生理过程均有严重的抑制作用, 但表现出显著的性别间差异。雄株可以通过维持更高的光合作用能力和增加不定根数量来维持植株的生长, 从而表现出比雌株更强的抗逆性。     

Physiological adaptation of crop plants to flooding stress

When crop plants are subjected to soil waterlogging, or an anaerobic condition, their root and shoot systems respond differently. A variety of morphological and anatomical alterations develop in the root system. Reduction of the root respiration rate has been reported in both flooding-tolerant and intolerant species. Besides alcoholic fermentation, several diverse fermentative bypasses take place, which ameliorate the poisoning through excessive accumulation of specific metabolic intermediates. Root systems starved of oxygen are also poor providers of mineral nutrients for both themselves and the shoot systems. Stomatal closure and non-stomatal metabolic alterations are responsible for the reduction of leaf CO2 incorporation. Plant hormones are much involved in regulation of these physiological adaptations.     

水磷耦合对小麦次生根特殊根毛形态与结构的影响

通过水、磷复因子大田试验,以强筋小麦品种郑麦9023为材料,研究了水磷耦合对小麦生育中、后期次生根特殊根毛形态与结构的影响。结果指出,不同水分处理显著影响特殊根毛形态。随着土壤水分含量提高,次生根特殊根毛长度缩短。与土壤湿润处理相比,仅依靠自然降水处理的特殊根毛长度和直径增加(P<0.01),拔节至子粒形成期间完全灌溉处理的根毛长度增加(P<0.01)。随着供磷水平提高,特殊根毛长度和直径增加(P<0.05),其中高磷处理和对照（不施磷）的差异达极显著水平(P<0.01)。同一供水条件下随供磷水平提高,或同一供磷水平上随土壤含水量降低,特殊根毛长度和直径均增加(P<0.05)。拔节以后,仅依靠自然降水—高磷处理组合的特殊根毛细胞饱满,结构完整,细胞壁加厚明显,细胞核、液泡及线粒体清晰可见;而土壤湿润—低磷处理组合的特殊根毛扭曲、变形现象严重,细胞壁变薄,细胞核解体,质膜、微体等细胞器消失。研究表明,适当降低土壤含水量并提高供磷水平,小麦次生根特殊根毛的长度和直径增加,并维持良好的细胞形态和结构。     

水分胁迫下盆栽冬小麦根系生长与苗系生长及某些生理特性的关系

水分胁迫下,盆栽冬小麦根干重和根长密度呈直线正相关。鉴于根长密度反映了土壤中根系最活跃的部分［５］,是研究植物根系吸收水分和养分的最优参数之一［６］,本文用之研究了它与地上部生物量、净同化速率、叶水势和叶片相对含水量、气孔阻力和蒸腾速率的关系。结果表明,根长密度与净同化速率和地上部干重呈直线负相关,与叶水势和叶片相对含水量呈直线正相关;与气孔阻力呈直线负相关,与蒸腾速率呈直线正相关。为实验室进行冬小麦生长控制与生理特性控制提供了一定的基础。