Nitrogen nutrition of Salvinia natans: Effects of inorganic nitrogen form on growth,morphology, nitrate reductase activity and uptake kinetics of ammonium and nitrate

In this study we assessed the growth, morphological responses, and N uptake kinetics of Salvinia natans when supplied with nitrogen as NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, or both at equimolar concentrations (500 μM). Plants supplied with only NO₃⁻ had lower growth rates (0.17 ± 0.01 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹), shorter roots, smaller leaves with less chlorophyll than plants supplied with NH₄⁺ alone or in combination with NO₃⁻ (RGR = 0.28 ± 0.01 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹). Ammonium was the preferred form of N taken up. The maximal rate of NH₄⁺ uptake (V_max) was 6–14 times higher than the maximal uptake rate of NO₃⁻ and the minimum concentration for uptake (C_min) was lower for NH₄⁺ than for NO₃⁻. Plants supplied with NO₃⁻ had elevated nitrate reductase activity (NRA) particularly in the roots showing that NO₃⁻ was primarily reduced in the roots, but NRA levels were generally low (<4 μmol NO₂⁻ g⁻¹ DW h⁻¹). Under natural growth conditions NH₄⁺ is probably the main N source for S. natans, but plants probably also exploit NO₃⁻ when NH₄⁺ concentrations are low. This is suggested based on the observation that the plants maintain high NRA in the roots at relatively high NH₄⁺ levels in the water, even though the uptake capacity for NO₃⁻ is reduced under these conditions.     

硝磺草酮、铜单一和复合胁迫对苦草的生长及生理的影响

农药与重金属是水体中常见的污染物,其在水环境中的污染问题已引起全社会的广泛关注。目前关于农药硝磺草酮与铜的研究主要集中在动物与浮游植物上,对大型水生植物的研究较匮乏。为了阐明水体中常见毒性污染物硝磺草酮与铜对水生植物的潜在毒性作用,本研究探究了二者对长江流域的优势种苦草（Vallisneria natans）的生长及生理影响,旨在为水生植物复合污染的生态毒性效应和生态安全评估提供依据。本研究采用水培法,研究了不同浓度硝磺草酮（0、0.01、1、10、20、50 mg/L）、铜（0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1、2 mg/L）以及（硝磺草酮+铜）在（0+0、0.01+0.1、1+0.3、10+0.5、20+1、50 mg/L+2 mg/L）浓度时对苦草的相对生长率、光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素）、抗氧化酶〔超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）〕以及可溶性蛋白含量变化的影响。结果显示,单一硝磺草酮对苦草的生长和光合色素的合成、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量具有抑制作用,而对苦草POD活性具有激活效应;单一铜胁迫对苦草生长、光合色素的合成、CAT活性以及可溶性蛋白含量具有显著抑制作用,而对苦草SOD和POD活性具有激活效应;此外,苦草的相对生长率、光合色素、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性等指示物对硝磺草酮与铜联合胁迫表现出受害响应,而POD活性显著上升,SOD活性呈现低浓度抑制高浓度促进效应。毒性效应评估结果显示,随着复合胁迫浓度的升高,硝磺草酮和铜对苦草的联合毒性由拮抗作用转为协同作用。硝磺草酮与铜在水体中赋存可能对水生植物产生潜在的生物安全风险,因此要更加关注水体中不同污染物之间综合效应的防治。     

Nitrogen nutrition of Canna indica: Effects of ammonium versus nitrate on growth, biomass allocation, photosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and N uptake rates

The effects of inorganic nitrogen (N) source (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ or both) on growth, biomass allocation, photosynthesis, N uptake rate, nitrate reductase activity and mineral composition of Canna indica were studied in hydroponic culture. The relative growth rates (0.05-0.06 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹), biomass allocation and plant morphology of C. indica were indifferent to N nutrition. However, NH₄⁺ fed plants had higher concentrations of N in the tissues, lower concentrations of mineral cations and higher contents of chlorophylls in the leaves compared to NO₃⁻ fed plants suggesting a slight advantage of NH₄⁺ nutrition. The NO₃⁻ fed plants had lower light-saturated rates of photosynthesis (22.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) than NH₄⁺ and NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ fed plants (24.4-25.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) when expressed per unit leaf area, but similar rates when expressed on a chlorophyll basis. Maximum uptake rates (V_max) of NO₃⁻ did not differ between treatments (24-35 μmol N g⁻¹ root DW h⁻¹), but V_max for NH₄⁺ was highest in NH₄⁺ fed plants (81 μmol N g⁻¹ root DW h⁻¹), intermediate in the NH₄NO₃ fed plants (52 μmol N g⁻¹ root DW h⁻¹), and lowest in the NO₃⁻ fed plants (28 μmol N g⁻¹ root DW h⁻¹). Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was highest in leaves and was induced by NO₃⁻ in the culture solutions corresponding to the pattern seen in fast growing terrestrial species. Plants fed with only NO₃⁻ had high NRA (22 and 8 μmol NO₂⁻ g⁻¹ DW h⁻¹ in leaves and roots, respectively) whereas NRA in NH₄⁺ fed plants was close to zero. Plants supplied with both forms of N had intermediate NRA suggesting that C. indica takes up and assimilate NO₃⁻ in the presence of NH₄⁺. Our results show that C. indica is relatively indifferent to inorganic N source, which together with its high growth rate contributes to explain the occurrence of this species in flooded wetland soils as well as on terrestrial soils. Furthermore, it is concluded that C. indica is suitable for use in different types of constructed wetlands.     

水体铜污染对苦草生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

该文以苦草(Vallisneria natans)为材料,研究了不同浓度铜污染水体对其叶/根长、生物量、光合色素含量、体内重金属含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:随着水体铜浓度的增加,苦草的叶长、根长、生物量均显著下降;光合色素含量逐渐下降,其中叶绿素a比叶绿素b下降明显,类胡萝卜素下降幅度最小;叶片铜含量随铜浓度的增加显著上升(P0.05),各处理组根铜含量没有显著性差异,在水中铜低于0.5mg·L-1的环境中苦草具有正常的光合活性。除0.5 mg·L-1处理组外,最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)与有效量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]均比对照组显著降低(P0.05),而非光化学淬灭效率(qN)、调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NPQ)]、非调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NO)]均呈上升趋势,其中Fv/Fo对铜污染反应最为灵敏。综合各参数变化情况,随着水体铜浓度的增加,苦草生长受到抑制,叶片利用光能的效率下降,PSⅡ反应中心的电子传递受到明显的抑制;苦草通过自身调节以热的形式将过剩光能耗散,以减轻PSⅡ反应中心受伤害的程度;苦草是铜超富集植物,其可作为低浓度铜污染水体生态修复的备选物种。     

Growth stage-based modulation in antioxidant defense system and proline accumulation in two hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance

Changes in the antioxidant defense system and proline accumulation were examined at different growth stages (vegetative, boot and reproductive) in plants of two hexaploid spring wheat cultivars (S-24, salt tolerant; MH-97, salt sensitive), grown in hydroponics and salinity-affected with 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM of NaCl. Salt stress provoked a marked decline in plant dry mass and ascorbic acid contents, and increased proline, total soluble proteins and H₂O₂ contents in both wheat cultivars at all growth stages. However, higher accumulation of proline and H₂O₂ contents was recorded at the vegetative and boot stages, respectively, in both wheat cultivars. Salt stress caused a consistent rise in the activities of some key antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, and APX) at all growth stages only in the salt tolerant cultivar S-24, whereas such pattern of enhanced activities of enzymatic antioxidants in cv. MH-97 was found only at the vegetative stage under saline regimes. Maximum activities of various enzymatic antioxidants were observed at the vegetative stage in both wheat cultivars under varying external salt treatments. The results showed that high salinity tolerance of cv. S-24, as manifested by lower decrease in its dry matter under salt stress, was associated with higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, increased accumulation of proline, and lower levels of H₂O₂, as compared with cv. MH-97 at all growth stages under saline regimes.     

不同光照强度下物种组合对沉水植物苦草种间关系的影响

为了解种间关系对沉水植物群落结构的影响,在不同光照(20%自然光和50%自然光)和不同物种组合下,研究了长江中下游常见优势沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)与黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)的相互作用。结果表明,在低光下,苦草与穗状狐尾藻混种时,苦草生物量、株高和叶数均没有明显变化,当穗状狐尾藻的比例较高时,苦草根长生长受到抑制,根叶比呈下降趋势;在高光下,穗状狐尾藻比例的增加会促进苦草单株生物量和叶生物量的增加,而对苦草株高、根长和叶数无显著影响;与黑藻混种相比,苦草与穗状狐尾藻混种时,苦草的株高、根长和叶数均无显著差异,而苦草的单株生物量和叶生物量均呈降低趋势。因此,物种组合和混种比例均会影响苦草与其他物种的相互作用关系,进而影响沉水植被的群落动态。     

古林箐秋海棠叶斑结构对叶色的影响

该研究以古林箐秋海棠(Begonia gulinqingensis)为材料,通过分析叶片形态特征、上表皮光学特性、组织结构、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数(F_v/F_m),探讨了叶片色斑的形成原因。结果表明:(1)古林箐秋海棠叶斑发生频率和数量无明显规律,但发生部位相对稳定,叶斑主要发生在正对叶柄的两条主脉之间。(2)斑区有两种光反射模式,点状反射和多角形反射,栅栏组织细胞呈近等轴的圆形,排列疏松,与上表皮细胞间存在空隙;非斑区只有点状反射模式,栅栏组织细胞为漏斗型,排列紧密,与上表皮细胞间不存在空隙。(3)斑区和非斑区叶绿体均有密集的堆积基粒和丰富的类囊体膜,斑区叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量仅比非斑区分别低24.9%、25.2%、25.1%。(4)叶绿素荧光参数(F_v/F_m)值斑区为0.793,非斑区为0.790。虽然斑区叶绿素含量比非斑区略低,但叶绿体结构完整,且叶绿素荧光参数与非斑区无显著差异。斑区上表皮与栅栏组织细胞间的空隙可使光线到达绿色组织时发生二次反射,在叶片表皮细胞边缘形成白色多边形光反射使该区域相对周围正常叶片区域偏白,基于上述结果可推测古林箐秋海棠的淡绿色块斑形成与特殊的叶片结构有关。     

Impacts of chlorination and heat shocks on growth, pigments and photosynthesis of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae)

The main impacts of cooling water from thermal (nuclear) power plants on aquatic organisms were caused by chlorination and temperature increase. In this study, we investigated the impacts of residual chlorine and short-term heat shocks on growth, pigment contents and photosynthesis of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Growth of P. tricornutum was completely inhibited; Chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents deceased about 63.3% and 61.4% in 24 h treated with 0.2 mg L^− 1 chlorine. The negative effects of chlorination increased with enhanced concentration and prolonged exposure time. Relative electrode transfer rate (rETR) of P. tricornutum was significantly suppressed when treated with 0.2 mg L^− 1 residual chlorine for 24 h. Furthermore, the effective quantum yield (F_v'/F_m') decreased first but then recovered with prolonged exposure when residual chlorine ranged between 0.1 and 0.2 mg L^− 1. The cells were less sensitive to heat shocks compared with chlorination: the rETR and F_v'/F_m' was suppressed only when the temperature exceeded 35 °C for 1 h. When P. tricornutum was exposed to chlorination combined with heat shocks, the rETR was further inhibited at 35 °C. It indicated that both chlorination and heat shocks had negative impacts on the primary producers living in discharging coastal waters; furthermore, there were synergistic effects of heat shocks on chlorination toxicity.     

Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum Freudenthal et Lee

The effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum Freudenthal et Lee were examined in the laboratory. Exposed to 45 different combinations of temperature (10–30 °C) and salinity (0–40) under saturating irradiance, G. instriatum exhibited its maximum growth rate of 0.7 divisions/day at a combination of 25 °C and a salinity of 30. Optimum growth rates (>0.5 divisions/day) were observed at temperatures ranging from 20 to 30 °C and at salinities from 10 to 35. The organism could not grow at ≤10 °C. In addition, G. instriatum burst at a salinity of 0 at all temperatures, but grew at a salinity of 5 at temperatures between 20 and 25 °C. It is noteworthy that G. instriatum is a euryhaline organism that can live under extremely low salinity. Factorial analysis revealed that the contributions of temperature and salinity to its growth of the organism were almost equal. The irradiance at the light compensation point (I₀) was 10.6 μmol/(m² s) and the saturated irradiance for growth (I_s) was 70 μmol/(m² s), which was lower than I_s for several other harmful dinoflagellates (90–110 μmol/(m² s)).     

7种秋海棠叶片斑纹结构及遗传特性分析

以7种(品种)秋海棠为材料,观察叶片斑区和非斑区组织结构、测定叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m值,分析叶片斑纹的形成原因及银点秋海棠点状斑的遗传特性。结果显示：(1)银点秋海棠、铺地秋海棠、假厚叶秋海棠、‘皮卡’和‘非洲丛林’叶片斑区的上表皮细胞与栅栏组织细胞间存在空隙,非斑区则没有空隙,彩纹秋海棠和‘虎斑’的斑区与非斑区上表皮细胞和栅栏组织细胞间均紧密相连。(2)7种(品种)秋海棠叶片斑区和非斑区都具有完整的叶绿体超微结构,类囊体膜丰富,基质和基粒片层清晰;银点秋海棠、假厚叶秋海棠、‘皮卡’和‘非洲丛林’斑区的叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量均低于非斑区,而铺地秋海棠斑区和非斑区差别不大;除假厚叶秋海棠的斑区叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m值小于非斑区外,其余6种秋海棠均为斑区高于非斑区。(3)银点秋海棠与无斑种类杂交,杂交后代叶片有斑和无斑的植株约为1∶1,而其自交后代中有斑和无斑的植株比例近3∶1。研究发现,银点秋海棠、铺地秋海棠、假厚叶秋海棠、‘皮卡’和‘非洲丛林’的叶斑属于空隙结构型,彩纹秋海棠和‘虎斑’叶斑属于色素型。银点秋海棠点状叶斑与无斑是1对可遗传的相对性状,白色点状斑为显性性状。     

Comparative salt tolerance analysis between Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella halophila, with special emphasis on K(+)/Na(+) selectivity and proline accumulation

The eco-physiology of salt tolerance, with an emphasis on K⁺ nutrition and proline accumulation, was investigated in the halophyte Thellungiella halophila and in both wild type and eskimo-1 mutant of the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana, which differ in their proline accumulation capacity. Plants cultivated in inert sand were challenged for 3 weeks with up to 500 mM NaCl. Low salinity significantly decreased A. thaliana growth, whereas growth restriction was significant only at salt concentrations equal to or exceeding 300 mM NaCl in T. halophila. Na⁺ content generally increased with the amount of salt added in the culture medium in both species, but T. halophila showed an ability to control Na⁺ accumulation in shoots. The analysis of the relationship between water and Na⁺ contents suggested an apoplastic sodium accumulation in both species; this trait was more pronounced in A. thaliana than in T. halophila. The better NaCl tolerance in the latter was associated with a better K⁺ supply, resulting in higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios. It was also noteworthy that, despite highly accumulating proline, the A. thaliana eskimo-1 mutant was the most salt-sensitive species. Taken together, our findings indicate that salt tolerance may be partly linked to the plants’ ability to control Na⁺ influx and to ensure appropriate K⁺ nutrition, but is not linked to proline accumulation.     

Effects of salinity on photosynthesis and respiration of the seagrass Zostera japonica: A comparison of two established populations in North America

Photosynthetic responses were quantified for two Zostera japonica Aschers. and Graebn. populations from the northern and southern limits of distribution exposed to a range of salinities along the Pacific Coast of North America. Plants were collected from Padilla Bay, Washington (northern) and Coos Bay, Oregon, USA (southern) and cultured together in experimental tanks at 3 salinities (5, 20 and 35) under saturating irradiance for 3 weeks. Subsequently, photosynthesis–irradiance (P vs. E curves) relationships for leaf segments from the two populations were assessed using an oxygen electrode system. We found no evidence for diel rhythms in either light saturated photosynthesis (P_max) or dark respiration (R_d). For the Padilla Bay population, P_max ranged from 192 to 390 μmol O₂ g DW⁻¹ h⁻¹; for the Coos Bay population P_max ranged from 226 to 774 μmol O₂ g DW⁻¹ h⁻¹. Photosynthetic maxima of the Coos Bay plants occurred at a salinity of 20, whereas salinity had no effect on the photosynthetic maxima of the Padilla Bay plants. There were significant differences in leaf tissue R_d among salinity treatments but the two populations responded similarly to salinity. North American populations of Z. japonica are best adapted to intermediate salinities, displaying minimum R_d rates, lower compensation irradiance, higher saturation irradiance, and greater P_max rates at a salinity of 20. Additionally, the southern population may be better adapted to southward expansion along the Pacific Coast and changes associated with global climate change.     

Effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth,ion relations and proline accumulation in Triglochin bulbosa

The effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth, ion relations and prolineaccumulation in the monocotyledonous halophyte, Triglochin bulbosa,was investigated in hydroponic culture over 5 months. The experimentaldesign was a 3 × 3 factorial with three salinity treatments (0, 150 and 300 mol m^-3 NaCl) and three levels of N (5, 10 and 20 gml^-1 N as NaNO₃). Total and root dry biomass accumulationwere significantly affected by salinity, but not by N or N × salinityinteraction. Increase in NaCl from 0 to 150 mol m^-3 had no effecton total or root dry biomass, while further increase in salinity to 300mol m^-3 significantly reduced biomass by 21% and 25%respectively. Shoot dry biomass, which was significantly affected by N andnot by salinity, increased with increase in N from 5 to 10 gml^-1. Ion concentrations in roots and shoots were significantlyaffected by salinity, but not by N or N × salinity interaction. Theconcentration of Na⁺ and Cl^- in roots and shoots increasedprogressively with an increase in salinity, while that of K⁺ decreased. Under non-saline conditions, Na⁺/K⁺ ratios were low (0.41to 0.44) and increased significantly with an increase in salinity in both rootsand shoots. Shoot sap osmotic potentials decreased progressively with anincrease in salinity. Increase in N in the hydroponic solution from 5 to20 g ml^-1 significantly increased root and shoot N by 66%and 41% respectively. Tissue concentrations of proline were significantlyaffected by salinity and substrate N but not by N × salinity interaction. Theconcentration of proline in roots and shoots increased significantly by334% and 48%, respectively, with an increase in salinity from 0 to 300mol m^-3 NaCl. Increase in substrate N from 5 to 20 g ml^-1 significantly increased proline in roots and shoots by 66% and41% respectively. The significance of substrate N on the accumulationof proline is discussed in relation to salt tolerance.     

Kinetics of ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus uptake by Canna indica and Schoenoplectus validus

Canna indica L. is an upright perennial rhizomatous herb, and Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A. Löve and D. Löve is a tall, perennial, herbaceous sedge. The nutrient uptake kinetics of C. indica and S. validus were investigated using the modified depletion method after plants were grown for 4 weeks in simulated secondary-treated wastewater. The maximum uptake rate (I_max) and Michaelis–Menten constant (K_m) were estimated by iterative curve fitting. The I_max for NH₄N (623 μmol g⁻¹ dry root weight h⁻¹) was significantly higher than that for NO₃N (338 μmol g⁻¹ dry root weight h⁻¹) in S. validus. In contrast, no difference was observed in C. indica. The I_max values for NO₃N and NH₄N were higher in S. validus than in C. indica. A significantly lower K_m was detected for NO₃N uptake in C. indica (385 μmol L⁻¹) compared to that in S. validus (1908 μmol L⁻¹). The I_max for PO₄P did not differ between the plant species. The K_m for PO₄P was significantly higher in C. indica (157 μmol L⁻¹) than in S. validus (60 μmol L⁻¹). In conclusion, we found that S. validus preferred NH₄N over NO₃N, had greater capacity for N uptake and higher affinity for PO₄P, but C. indica had greater affinity for NO₃N. Nutrient uptake capacity is likely related to habitat preference, and is influenced by the structure of roots and rhizomes.     

黄曲霉Ste50衔接子蛋白对生长发育及致病性的影响

[目的]Ste50是真菌中重要的衔接子蛋白,在多个MAPK级联通路中起重要的信号衔接与传递作用.本研究鉴定出了黄曲霉AflSte50蛋白,并发现了其对黄曲霉的生长、产孢、致病能力和响应渗透压胁迫等方面的影响.[方法]首先通过生物信息学方法在黄曲霉NRRL3357中鉴定出ste50基因,并通过同源重组的方法构建了ste5...     

Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on seed germination, seedling growth, lipid peroxidation, proline content and antioxidative system of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity stress

The effects of 24-epibrassinolide (24-epiBL) on seedling growth, antioxidative system, lipid peroxidation, proline and soluble protein content were investigated in seedlings of the salt-sensitive rice cultivar IR-28. Seedling growth of rice plants was improved by 24-epiBL treatment under salt stress conditions. When seedlings treated with 24-epiBL were subjected to 120 mM NaCl stress, the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) did not show significant difference, whereas the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) significantly increased. Increased activity of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) under NaCl stress showed remarkable decrease in the 24-epiBL+NaCl-applied group. Lipid peroxidation level significantly increased under salt stress but decreased with 24-epiBL application revealing that less oxidative damage occurred in this group (24-epiBL+NaCl). In addition, increased proline content in the NaCl-applied group was decreased by 24-epiBL application in the 24-epiBL+NaCl-applied group. Soluble protein content was increased by 24-epiBL application even under NaCl stress, being also higher than control conditions (no 24-epiBL or NaCl treatment). 24-epiBL treatment considerably alleviated oxidative damage that occurred under NaCl-stressed conditions and improved seedling growth in part under salt stress in sensitive IR-28 seedlings.     

盐度对长牡蛎和近江牡蛎及其杂交稚贝生长和存活的影响

2011年8月以长牡蛎自繁组GG(Crassostrea gigas♀×C.gigas♂),近江牡蛎自繁组AA(C.ariakensis♀×C.ariakensis♂)、正交组GA(Crassostrea gigas♀×C.ariakensis♂)、反交组AG(C.ariakensis♀×C.gigas♂)为实验材料,开展了稚贝对盐度的适应性研究。结果发现长牡蛎的最适生存盐度为15—35,最适生长盐度为25—35;近江牡蛎的最适生存盐度为10—25,最适生长盐度为20—25;GA的最适生存盐度为15—30,最适生长盐度为15—30,AG的最适生存盐度为20—30,最适生长盐度为20—25。GG对低盐度敏感,AA对高盐度敏感,AG具有高盐度存活的杂种优势,在盐度30时,中亲杂种优势HG×A为13.32,单亲杂种优势HGA和HAG分别为1.89和27.88,在盐度40时,HAG上升到400,GA和AG都不具有生长优势。杂种稚贝对盐度适应介于双亲之间,且表现出一定程度的父系遗传特点。     

Combined effect of NaCl-salinity and hypoxia on growth,photosynthesis, water relations and solute accumulation in Phragmites australis plants

Aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two key environmental factors of estuarine ecosystems, salinity and hypoxia, on the physiological attributes in reed plants (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel). Growth, leaf gas exchange, water (and ion) relations, and osmotic adjustment were determined in hydroponically grown plants exposed to hypoxia at varying NaCl-salinity concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM). Plants grew well under hypoxia treatment with standard nutrient solution without added salt and at NaCl concentrations up to 100 mM. Reed plants were able to produce and allocate phytomass to all their organs even at the highest salt level (200 mM NaCl). In plants subjected to hypoxia at various water potentials no clear relationships were found between growth and photosynthetic parameters except for g_s, whereas growth displayed a highly significant correlation with plant–water relations. A and g_s of reed plants treated with hypoxia at varying water potential of nutrient solutions were positively correlated and the former variable also had a strong positive relationship with E. Leaf Ψ_w and Ψ_π followed a similar trend and declined significantly as water potential of watering solutions was lowered. Highly significant positive correlations were identified between leaf Ψ_w and photosynthetic parameters. At all NaCl concentrations, the increase in total inorganic ions resulted from increased Na⁺ and Cl⁻ while K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations decreased with increasing osmolality of nutrient solutions. Common reed has an efficient mechanism of Na⁺ exclusion from the leaves and exhibited a high leaf K⁺/Na⁺ selectivity ratio over a wide range of salinities under hypoxia treatment. In Phragmites australis grown in 200 mM NaCl, K⁺ contributed 17% toΨ_π, whereas Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accounted for only 11% and 6%, respectively. At the same NaCl concentration, the estimated contribution of proline to Ψ_π was less than 0.2%. Changes in leaf turgor occurred with a combined effect of salinity and hypoxia, suggesting that reed plants could adjust their water status sufficiently.     

Interactive effects of N and P on growth but not on resource allocation of Canna indica in wetland microcosms

The interactive effects of three levels of N (mM) (low 0.36, medium 2.1 and high 6.4) and two levels of P (mM) (low 0.10 and high 0.48) on growth and resource allocation of Canna indica Linn. were studied in wetland microcosms. After 91 days of plant growth, there was a significant interactive effect of N and P on plant growth, but not on resource allocation (except for allocation of N to leaves and allocation of P to the stems). The plant growth positively responded to the relatively higher nutrient availability (taller plants with more stems, leaves and flowers), but the growth performance was not significantly different between the medium N-low P and high N-low P treatments. At high P, the total biomass in the high N was about 51% higher than that in the medium N and about 348% higher than that in the low N. The growth performance was related to the physiological responses. The photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) increased from 0.843 to 0.855 with an increase in N additions. The photosynthetic rate increased from 13 to 16 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in the low P levels and from 14 to 20 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in the high P levels with an increase in N applications, but significant difference was only between the low and medium N levels, regardless of the P levels. The tissue concentrations of N increased with an increase in N applications and decreased with an increase in P additions, whereas reverse was true for tissue concentrations of P. The highest concentrations of N and P in leaves were 30.8 g N kg⁻¹ in the high N-low P treatment and 4.9 g P kg⁻¹ in the low N-high P treatment. The percent biomass allocation to aboveground tissues in the high N was nearly twice that in the low N treatments. The N allocation to aboveground tissues was slightly larger in high N than in low N treatments, whereas the P allocation to aboveground tissues increased with an increase in the N addition. Although some patterns of biomass allocation were similar to those of nutrient allocation, they did not totally reflect the nutrient allocation. These results imply that in order to enhance the treatment performance, appropriately high nutrient availability of N and P are required to stimulate the growth of C. indica in constructed wetlands.     

水分胁迫下发草(Deschampsia caespitosa)叶片脯氨酸及其代谢产物变化

以发草(Deschampsia caespitosa)为供试材料,通过盆栽模拟水分胁迫,研究重度干旱、中度干旱、轻度干旱、植物正常需水量(对照)、轻度水涝、中度水涝、重度水涝处理下发草叶片脯氨酸(Pro)积累状况及其代谢途径中底物、中间产物和关键酶的动态变化,以期从脯氨酸代谢途径对发草抗旱/涝机理进行初步探讨。结果显示,干旱和水涝胁迫前期发草叶片Pro含量显著升高,谷氨酸(Glu)和鸟氨酸(Orn)含量显著下降,Δ¹-吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)活性、鸟氨酸转氨酶(δ-OAT)活性、Δ¹-吡咯琳-5-羧酸还原酶(P5CR)活性均显著增强,而脯氨酸脱氢酶(ProDH)活性显著降低,表明干旱和水涝胁迫前期发草叶片通过脯氨酸合成代谢的加强和分解代谢的抑制共同积累脯氨酸,以缓解干旱和水涝胁迫产生的危害,Glu途径和Orn途径协同作用于叶片脯氨酸合成代谢过程。中度、轻度干旱和轻度水涝处理21 d后Pro含量趋于稳定,持续21 d的重度干旱处理和持续28 d的重度水涝处理时发草死亡,共同显示了发草对水涝和干旱具有较强的耐受性。结论为高寒沼泽湿地旱涝"共耐性"植物的研究提供理论基础,同时为利用发草开展退化高寒沼泽湿地植被恢复提供科学依据。