木霉属7个中国新记录种（英文）

报道木霉属7个中国新记录种:厚木霉、地中海木霉、矩孢木霉、近渐绿木霉、多孢木霉、特里克木霉和渐绿木霉。厚木霉分离自上海;地中海木霉、矩孢木霉、多孢木霉和特里克木霉分离自新疆;近渐绿木霉和渐绿木霉分离自四川;结合ITS、tef1-α和形态学特征进行鉴定。     

木霉属2个中国新记录种

【背景】木霉菌现存的Stromaticum进化支为Samuels等2012年定义,包括9个木霉种;国内目前仅报道子座木霉(Trichoderma stromaticum)、蠕状毛木霉(T.vermipilum)和絮状木霉(T.floccosum)3个种。【目的】报道2个木霉属中国新记录种。【方法】采用THSM选择性培养基,从北京和山东两地土壤中分离木霉菌株,通过形态学特征、TEF1-α和RPB2序列对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】通过对TEF1-α和RPB2的系统发育分析,2个菌株分别与T.ivoriense(科特迪瓦木霉)和T.barbatum(毛簇木霉)相近;且形态学特征上存在差异。综合鉴定2个菌株分别为科特迪瓦木霉(T.ivoriense)和毛簇木霉(T.barbatum)或其近缘种。【结论】在国内新发现科特迪瓦木霉(T.ivoriense)和毛簇木霉(T.barbatum)两个木霉种,它们属于Stromaticum进化支,该进化支国内木霉种类增加到5个。     

木霉属中国新记录种Trichoderma koningiopsis记述

在华东地区木霉菌资源调查中,利用内转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析和形态学鉴定方法,对从土壤中分离到的木霉菌进行鉴定,发现一个中国新纪录种,即拟康宁木霉。Trichoderma koningiopsis/Hypocrea koningiopsis Samuels,C.SuarezH.C.Evans sp. nov.。该种典型的形态特征是在PDA以及CMD(玉米粉琼脂)上有瓶梗层出现象,而在MA(麦芽提取物)培养基上没有此特征。     

木霉属中国新纪录种Trichoderma pleuroticola和T. pleurotum

【目的】对蔬菜大棚土壤中和阿魏菇腐烂的菌盖上分离的两株木霉菌进行分类鉴定。【方法】结合形态学分类特征和ITS序列分析的方法进行鉴定。【结果】从蔬菜大棚的土壤中和阿魏菇腐烂的菌盖上分离的两株木霉菌分别为Trichoderma pleuroticola和T.pleurotum。T.pleuroticola的形态特征与T.harzianum相似,但其分生孢子显著大于T.harzianum的分生孢子,且在PDA上产生黑褐色的色素以及黄色的结晶物。T.pleurotum典型特征是分生孢子梗单生,有时匍匐,分枝散生,初级分枝和分生孢子梗顶端聚生,类似粘帚霉。【结论】分离的两株木霉分别是T.pleuroticola和T.pleurotum,为木霉菌中国新纪录种。     

我国河北、浙江、云南及西藏木霉种记述

对从中国河北、浙江、云南及西藏分离的72个木霉菌株进行了鉴定和分类学研究。采纳Gams&Bissett(1998)及Kullnig—Gradinger et al.(2002)的分类观点,鉴定出木霉属的12个种, 其中包括8个已知种:深绿木霉T.atroviride,桔绿木霉T.citrinoviride,哈茨木霉T.harzianum, 康宁木霉T.koningii,长枝木霉T.longibrachiatum,中国木霉T.sinensis,绿木霉T.virens和绿色木霉T.viride;4个我国新记录种是:木霉组(Trichoderma section)的棘孢木霉T.asperellum及粗梗组(Pachybasium section)的淡黄木霉T.cerinum,螺旋木霉T.spirale和茸状木霉T.velutinum。     

木霉属2中国新记录种

[目的]明确我国南部地区土壤中分离得到的2株木霉菌的分类地位.[方法]采用PDAm培养基分离木霉菌菌株,通过形态学鉴定和内转录间隔区(ITS)序列、翻译延长因子1-alpha (Tef1-α)部分序列相似性分析对菌株进行初步鉴定;选取MEGA 4.0软件用Bootstrap最大简约法、水平3、重复1 000次来构建ITS、Tef1-α序列系统进化树并分析其亲缘关系.[结果]菌株CM01的ITS序列与GenBank基因库中Trichoderma intricatum strain GJS 02-78 ITS序列同源性高达99％,在ITS序列系统进化树中与模式菌株T.intricatum GJS 02-78、Trichoderma atroviride DAOM 179514亲缘关系最近;其Tef1-α序列与GenBank基因库中Hypocrea intricate strain GJS 02-78 Tef1-α序列同源性高达99％,在Tef1-α序列系统进化树中与模式菌株H.intricata GJS 02-78亲缘关系最近;其形态描述和模式菌株一致.菌株SCGA5003的ITS序列与GenBank基因库中Trichoderma stromaticum strain GJS 97-181 ITS序列同源性高达99％,在ITS序列系统进化树中与模式菌株T.stromaticum GJS 97-179、GJS 97-180、GJS 97-181、GJS 97-182、GJS 97-183亲缘关系最近;其Tef1-α序列与GenBank基因库中T.stromatieum strain GJS 97-183 Tef1-α序列同源性高达94％,在Tef1-α序列系统进化树中与模式菌株T.stromaticum CQSQ1032、GXNN7006亲缘关系最近;其形态描述和模式菌株一致.[结论]结合形态学特征与分子鉴定结果,判定菌株CM01为交织木霉(Trichoderma intricatum Samuels&Dodd/Hypocrea intricata Samuels et Dodd)、SCGA5003 为子座木霉(Trichoderma stromaticum Samuels & Pardo-Schulth/Hypocrea stromatica Bezerra,Costa & Bastos),即发现木霉属2个中国新记录种.     

木霉和粘帚霉的生物防治研究进展

化学农药的大量使用,严重破坏农业生态系统,并对环境造成污染。而生物防治制剂可以克服这些问题,具有广阔的应用前景。目前已发现不少微生物具有生物防治作用。木霉（Trichoderma）和粘帚霉（Gliocladium）是其中一类可抑制土传植物病原菌的真菌,其作用机理主要是：抗菌、溶解、竞争、寄生和促进植物的生长[1].迄今为止,有关木霉和粘帚霉在生物防治方面的研究已开展近60年。早在1932年,Weindling观察到木素木霉（T.lignorum）和立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctoniasolani）同时培养时,木素木霉的菌丝缠绕着立枯丝核菌的菌丝,使其菌丝原生质凝…     

河北安国药用植物根区土壤木霉物种多样性

为探明安国药用植物根区土壤木霉Trichoderma spp.群落组成和物种分布,2017年7月在河北省安国市中药材种植基地选取麦冬Ophiopogon japonicus、半枝莲Scutellaria barbata和亚麻Linum usitatissimum等26种药用植物,采集根区0～30 cm土层土壤样品,采用形态特征结合r DNA ITS序列分析方法对木霉种类进行分类鉴定,探讨木霉属真菌群落组成、物种多样性以及土壤因子的生态功能。共分离鉴定出10种木霉,包括绿色木霉Trichoderma viride、深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride、哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum、短密木霉Trichoderma brevicompactum、长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum、突里巴木霉Trichoderma turrialbense、贵州木霉Trichoderma guizhouense、猬木霉Trichoderma erinaceus、康宁木霉Trichoderma koningii和黄绿木霉Trichoderma aureoviride,其中优势种为绿色木霉、深绿木霉和哈茨木霉,分离频率分别为38%、18%和17%。金银花Lonicera japonica根区土壤木霉物种分离频率最高(15%),分离到绿色木霉、深绿木霉、哈茨木霉、贵州木霉和康宁木霉,其香农维纳指数最高(1.359),均匀度指数较小(0.845);甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis分离频率次之(9%),分离到绿色木霉、哈茨木霉、长枝木霉和突里巴木霉,其香农维纳指数为1.330,均匀度指数为0.959;其他植物均分离到绿色木霉或深绿木霉,多样性指数较低,表明不同药用植物根区木霉群落组成差异显著。主成分分析发现,土壤磷酸酶、有机碳和速效氮是影响河北安国样地土壤理化性质的主要变量。深绿木霉与土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶显著正相关,哈茨木霉与土壤有机碳显著正相关,与速效磷显著负相关;短密木霉与植物种类和p H显著负相关,长枝木霉与速效氮正相关,表明土壤理化性质和植物对木霉分布有显著影响。方差分解表明木霉多样性主要受植物种类的影响。     

木霉peptaibols抗菌肽的研究进展

Peptaibols是一类由非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPSs)合成的富含α-氨基异丁酸(Aib)的特殊抗菌肽.目前发现的317种peptaibols大多由木霉属真菌产生.本文对木霉产生的这类特殊抗菌肽-peptaibols的多样性、发酵、分离纯化、鉴定及其生物合成进行了综述.     

云南热带森林植被分类纲要

热带森林是云南的重要植被类型,虽对云南热带森林植被的系统分类及研究在《云南植被》中有所体现,并发表了大量论文,但在植被类型的划分、命名及其解释上却不尽相同,特别是对群系的记录很不全面。该文总结已掌握的研究资料,参考世界类似热带森林植被的研究成果,系统地对云南热带森林植被的类型、分类、物种组成和群落特征等进行了归纳。结果表明:云南的热带森林植被包括3个主要的植被型,即热带雨林、季雨林、季节性湿润林。云南的热带雨林是在亚洲热带北缘季风气候下发育的在水分、热量和分布海拔上均到了极限条件的热带雨林类型,分为热带季节性雨林和其山地变型—热带山地雨林二个植被亚型,前者包括19个群系,后者包括12个群系。文中的热带季雨林是依据其原始定义指介于热带雨林与萨王纳之间的一种热带落叶至半常绿森林植被,其分布主要受水分条件制约,非纬向地带性植被;它们分为落叶季雨林和半常绿季雨林2个植被亚型,前者包括7个群系,后者包括3个群系。把分布于云南南部石灰岩山地的在一些植物学文献中称之为"石灰岩季雨林"的热带森林植被,考虑其常绿至半常绿的外貌特征、特殊的植物区系组成以及乔木层没有一个明显的无叶(落叶)期(其落叶现象可能主要由于局部生境的干燥和历史的原因,并非是由于地区性气候干旱所导致),它们与季雨林的原始定义不符;该文使用名称热带季节性湿润林来定义这类发生在石灰岩山中、上部,在热带季节雨林带之上的热带山地垂直带上的植被类型。季节性湿润林也分为季节性常绿湿润林及季节性半常绿湿润林2个植被亚型,各包括2个群系。     

Climate and vegetation in China III water balance and distribution of vegetation

Distributions of 29 vegetation types in China as a function of climatic humidity or aridity were analysed using Thornthwaite's system, by employing meteorological records from 671 stations in China. The annual potential evapotranspiration and the humidity/aridity indices were calculated for every station, and distribution maps of water deficiency, water surplus and moisture index (Im) were constructed. The Im map showed that arid areas (Im<0) occupied about 56% of the country. The effect of the difference in soil water storage capacity on Thornthwaite's indices was examined, and Im values were found to differ little, although some differences were observed in actual annual evapotranspiration, water deficiency and water surplus values. Correlations between Im values and distributions of 29 vegetation types, identified from a vegetation map with a scale of 1/4000000, were investigated. The distributions of desert, steppe, woodland, deciduous forest and evergreen forest corresponded to Im values of below −40, −40–−20, −20-0, 0–60 and over 60, respectively. In addition, climatic factors delimiting the northern distribution of evergreen broadleaf forest were investigated, and it was clarified that the northern limit was restricted by combined hydrothermal conditions, and not by the low temperature in winter.     

Physicochemical and biological factors affecting atmospheric methane oxidation in gray forest soils

The decline of methane oxidizing activities in gray forest soil upon its conversion into arable land was shown to be caused by major changes in biotic and physicochemical properties of soil. Using the method of immune serums, methane-oxidizing bacteria were detected in both forest and agricultural soils, but their populations differed significantly in both abundance and composition. In the forest soil, the number of methanotrophs was an order of magnitude higher than in arable soil, amounting to 3.5 × 10⁸ and 0.24 × 10⁸ cells/g soil, respectively. All methane-oxidizing bacteria identified in the forest soil belonged to the genus Methylocystis, and 94% of these were represented by a single species, M. parvus. The arable soil was dominated by type I methanotrophs (Methylobacter and Methylomonas, 67.6%), occurring along with bacteria of the genus Methylocystis. In addition, arable soil is characterized by a low content of microbial biomass, lower porosity and water resistance of soil aggregates, and the predominance of nitrogen mineralization processes over those of nitrogen immobilization. These factors can also contribute to lower rates of methane oxidation in arable soil as compared to forest soil.__________Translated from Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 74, No. 2, 2005, pp. 255–260.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kravchenko, Semenov, Kuznetsova, Bykova, Dulov, Pardini, Gispert, Boeckx, Cleemput, Galchenko.     

云南鱼类名录

该文在《云南鱼类志》等文献基础上,参照最新分类学和分子系统学成果,对云南鱼类名录进行整理,对各分类阶元、水系进行统计,并列出了云南鱼类分布及主要参考文献。至2013年,云南省共记录鱼类13目42科198属620种,占中国淡水鱼类种数(1583种)的39.17%,居全国各省之首。其中,土著种586种,外来种34种,云南特有种254种,在中国仅分布于云南的共6科66属152种。云南六大水系按鱼类物种数排列依次为:珠江水系202种,澜沧江水系183种,金沙江水系142种,红河水系120种,伊洛瓦底江水系84种及怒江—萨尔温江水系77种。云南省境内分布有各类珍稀濒危鱼类99种,其中,保护鱼类23种(包括国家I级重点保护野生动物2种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物4种及云南省珍稀保护动物17种),列入《中国濒危动物红皮书鱼类》的共43种,列入《中国物种红色名录第一卷》的共73种,列入IUCN红色名录各类濒危等级的共50种及列入CITES附录Ⅱ的共3种。     

云南大围山自然保护区木霉菌多样性与RAPD分析

描述了从云南省大围山自然保护区土壤样品中分离鉴定的 6个木霉集合种 (speciesaggregates) :康氏木霉(Trichoderma .koningiiOud) ,哈茨木霉 (T .harzianumRifai) ,绿色木霉 (T .viridePersexS .F .Gray) ,长枝木霉(T .longibrachiatumRifai) ,桔绿木霉 (T .citrinovirideBissett) ,钩状木霉 (T .hamatum (Bon)Bain)。对 6种木霉分别进行拮抗活性测定和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD) ;其结果 ,6种木霉对 4种植物病原菌均有不同程度的拮抗性 ;6种木霉DNA扩增谱带差异明显 ,遗传相似性聚类分析结果按一定遗传距离可分 6群 ;与形态分类结果一致 ,可作为木霉分类鉴定的依据。     

Cellobiohydrolase II is the main conidial-bound cellulase in Trichoderma reesei and other Trichoderma strains

Monoclonal antibodies have been used to determine the presence of cellobiohydrolases I and II (CBH I and II), and endoglucanase I (EG I) on the surface of conidia from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 and RUT C-30, and 8 other Trichoderma species. For this purpose, proteins were released from the conidial surface by treatment with a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100 and -octylglucoside), followed by SDS-PAGE/Western blotting and immunostaining. Both CBH I and II were clearly present, but — unlike in extracellular culture fluids from Trichoderma — CBH II was the predominant cellulase. In T. reesei EG I could not be detected. The higher producer strain T. reesei RUT C-30 exhibited a higher conidial level of CBH II than T. reesei QM 9414. In order to assess the importance of the conidial CBH II level for cellulase induction by cellulose, multiple copies of the chb2 gene were introduced into the T. reesei genome by cotransformation using PyrG as a marker. Stable multicopy transformants secreted the 2- to 4-fold level of CBH II into the culture medium when grown on lactose as a carbon source, but their CBH I secretion was unaltered. Upon growth on cellulose, both CBH I and CBH II secretion was enhanced. Those strain showing highest cellulase activity on cellulose also appeared to contain the highest level of conidial bound CBH II. CBH II was also the predominant conidial cellulase in various other Trichoderma sp. However, roughly the same amount of conidial bound CBH II was detected in all strains, although their cellulase production differed considerably.     

滇东南和滇西北国家重点保护野生维管植物比较分析

通过野外考察和资料整理,对《国家重点野生保护植物名录(第一批)》中维管植物在滇东南和滇西北的空间分布及其与保护区设置的相关性进行统计和分析。结果表明:1、滇东南有107种保护植物,占云南分布(144种)的74.31%;滇西北53种,占云南省的36.81%;2、滇东南和滇西北保护植物种类垂直分布均呈单峰曲线,滇东南集中分布在海拔1008m附近(RSE=0.9919),滇西北主要在2 360 m附近(RNW=0.9656);3、县级水平的自然保护区设置权重与国家I级(Pearson指数,rI=0.724)和Ⅱ级(rⅡ=0.643)保护植物种类在滇东南均呈极显著的正相关性(P0.01),而在滇西北相关性(rI=0.464;rⅡ=0.410)差异均不显著(P0.05)。滇东南保护植物较滇西北丰富,滇东南保护区设置较滇西北更有利于对保护植物的有效保护。     

Sulfur speciation and distribution in soils and aboveground biomass of a boreal coniferous forest

Major sulfur pools are quantified in soils and aboveground biomass of a coniferous boreal forest. Total ecosystem S averages 1395 kg·ha⁻¹ of which 98% is found in the soil, with 89% being in the mineral horizons. Organic S dominates in soil, tree parts (trunks, branches + foliage, roots) and litterfall, ranging from 77 to 99% of total S concentration. Carbon-bonded S, ester sulfate and SO₄-S in soil profiles range respectively from 51–68%, 29–37% and 1–14% of total S concentrations and account respectively for 57, 33 and 10% of total S on an areal basis. Adsorbed SO₄ accounts for 82% of total SO₄, and can be predicted from Al bound to organic matter, amorphous Al and pH (r^{2 = 0.81}). There is a strong relationship between % carbon and carbon-bonded S in 4 of the 5 soil horizons studied which represent over 95% of the total soil organic matter, whereas ester sulfate is related to % carbon in 3 soil horizons representing only 37% of the soil organic matter. An analysis of atmospheric S loading and S data for 10 forested sites in Europe and North America suggests that the size of the organic S pool in forested systems is independent of atmospheric loading.     

The topsoil as the major store of the propagules of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in southeast Australian sandstone soils

The formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) in intact soil profiles from two sites in southeastern Australia were measured at two depths using a bioassay grown in intact soil cores. Intact soil cores were taken from (1) topsoil (0–15 cm) and (2) subsoil (15–30 cm) four times during 1990. Seeds of Acacialinifolia (Vent.) Willd. (Mimosaceae) were sown into the cores and plants harvested 8 and 12 weeks after sowing. For 1990, at both sites and in all seasons, VAM most readily developed in the roots of seedlings of A. linifolia grown in topsoil. Limited VAM occurred in roots grown in subsoil cores. Most colonisation of roots by VAM occurred from cores collected during spring and summer. Spore numbers were quantified for each site and depth by wet-sieving 100-g samples of air-dried soil and counting turgid spores containing oil droplets. Three types of spores were found in the soils. Few spores were extracted from all soils sampled, and for the most abundant of the spore types at least twice as many spores occurred in the topsoil than in the subsoil for all seasons examined. As most of the propagules that initiate VAM infection were observed in the topsoil, disturbances which involve the removal and storage of the top 15 cm will adversely affected these fungi.     

Quantification of ammonium sorption in acid forest soils by sorption isotherms

Quantity/Intensity relations of NH₄ ⁺ were established to evaluate the role of NH₄ ⁺ sorption as a N-sink as well as for the transport of NH₄ ⁺ within the soil profile. Two haplic podzols (originating from Phyllite and Granite) from the German Fichtelgebirge were used. Exchange isotherms were obtained from batch experiments with NH₄ ⁺ concentrations between 0.01 to 0.6 mmol NH₄ ⁺ L^-1. Background solutions had a composition close to the natural soil solutions to identify the cations displaced by NH₄ ⁺. Organic layers sorbed a maximum amount of 0.3–0.5 mmol_c NH₄ ⁺ 100 g^-1, A horizons 0.1–0.2 mmol_c NH₄ ⁺ 100 g^-1 and B horizons 0.09 mmol_c 100 g^-1, corresponding to less than 1% of the cation exchange capacities. NH₄ ⁺ displaced K⁺ and Ca²⁺ throughout the whole profile, and additionally Al in the subsoil horizons and H₃O⁺ in the organic and A horizons. Initial mass isotherms (Quantity/Quantity isotherms) were established with distribution coefficients ranging from 0.17 to 0.35 for NH₄ ⁺ with highest values in the O horizons. While exchangeable NH₄ ⁺ in acid forest soils is considered to be only a minor long-term sink for deposited NH₄ ⁺, it has its relevance in the seasonal dynamics and transport of NH₄ ⁺.