外源激素与温度对花楸树种子萌发的影响

三种外源激素和萌发温度对花楸树种子萌发影响的研究结果表明,25℃（16h光／8h暗,10d）-5℃（暗110d）变温可极显著提高种子发芽率和种子发芽势,但极显著延迟发芽初始时间。200mg·L^-16-BA溶液中吸胀2d后经历25℃·5℃变温可使种子发芽初始时间最短（33d）,发芽率（62．25％）和发芽势（57．88％）最高。GA3或ABA与温度的结合处理对种子萌发的促进作用小于6-BA与温度的综合处理。     

丹参种子的吸水特性及发芽条件研究

丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)种子具有快速吸水的生物学特性,在10℃和25℃下,种子入水10min后吸水量即可达到种子原重的4．5倍左右,至2h吸水量分别达到原重的10．5和11．7倍。温度对种子的吸水速率无明显的影响。丹参种子发芽的最适宜温度在25～30℃,在实验室条件下,采用滤纸床25℃时,一级种子发芽率可达83％,混级种子为74％。同时发现,预先冷冻、PEG—4000引发和GA3浸种处理可以明显提高丹参种子的发芽率。采用超声波处理和PEG引发技术可以使贮藏1a的陈种子发芽率达到45％以上。     

野生药食两用植物青葙种子萌发的初步研究

测定青葙种子吸水和温度、光、暗、不同浓度GA,和0．2％KNO,影响其种子发芽的结果表明：青葙种子于25℃恒温下浸种8h后吸水达到饱和,其适宜发芽温度为30-35℃,萌发受光照抑制。10、50和100mg·L^-1GA3浸种的发芽率分别为61％、66％和72％,0．2％KNO3处理的发芽率达到81％。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种子萌发特性的研究

 秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)为中国特有种,主要分布于中国秦巴山地,现为渐危种,被列为国家二级保护植物。经测定,秦岭冷杉种子千粒重为(33.92±1.01)g,与其它冷杉属的种子比较,其种子千粒重较大。四唑（TTC,1.0 %）染色测种子生活力的结果表明:有生活力的种子占26.00%,空粒占20.50%,涩粒占33.75%,说明秦岭冷杉种子饱满度很差,反映了比较高的种子败育率;染色结果与对比发芽实验的结果很接近,说明用四唑染色来测定秦岭冷杉种子的生活力是较准确的方法。把种子进行0、14、21、28d低温(4℃)层积处理,发现低温层积可以显著提高种子发芽率和发芽势,但是层积21d与28d发芽势没有差异。设置恒温20℃、25℃和变温20～30℃ 3种温度条件下发芽比较,发现最终的发芽率并没有差异,但是发芽势差异显著,恒温25℃达到最大发芽率的90%的时间要比另外两种温度下提前9d,可见25℃是秦岭冷杉种子发芽的适宜温度。光照(8 h·d-1,100μmol·m-2·s-1)和黑暗下种子的最后发芽率差异不显著,但是光照发芽势高,可见光照可以促进秦岭冷杉种子发芽迅速、整齐。实验证明,用砂床做发芽基质与用纸床做发芽基质相比,前者的发芽率和发芽势均比后者高。     

不同温度下四川金川县岷江柏种子的发芽特征

岷江柏(Capressus chenggiana S．Y．Hu)是我国川甘地区特有的濒危乔木。通过对不同温度下岷江柏种子的发芽特征研究,分析了种子的发芽周期和最适发芽温度,以及温度对种子发芽的影响,并讨论了岷江柏的发芽特征与环境温度的关系,从而为岷江柏的人工繁育和物种保护提供了理论依据。结果表明：种子发芽周期为20d,其中0～5d为萌动期,5～15d为高峰期。种子发芽温度为5℃～30℃,适宜发芽温度为10℃～25℃,5℃和30℃不利于种子发芽。在贮藏过程中,贮藏开始阶段10℃不利于种子发芽,贮藏4～10个月后10℃～25℃种子发芽的差别不明显。种子最适发芽温度在2003年1月、4月、7月和10月分别为：20℃、15℃、20℃、25℃。在贮藏过程．不同温度下种子的发芽率、发芽势和T50都有显著影响。岷江柏种子的发芽周期和最适发芽温度．以及贮藏过程中的发芽特征与环境温度有着密切的关系．这是植物对自然环境的一种适应。     

菜用大豆种子活力与激素关系的初步研究

菜用大豆(Glycine max)品种“六月拔”种子在不同条件下贮藏6个月后分别成为高活力种子(4℃,硅胶干燥贮藏)、中活力种子(自然干燥种子,聚乙烯袋密封贮藏)、低活力种子(自然条件下布袋贮藏)及无活力种子(30℃,90％RH),发芽率分别为90％、50％、30％以上及0。发芽试验方法:取30粒种子置于铺有2层滤纸的15cm培养皿中,在25℃暗中进行发芽,重复3次,2 d计算发芽势,3 d计算发芽率。外     

水稻低温发芽力QTL定位和遗传分析

以Kinmaze(粳稻)／DV85(籼稻)的重组自交系F10世代群体检测了影响水稻低温发芽力性状的数量性状基因座(QTL)。通过测定不同时期的低温发芽率,确定了15℃低温、第10d为检测低温发芽率的最适处理温度和时间,该条件下能够充分检测到品种的差异和分离群体的变异。通过设置对照,证明所检测的低温发芽率不受休眠及二次休眠的影响。15℃低温、第10d时,Kinmaze的发芽率达35％,DV85的发芽率只有7％,两亲本之间存在明显差异,该群体81个家系的低温发芽率变幅在0％～99％之间。QTL分析结果检测到5个与低温发芽力相关的基因座,分别位于第2、6、7、11和12染色体上。位于第2、6和11染色体上的qLTG-2、qLTG-6和qLTG-11贡献率分别为27．1％、17．1％和15．0％,对低温发芽力性状的增效基因来自DV85;位于第7、12染色体上qLTG-7和qLTG-12的贡献率分别为22．9％和8．8％,增效基因来自Kinmaze。其中,qLTG-6和qLTG-11在染色体上的位置与已报道的有关低温发芽力QTL位置相似,而qLTG-2、qLTG-7和qLTG-12为新检测的低温发芽力基因座。上位性分析结果显示,第3与第5染色体上存在影响低温发芽力的互作位点,其互作可以提高低温发芽力,而第7染色体上的两位点之间的互作降低了低温发芽力。     

金莲花种子的休眠、萌发与活力的研究

金莲花种子存在生理休眠现象,采用4周以上冷湿处理或不同浓度GA_3处理可以打破休眠,GA_3的最适浓度为500μg/g。不同年份收获的种子活力不同,表现在种子重量、用同样浓度GA_3处理时的发芽率及种子的最适发芽温度范围不同,1989年的种子活力低,最适发芽温度25℃左右(发芽率90％),而1990年新收的种子,从15°～25℃发芽率都高达95％以上。应用GA_3有机溶剂渗入法,可打破金莲花种子休眠促进萌发,效果良好,可以推广应用。     

西双版纳桑寄生植物的繁殖

桑寄生植物的种子无休眠期,在果实内可以发芽。月平均温度15—26℃,相对湿度78—88％时,种子在多种死、活物体上均能发芽,总平均发芽率87.3％;极大多数种子在室温18—32℃时、2—8天发芽,发芽率97.3％;冰箱内温度4—5℃时,10—31天发芽,发芽率78％,但发芽种子移室温下不再继续生长。去果肉的种子发芽时间短,发芽率比带果肉的种子高。室内弱光照下的种子发芽率比不见光的高。桑寄生的幼苗只能在其寄主树上生长成株,完成生命周期。人工栽培必须用新鲜果实内的种子,在适宜的温湿度和光照下,播种在其寄主树的小枝上。从播种至开花结果约需1.5—3年。     

藏药多刺绿绒蒿种子萌发特性研究

多刺绿绒蒿(Meconopsis horridula)为罂粟科绿绒蒿属一年生草本植物,是一种极具观赏价值和药用价值的高山植物,目前处于濒危状态,因此研究多刺绿绒蒿种子的萌发特性对其种子育苗及人工栽培具有重要意义。为了提高多刺绿绒蒿的种子发芽率,该研究以多刺绿绒蒿的种子为材料,分析了不同消毒剂、浸种时间、温度和外源植物激素对种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:(1)最适消毒方法为75%乙醇1 min+3%H2O25 min,最适浸种时间为24 h,最适温度和光照条件为20℃/10℃(光照12 h/黑暗12 h),用无菌水浸种后的种子发芽率为49.67%。(2) GA_3100～600 mg·L~(-1)和NAA 5～30 mg·L~(-1)可以提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,缩短发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间,对种子的萌发有促进作用。(3) 6-BA 5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)对种子的萌发有一定的促进作用,但不显著,6-BA浓度≥15 mg·L~(-1)则抑制种子的萌发。(4)用GA3500 mg·L~(-1)浸种后的种子发芽指标最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为69.67%、33.00%、4.51,种子的发芽起始时间和发芽持续时间分别为10.67 d、11.67 d。     

Temperature dependence of the germination of tomato seeds

1. 1.|The germination of tomato “C38” seeds exposed to periodical white incandescent light occurs from 6.0° ± 0.2°C to 37.5° ± 0.2°C, being rate-limited for 10.3° T 25.9°C, and elsewhere limited by the germination capacity.

2. 2.|Rate averages are linearly T-dependent outside their optimum range (25.9° T 29.5°C) and rate variances are typically heterogeneous.

3. 3.|The smooth curvilinear Arrhenius plot indicates that diffusion processes cannot be rate-limiting outside the interval 25.9° T 29.5°C, whereas phase transitions and (or) transconformation of proteins may limit the rate above 34.9°C and, by opposite effects, below 15.3°C.

4. 4.|The thermal communication between the environment and the germinating seed proceeds by a temperature signal which is quenched by random thermal noise at T 11.2°C and at T 34.0°C.

Germination responses of a seed population of Taraxacum officinale Weber to constant temperatures including the supra-optimal range

Abstract The germination responses of a nondormant fraction of a seed population of Taraxacum officinale Weber at constant temperatures in the range 7–34°C were analysed through a time-course study. Maximal percentage germination (approximately 90%) was attained at temperatures 10–18°C, where simple linear relationships were observed between the temperature and the germination rates, i.e. the reciprocals of the time taken to germinate by subpopulations with 20–80% germination. There was a variation in the required ‘thermal times’ (θ) which characterized the linear relationships, the distribution of which could be approximated for the seed population by the following distribution function: where m is the median of the distribution, and A is a shape parameter characterizing the pattern of the distribution. Final percentage germination decreased with increasing temperature from 20 to 32°C, where the final percentage germination vs. temperature plotted on a normal probability scale yielded a straight line, indicating the normality of the distribution of the upper limit temperature in the seed population. The estimated mean and standard deviation were 27.25 ± 3.75°C. The rate of germination for the subpopulation with 20–80% germination also decreased with increases in the temperature from 22 to 30°C. If the relationships between the temperature within this range and the rate for the subpopulations with 20–80% germination were approximated by the regression lines, the negative ‘thermal time’ characterizing the yielded linear relationship would have a distribution which could be approximated by the same function with the required thermal time for the relationship of suboptimal range. The parameters m and A for the negative ‘thermal time’ were determined to be 2870 K h and 1.7 × 10^-10 K^-3 h^-3.     

Analysis of the action of compounds that inhibit the germination of spores of Bacillus species

AIMS: To determine the mechanism of action of inhibitors of the germination of spores of Bacillus species, and where these inhibitors act in the germination process. METHODS AND RESULTS: Spores of various Bacillus species are significant agents of food spoilage and food-borne disease, and inhibition of spore germination is a potential means of reducing such problems. Germination of the following spores was studied: (i) wild-type B. subtilis spores; (ii) B. subtilis spores with a nutrient receptor variant allowing recognition of a novel germinant; (iii) B. subtilis spores with elevated levels of either the variant nutrient receptor or its wild-type allele; (iv) B. subtilis spores lacking all nutrient receptors and (v) wild-type B. megaterium spores. Spores were germinated with a variety of nutrient germinants, Ca2+-dipicolinic acid (DPA) and dodecylamine for B. subtilis spores, and KBr for B. megaterium spores. Compounds tested as inhibitors of germination included alkyl alcohols, a phenol derivative, a fatty acid, ion channel blockers, enzyme inhibitors and several other compounds. Assays used to assess rates of spore germination monitored: (i) the fall in optical density at 600 nm of spore suspensions; (ii) the release of the dormant spore's large depot of DPA; (iii) hydrolysis of the dormant spore's peptidoglycan cortex and (iv) generation of CFU from spores that lacked all nutrient receptors. The results with B. subtilis spores allowed the assignment of inhibitory compounds into two general groups: (i) those that inhibited the action of, or response to, one nutrient receptor and (ii) those that blocked the action of, or response to, several or all of the nutrient receptors. Some of the compounds in groups 1 and 2 also blocked action of at least one cortex lytic enzyme, however, this does not appear to be the primary site of their action in inhibiting spore germination. The inhibitors had rather different effects on germination of B. subtilis spores with nutrients or non-nutrients, consistent with previous work indicating that germination of B. subtilis spores by non-nutrients does not involve the spore's nutrient receptors. In particular, none of the compounds tested inhibited spore germination with dodecylamine, and only three compounds inhibited Ca2+-DPA germination. In contrast, all compounds had very similar effects on the germination of B. megaterium spores with either glucose or KBr. The effects of the inhibitors tested on spores of both Bacillus species were largely reversible. CONCLUSIONS: This work indicates that inhibitors of B. subtilis spore germination fall into two classes: (i) compounds (most alkyl alcohols, N-ethylmaleimide, nifedipine, phenols, potassium sorbate) that inhibit the action of, or response to, primarily one nutrient receptor and (ii) compounds [amiloride, HgCl2, octanoic acid, octanol, phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride (PMSF), quinine, tetracaine, tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester, trifluoperazine] that inhibit the action of, or response to, several nutrient receptors. Action of these inhibitors, is reversible. The similar effects of inhibitors on B. megaterium spore germination by glucose or KBr indicate that inorganic salts likely trigger germination by activating one or more nutrient receptors. The lack of effect of all inhibitors on dodecylamine germination suggests that this compound stimulates germination by creating channels in the spore's inner membrane allowing DPA release. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work provides new insight into the steps in spore germination that are inhibited by various chemicals, and the mechanism of action of these inhibitors. The work also provides new insights into the process of spore germination itself.     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性

在实验室条件下观测了陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性,结果发现：萌发率在80%以上的植物有杠柳、铁杆蒿和茭蒿;在60%～80%之间的物种有白羊草、紫丁香、阿尔泰狗娃花、大针茅、沙棘和猪毛蒿;长芒草为37.3%;小于20%的植物有达乌里胡枝子、刺槐、虎榛子和狼牙刺。14种植物的萌发时滞最短的为2 d,最长的为8 d;几乎所有植物种子达到T50的时间都在其萌发开始后的7 d以内,且大部分物种在萌发开始后的15 d完成总萌发量的90%;萌发持续时间最短的为6 d,有刺槐、狼牙刺、虎榛子、沙棘4种,最长的为猪毛蒿,达32 d。这些植物种子的萌发特性及生态适宜性决定了它们在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区植被演替中的角色与地位。     

青藏高原高寒草甸罂粟科植物种子萌发特性研究

对9种罂粟科植物种子在5个温度(5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃)下的萌发特性进行了研究.结果显示:(1)采自低海拔的小果博落回、秃疮花和白屈菜在15～25℃的萌发率高于5～10℃;采自高海拔的全缘叶绿绒蒿和多刺绿绒蒿达到最大萌发率的温度分别为5℃和10℃;而采自高海拔的红花绿绒蒿和五脉绿绒蒿只有通过5℃冷处理后才能萌发,表明种子的最佳萌发温度与采集地海拔相关.(2)萌发速率随温度升高增大,秃疮花和苣叶秃疮花在25℃萌发速率最大,其余种25℃的萌发速率略小于20℃的萌发速率.(3)萌发时滞表现出随温度升高而缩短的趋势,秃疮花、白屈菜和苣叶秃疮花在25℃萌发时滞最短,其余种25℃萌发时滞又长于20℃萌发时滞.(4)一年生植物多刺绿绒蒿在所有温度下的萌发率和萌发速率均最高,而萌发时滞最短,这可能是一年生植物适应特殊环境的一种对策.     

Germination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis spores in the gut of Aedes larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

In laboratory experiments, germination and growth of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in the gut of Aedes aegypti and A. vexans larvae (Culicidae: Diptera) was observed. The number of spores and vegetative cells in the gut of living larvae and in cadavers was estimated by plaing homogenized larvae on selective agar plates. The number of spores per gut increased in the first 40–140 min of exposure to a maximum, and decreased in the subsequent time, demonstrating spore germination in living larvae, moribunds, and in cadavers. Twenty-four hours after the death of the larvae, a minimal amount of spores, but an increased number of vegetative cells, was found in cadavers. In A. aegypti larvae, germination and growth of B. thuringiensis israelensis in the larval gut was photographically documented.     

Molecular weight of a germination-enhancing compound in smoke†

The active compound(s) in smoke responsible for promoting seed germination of a number of plant species has so far remained unknown. A germination-promoting fraction containing approximately ten compounds has been obtained from cellulose-derived smoke. Furthermore, activity has been associated with one of the compounds in this fraction. The UV absorbance maximum and molecular weight of the active compound has been established and the molecular formula has been tentatively assigned as C₈H₆O₃.     

果翅对梭梭属(Haloxylon)种子萌发行为的调控

种子萌发行为的受控机制是生殖生态学的重要研究内容。通过果翅存留实验研究了在不同贮藏时期果翅对梭梭和白梭梭种子萌发的影响。结果表明：①新成熟的梭梭种子具有高的萌发率（〉90％）。梭梭果翅对秋天新成熟的种子萌发有显著的抑制作用（萌发率〈50％）,使种子处于强迫休眠状态;果翅对种子萌发的抑制作用随着贮藏时间的推移逐渐降低,到翌年春天（4月）这种抑制作用已完全解除,果翅对梭梭种子的抑制主要是化学抑制。果翅对梭梭种子萌发行为的调控作用确保了种子在合适的时间萌发与种群的成功定居,也正是梭梭在荒漠地区广泛分布的主要原因。②新成熟的自梭梭种子萌发率为59．5％,贮藏1个月后达到80％。表明种子存在短时期的生理后熟现象。白梭梭果翅在每一贮藏时期对其种子的萌发都具有显著的抑制作用,翅＋种子（将果翅与种子剥离。一起放人培养皿中）也部分地抑制种子的萌发,因此,果翅对白梭梭种子萌发的抑制既有化学抑制也存在机械抑制。果翅对种子萌发的抑制,限制了白梭梭的分布。     

兰科药用植物手参种子的真菌共生萌发

手参Gymnadenia conopsea是一种地生型兰科植物,是我国的传统中药,同时也是蒙药、藏药常用药,在西藏地区亦作食用。现代药理学研究表明手参具有非常好的药理活性,然而当前手参还不能进行人工栽培,市场需求完全依赖野生资源,因此资源短缺仍然是制约该种药用植物进一步开发利用的瓶颈。兰科植物种子萌发及早期的幼苗生长均需真菌参与,基于此,本文从手参根系中进行了真菌分离,并获得一株菌株,分子鉴定为角担菌属Ceratobasidium GS2。将GS2菌株与手参种子进行共培养,可明显促进手参种子的原球茎的形成并最终分化成幼苗。手参种子共生萌发的成功对于实现手参的种质保育、人工栽培和野生居群的生态恢复均具有重要的意义。