阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种觅食活动对不同放牧方式的响应

阿拉善荒漠脆弱生态系统对人为干扰反应较敏感,不同放牧方式导致该生态系统的植被资源类型、密度、分布、盖度、基质以及动物感知捕食风险等各不相同。同域分布的荒漠啮齿动物在不同干扰下的觅食差异性对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持具有重要意义。本文于2020年通过红外相机陷阱技术对阿拉善荒漠区同域共存的三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)、五趾跳鼠(Orientallactaga sibirica)和子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus) 3种优势鼠种在3种不同放牧方式下的摄食行为进行观测,结果显示：(1)不同放牧方式下3种啮齿动物优势种的种群密度与摄食行为成正比,放牧增加了五趾跳鼠种群密度,其摄食行为也在放牧强度大的生境中占比更多;子午沙鼠在放牧强度较小且植被盖度较高的生境中种群密度较高,摄食行为也多集中于此;三趾跳鼠在不同放牧方式下种群密度差异不大,相对来说在放牧强度更大的生境中花费的觅食努力更大;(2)相同放牧方式下,子午沙鼠面对食物会采取“觅食+取食+贮食”相结合的摄食策略,而三趾跳鼠和五趾跳鼠更倾向于“觅食+原地取食”的摄食策略。由此表明,尽管不同鼠种具有差异化的摄食策略,但是...     

基于红外相机技术的黑麂活动节律

动物的活动节律是行为生态学中的一个重要内容,它主要研究动物在不同时间内的活动强度及变化规律(原宝东和孔繁繁,2011).黑麂(Muntiacus crinifron)隶属偶蹄目(Artiodactyla)鹿科(Cervidae)麂属(Muntiacus),属国家一级保护动物,其分布范围十分狭小,目前该种群仅存于安徽、浙江、江西和福建4省,且栖息地成小种群岛屿状分布(盛和林,1987).     

基于红外相机技术分析鼬獾的活动节律

鼬獾(Melogale moschata)是食肉目鼬科鼬獾属动物,在我国分布广泛、种群数量丰富,但有关鼬獾的生态研究报导比较少.为掌握鼬獾的活动节律及其影响因素,2017年2月至2019年2月,利用红外相机技术对江西省桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区、九岭山国家级自然保护区和齐云山国家级自然保护区的鼬獾进行了监测,每个保护...     

基于红外相机技术分析极旱荒漠有蹄类动物的活动节律

红外触发相机技术近年来不但广泛应用于野生动物种类、数量和分布的调查与观测,还可用于对动物活动节律和行为的研究分析。本研究在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区采用公里网格法布设60台红外相机,于2017年9月至2018年9月累计完成14 657个相机工作日,采集到5种荒漠有蹄类动物的1 892张独立有效照片。通过计算相对多度指数,对它们的活动节律进行分析讨论。结果表明:(1)研究区域5种荒漠有蹄类动物总的相对多度达到129.08,其中岩羊(43.87)和北山羊(42.98)的相对多度较高,其次是盘羊(25.38)、蒙古野驴(15.62)和鹅喉羚(1.23);(2)5种荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律表现出一致性,即5—6月活动最为频繁,11—12月出现第二个活动高峰;(3)蒙古野驴不同季节在水源地出现的日活动节律没有明显的规律,但在22:00—24:00会出现一天的峰值;而春、夏季鹅喉羚在水源地出现的最大活动峰值是在12:00—14:00;(4)各季节北山羊和岩羊的日活动节律均呈双峰型,北山羊的第2个活动高峰时间比岩羊的更偏晚一些;盘羊在冬季和春季为双峰型,夏、秋季出现3个高峰;岩羊、盘羊和北山羊的夏季日活动节律在清晨的活动高峰提前、傍晚的活动高峰推后;(5)5种荒漠有蹄类动物中,北山羊的夜间相对多度较高。荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律主要随生活史周期而变化,日活动节律除了受行为习性和日照节律的影响之外,不同种类主要因其栖息环境的不同而有差异。     

贵州习水国家级自然保护区马来豪猪活动节律及其气象影响因素初探

马来豪猪Hystrix brachyura在南方山地分布广泛,但其生态学研究报导却十分少见.为掌握马来豪猪的活动节律及其气象影响因素,2015年7月—2017年11月,利用红外相机技术对贵州习水国家级自然保护区的马来豪猪进行了监测.结果表明:1)马来豪猪为单峰型夜行性动物,不同季节的日活动节律并不完全相同,秋季日活动节...     

基于红外相机监测的藏酋猴日活动节律及其季节性变化

日活动节律是动物在一天中不同时间段的活动强度及其周期性变化规律,与身体控制代谢和能量收支成本密切相关。2015年8月至2017年8月,在贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区,借助红外相机监测,对藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)日活动节律及不同季节的日活动节律的变化进行了研究。调查期间红外相机累计6370个工作日,共收获687张藏酋猴照片,其中独立有效照片105张。日活动节律分析显示,藏酋猴属于典型性的昼行性动物,日活动呈现"M"型,活动高峰出现在12:00—16:00。不同季节的日活动节律比较结果显示,藏酋猴在雨季和旱季的行为节律差异不显著(P>0.05)。与雨季相比,旱季的行为差异表现为活动时间缩短、日出时段活动减少以及主要活动时间从中午推移到下午。另外,随着年气温的变化,藏酋猴日活动温度范围在-2～34℃,其中,15～25℃时活动频次较高(占比59%)。本研究从红外相机的视角揭示了藏酋猴的日活动节律及其变化,为藏酋猴行为生态学研究的深入提供了科学依据。     

北京松山国家级自然保护区兽类活动节律初步研究

在动物行为生态学研究中,了解动物的活动节律是分析其生存策略的重要前提。基于2013年3月—2014年2月北京松山国家级自然保护区红外相机监测资料,通过相对丰富度指数分析10种最常见兽类的季节性节律和日活动节律。结果显示:(1)岩松鼠Sciurotamias davidianus、北花松鼠Tamias sibiricus、亚洲狗獾Meles leucurus、猪獾Arctonyx collaris、豹猫Prionailurus bengalensis和貉Nyctereutes procyonoides在夏季活动最频繁,果子狸Paguma larvata、中华斑羚Naemorhedus griseus和野猪Sus scrofa在秋季活动最频繁。通过分析松鼠的年活动节律,推测其可能为2013年11月人为放生至保护区的新物种。(2)果子狸、中华斑羚、猪獾、豹猫和野猪为典型的夜行性动物,北花松鼠、松鼠Sciurus vulgaris和岩松鼠为昼行性动物。(3)依据兽类探测红外相机的行为表现,发现不同种类动物对红外相机产生了回避或受到吸引的行为。研究表明,红外相机是一种长期监测林地兽类活动节律的有效技术手段,可为制定区域性生物多样性保护措施提供数据支持。     

水鹿的群体结构和活动节律分析

水鹿是我国二级重点保护野生动物。2016年5月到2017年5月,利用红外相机技术在四川鞍子河自然保护区的非盐井生境和盐井生境(盐场)对水鹿的群体结构、日活动节律及舔盐活动节律进行了研究。基于设置的108个红外相机,共收集到水鹿在非盐井区域的独立照片620张,盐井区域的独立照片401张。水鹿日活动节律在不同季节具有较大差异：春季日活动高峰出现在17:00~20:00;夏季无明显日活动高峰;秋季日活动高峰出现在17:00~19:00;冬季日活动高峰分别出现在08:00~10:00、17:00~19:00、23:00~02:00。舔盐活动高峰出现在22:00~04:00,雌雄个体舔盐活动节律大致相同(重叠指数Δ=0.738)。水鹿有单独舔盐和集群舔盐两种方式,其中单独舔盐出现频率较高(占总访问频次的57.6%);舔盐的群体一般大小为2~7只,但以2只的群体居多(占总访问频次的21.5%)。在非盐井区域和盐井区域独立照片中水鹿的雌雄出现比例分别为2.05:1和2.66:1,表明雌鹿可能更需要补充盐分。本研究结果为保护区内水鹿的保护管理提供了基础的科学依据。     

江西官山国家级自然保护区白鹇活动节律及时间分配研究

2015年1月—2016年8月,利用红外相机技术对江西官山国家级自然保护区白鹇Lophura nycthemera的活动节律和时间分配进行了研究.28台红外相机累计工作5843 d,布设海拔为300～1200 m,共获得白鹇独立有效照片1316张,合计1801只次,成体及亚成体雌雄比例为1.34:1.结果显示,白鹇活动...     

评估荒漠猫的日活动节律: 基于红外相机与卫星颈圈数据的对比

对于活动隐秘、难以直接观察的野生猫科动物, 红外相机与卫星追踪颈圈是目前研究其日活动节律的两种主要采样工具。日活动节律基于对动物活跃状态(即活跃或不活跃)的判断, 由于获取数据的机制不同, 两种方法所获得的动物日活动节律模式之间可能存在差异, 但缺乏基于野外实地调查的系统对比评估和分析。荒漠猫(Felis bieti)分布于青藏高原东部, 是唯一的中国特有猫科动物, 被列为国家I级重点保护野生动物。本研究以荒漠猫为例, 使用红外相机和卫星追踪颈圈两种工具, 于2020年6月至2021年12月对青海祁连山地区的荒漠猫进行调查, 分别基于放置在荒漠猫洞口(相机位点2个, 独立有效探测173次)、兽径(相机位点23个, 独立有效探测423次)两种红外相机布设方式和卫星追踪颈圈(追踪个体10只, 总有效定位点62,942个)所得的数据, 评估了该物种的日活动节律, 并对不同途径所得的活动节律模式间的差异进行了对比。结果显示, 荒漠猫全天都有活动, 在黄昏17:00-19:00时段存在一个活动高峰。全部红外相机探测数据与颈圈活动量数据获得的活动曲线重叠系数最高, 为0.89。与卫星追踪颈圈方法相比, 红外相机数据反映出16:00-21:00的活动水平更高; 这一时间段较高的活动主要来自洞口位点的红外相机探测数据。荒漠猫行为谱的对比分析结果显示, 不同方法所判断的动物“活跃”状态所对应的行为类型不同: 安装在洞口处的红外相机记录以繁殖、育幼相关的社会行为为主; 安装在兽径处的红外相机记录以移动、觅食等行为为主; 而卫星追踪颈圈只能相对粗略地区分荒漠猫的移动和静止。本研究的结果表明, 不同方法所获得的野生猫科动物的“活动节律”之间存在差异; 在不同方法记录到的数据中, 二元化的“活跃”或“不活跃”分类背后所反映的动物行为类别和含义是不同的。在对比不同方法获得的活动节律时需要谨慎, 应在对动物的行为模式和规律深入全面了解的基础上, 对数据做出恰当、准确的解读。     

Effects of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the community structure of rodents in Qaidam desert region

During July to August in 2007 and 2008, rodents were trapped along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in desert of Qaidam Basin. For accessing the ecological effects of the railway on the community structure of rodents, we organized four unique trapping areas, and three transects were set at different distances from the railway in each area. The results indicated: Dipus sagitta, Allactaga sibirica, Meriones meridianus and Phodopus roborovskii were common species in the study area and no invader was found. There were grazing-disturbed sampling areas on one side of the railway while on the other side this disturbance was insignificant. The result of Chi-square test showed that composition ratio of rodents was significantly different between paired sampling areas, which suggested grazing disturbance could be an important factor in interfering ecological impact of the railway itself. In non-grazing sampling areas, as the vegetation was basically uniform, there was no significant difference of community structure among three transects at 50, 200, 500 m away from the railway. In conclusion, the railway had no clear zone effect on rodent populations correspond to distance.     

Effects of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the community structure of rodents in Qaidam desert region

During July to August in 2007 and 2008, rodents were trapped along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in desert of Qaidam Basin. For accessing the ecological effects of the railway on the community structure of rodents, we organized four unique trapping areas, and three transects were set at different distances from the railway in each area. The results indicated: Dipus sagitta, Allactaga sibirica, Meriones meridianus and Phodopus roborovskii were common species in the study area and no invader was found. There were grazing-disturbed sampling areas on one side of the railway while on the other side this disturbance was insignificant. The result of Chi-square test showed that composition ratio of rodents was significantly different between paired sampling areas, which suggested grazing disturbance could be an important factor in interfering ecological impact of the railway itself. In non-grazing sampling areas, as the vegetation was basically uniform, there was no significant difference of community structure among three transects at 50, 200, 500 m away from the railway. In conclusion, the railway had no clear zone effect on rodent populations correspond to distance.     

7种荒漠啮齿动物食物组成与消化道长度的比较

对荒漠地带几种啮齿动物在自然环境中夏季主要食物组成以及消化道长度的适应性变化进行了比较。三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)、五趾跳鼠(Allactage sibirica)、子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)和红耳鼠兔(Ochotona erythrotis)胃内的主要食物成分为当年生植物嫩茎、叶和部分灌木韧皮部分，灰仓鼠(Cricetulus migratorius)及黑线仓鼠(C．barabensis)食物组成中种子、花和浆果以及昆虫出现较高的频率，小家鼠(Mus musculus)的食物构成以种子类为主，与食物组成相适应，总消化道和各器官长度存在明显的种间差异，而且各器官间盲肠和大肠长度的种间差异明显大于小肠的种间差异，胃和盲肠及其内容物的重量也存在显著的种间差异，但小肠和大肠及其内容物重量的种间差异则不显著。其结果验证了下述假设：栖息于同一生境的植食性小哺乳类具有不同食物资源利用模式，而同域共存物种消化道形态结构的差异是对食物资源利用种间权衡的功能反应[动物学报49(2)：171—178，2003]。     

Sex-biased parasitism,seasonality and sexual size dimorphism in desert rodents

We investigated seasonality of gender differences in the patterns of flea infestation in nine rodent species to test if sex-biased parasitism in terms of mean abundance, species richness, prevalence and the level of aggregation (a) varies among hosts and between seasons, and (b) is linked to sexual size dimorphism. Sexual size differences were significant in both summer and winter in Acomys cahirinus, Gerbillus pyramidum and Meriones crassus, and in winter only in Acomys russatus, Gerbillus dasyurus, Gerbillus nanus and Sekeetamys calurus. Sexual size dimorphism was male biased except for A. russatus in which it was female biased. Manifestation of sexual differences in flea infestation was different among hosts between seasons. A significant effect of sex on mean flea abundance was found in six hosts, on mean flea species richness in five hosts and on prevalence in two hosts. Male-biased parasitism was found in summer in one host only and in winter in five hosts. Female-biased parasitism occurred in winter in A. russatus. Gender differences in the slopes of the regressions of log-transformed variances against log-transformed mean abundances occurred in three hosts. No relationship was found between sexual size dimorphism and any parasitological parameter in any season using both conventional regressions and the method of independent contrasts. Our results suggest that sex-biased parasitism is a complicated phenomenon that involves several different mechanisms.     

On the role of phylogeny in determining activity patterns of rodents

Evolutionary plasticity is limited, to a certain extent, by phylogenetic constraints. We asked whether the diel activity patterns of animals reflect their phylogenies by analyzing daily activity patterns in the order Rodentia. We carried out a literature survey of activity patterns of 700 species, placing each in an activity time category: diurnal, nocturnal, or active at both periods (a-rhythmic). The proportion of rodents active at these categories in the entire order, was compared to the activity patterns of species of different families for which we had data for over ten species each: Dipodidae, Echimyidae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae, Muridae, and Sciuridae. Activity times of rodents from different habitat types were also compared to the ordinal activity time pattern. We also calculated the probability that two random species (from a particular subgroup: family, habitat, etc.) will be active in the same period of the day and compared it to this probability with species drawn from the entire order. Activity patterns at the family level were significantly different from the ordinal pattern, emphasizing the strong relationship between intra-family taxonomic affiliation and daily activity patterns. Large families (Muridae and Sciuridae) analyzed by subfamilies and tribes showed a similar but stronger pattern than that of the family level. Thus it is clear that phylogeny constrains the evolution of activity patterns in rodents, and may limit their ability to use the time niche axis for ecological separation. Rodents living in cold habitats differed significantly from the ordinal pattern, showing more diurnal and a-rhythmic activity patterns, possibly due to physiological constraints. Ground-dwelling rodents differed significantly, showing a high tendency towards a-rhythmic activity, perhaps reflecting their specialized habitat. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

棕背昼夜活动节律的研究

1　引　　言棕背鼠平 (Clethrionomysrufocanus)是我国北方森林小型哺乳动物的重要成分 ,也是主要的林木害鼠之一 .目前 ,国内外对该鼠的生态学已有许多研究 ,太田嘉四夫[6] 在活动节律研究方面有所报道 .作者在室内不同食物条件下 ,对棕背鼠平昼夜活动节律进行了观察研究 ,现将初步结果做一报道 .2　材料与方法2 1　供试动物2 0 0 1年 8～ 10月在黑龙江省海林市林区捕获棕背鼠平带回实验室驯养 .单鼠饲养于 35cm× 30cm× 2 0cm铁丝笼中 ,供给小鼠用颗粒饲料、胡萝卜和水 ,提供棉花供鼠做巢 ,实验室温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃ ,自然光照 .2 2　…     

不育剂EP - 1 对荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量的影响

2011 ～ 2012 年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区,利用复合不育剂EP - 1 (左炔诺孕酮- 炔雌醚),设试验区和对照区,采用春季试验区一次性投饵的方法,对子午沙鼠、小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的不育控制进行研究。结果表明,不育剂EP - 1 显著降低了优势种群当年的幼体出生率,试验区5 ～ 6 月小毛足鼠幼体比例较对照区显著降低(P < 0. 05),5 ～ 8 月子午沙鼠和6 ～ 8 月三趾跳鼠成体比例分别较对照区显著增加(P < 0. 05),同时显著降低了优势鼠种当年的种群数量,试验区子午沙鼠和小毛足鼠种群在繁殖高峰期的数量均显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),4 ～ 5 月三趾跳鼠种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0. 05)。次年,试验区5 ～ 7 月子午沙鼠种群成体比例显著高于对照区(P < 0. 05),全年种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),而三趾跳鼠种群数量与对照区差异并不显著。因此,不育剂EP - 1 对3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量增长均具有控制作用,尤其对子午沙鼠种群的持续控制效果更加明显。可见,种群在繁殖期年龄结构的变化是影响其种群数量动态的重要因素。     

不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物种群动态的空间同步性

荒漠啮齿动物是动物生态学研究中的重要类群,对于丰富种群和群落生态学理论具有重要意义.国外关于荒漠啮齿动物的研究较多,尤以北美的研究较为深入,涉及群落组成(Brown,1973)、生态位(Harris, 1984;Kenagy and Bartholomew, 1985)、物种共存(Brown and Munger,1985)、资源分享及微生境选择(Brown and Lieberman,1973;Price,1978)等方面;而国内关于荒漠啮齿动物研究相对较少.     

Edaphic factors and plant species distribution in a protected area in the desert of Bahrain Island

Effects of edaphic factors (salinity, pH, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, CaCO₃, water holding capacity, and grain size) on the spatial distribution of plants were investigated. Soil was sampled at 22 stands. Sixteen plant species were recorded from these stands. Relation between edaphic factors and plant distribution was investigated using correlation statistical analysis. Distribution of some plants was found to be highly correlated with edaphic factor(s).     

Life histories of two desert species of the bulbous genus Bellevalia

Summary Annual biomass increment and biomass partitioning to leaves, roots and reproduction, and biomass storage in the below-ground bulb was measured in plants of two species of the geophytic genus Bellevalia grown outdoors at three levels of soil moisture. The differences between the species were in accordance with the hypothesis that plants of more arid environments should rely more on internal reserves than plants of more productive environments. In Bellevalia desertorum, a shallow rooted species of the most arid habitats in the Central Negev, leaf and root development during outgrowth at the beginning of winter was rather variable, and followed soil moisture availability to a certain degree. A small portion of its biomass budget was committed to seed production, which varied little among the irrigation regimes. The rest of the biomass was stored in the bulb. The amount of biomass devoted annually to reproduction was mainly determined by the amount of reserves already present in the bulb. In contrast, in B. eigii, which grows in the more productive wadis with its bulb at a depth of 15 to 30 cm, leaf and root growth was not only determined by water availability, but also by initial bulb mass. This resulted in a greater potential relative growth rate than in B. desertorum, but also in a greater risk of accumulating less biomass than it spent in root and leaf construction under poor soil moisture conditions. In this species, reproductive biomass and seed yield were proportional to current biomass gain and, in contrast to B. desertorum, independent of initial bulb mass, provided that the bulb was large enough to initiate flowering.