几丁糖膜预防术后粘连的研究进展

几丁糖为多糖类化合物,具有无毒性、组织相容性、生物降解性、理化性状稳定等特性,是一种生物学性状优良、极具发展潜力的植人材料。有关几丁糖膜预防术后粘连的基础研究较多,但国内还未形成正式的产品。本文就几丁糖膜预防术后粘连的机制、膜的制备及应用进展进行简要的介绍。     

明胶—几丁糖膜的制备及其止血性能的实验研究

目的制备几丁糖膜以及研究其止血性能。方法 在透析后的几丁糖与明胶混合液中加入戊二醛交联后置入冻干机冻干制得几丁糖膜。取新西兰兔4只,在背部两侧对称性剪开直径1cm渗血伤口,分别用纱布和几丁糖膜止血,观察与创面的粘附情况,记录出血时间,以膜或纱布中Hb光度吸收值表示出血量。结果 几丁糖膜与创面粘附良好,几丁糖膜组、纱布组的出血时间分别为78.25±6.42秒、119.05±11.39秒,Hb光度吸收值为0.76±0.51、1.63±0.72,明显优于纱布对照组(P<0.01)。结论 几丁糖膜具有一定的止血性能。     

来源于家蝇、地鳖虫、黄粉虫和河虾壳几丁糖的基本特性

为了了解昆虫来源几丁糖的基本特性及其与河虾来源几丁糖的差别,用同一方法在相同条件下分别以河虾壳(shell of Procambarus clarkii)、家蝇蛹壳(pupa shell ofMusca domestica vicinaMacquart)、地鳖虫壳(shell of Euplyphaga Walker)和黄粉虫蜕(exuviate of Tnebrio molitorL.)为来源制备的几丁糖在灰份、脱乙酰度、分子质量等及红外图谱上进行比较研究。昆虫来源几丁糖,其灰份低于河虾壳来源几丁糖;家蝇蛹壳几丁糖分子质量明显低于其他3种来源的几丁糖;从几丁糖质量角度看,采用家蝇蛹壳和地鳖虫壳可制备脱乙酰度较高的几丁糖;4种来源的几丁糖红外光谱图谱基本一致,具有几丁糖的特征吸收峰。     

几丁糖预防甲状腺术后术野粘连48例临床分析

目的:探讨几丁糖预防甲状腺手术后术野粘连及疤痕形成的效果。方法:自2001年1月至2002年2月在48例甲状腺手术中应用几丁糖预防术后术野粘连及疤痕形成,其中双侧结节性甲状腺肿13例,结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺炎6例,甲状腺腺瘤8例,甲状腺机能亢进10例,甲状腺癌1例。结果:全组病例均随访6个月以上,无1例发生粘连及明显的疤痕。结论:几丁糖可有效预防甲状腺手术后术野粘连及疤痕的形成。     

几丁糖预防术后肠粘连的实验研究

选用SD大鼠60只,制成肠粘连模型,用几丁糖,右旋糖酐治疗,并与对照组比较。结果显示几丁糖有防止肠粘连的作用,同一浓度的右旋糖酐无此作用。     

几丁质及其衍生物对胆固醇代谢的影响

几丁质(chitin)又称甲壳素,化学名称为N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖多聚体,是一种天然的多糖类纤维素。几丁质脱乙酰基即为几丁糖(chitosan)。几丁质、几丁糖及其衍生物具有非常良好的生物安全性,而且可以自然降解。由于其独特的生物化学性能,几丁质、几丁糖及其衍生物已被证实具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长、抗粘连、缓释药物、降胆固醇、调节凝血功能和促进创面愈合等作用。国内已有关于其抑制肿瘤细胞生长、抗粘连、缓释药物     

医用几丁糖基础研究及预防妇产科术后粘连的临床应用

腹部外科手术,尤其是妇产科手术,其术后组织粘连以及由粘连引起的后遗症是临床医学中欲待解决的一大难题。人们曾经试用过许多药物及方法,虽取得一定效果,但仍未有一种疗效确切的方法来预防和治疗术后组织粘连。医用几丁糖是从新鲜虾壳中提纯并研制成的天然高分子可降解吸收的生物医学材料,经基础研究、动物实验研究证明具有较好的预防组织粘连的效果,在妇产科215例临床验证,获得了满意的预防效果,并未见有明显并发症产生。结果表明:医用几丁糖在人体临床应用中是安全有效的,与医用透明质酸钠相比,医用几丁糖在防止术后组织粘连和瘢痕形成上明显优于前者。     

球孢白僵菌胞内几丁质酶的分离纯化及性质

球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)突变株CH-1316细胞裂解液经(NH_4)_2SO_4沉淀,DEAE-纤维素层析及凝胶过滤,分离出一种几丁质酶,该酶的分子量为32000;最适pH为5.0;最适温度为40℃;最适离子强度为0.2mol/L NaCl;Hg²⁺、Fe²⁺是该酶的强抑制剂;该几丁质酶完全不水解纯的片状几丁质,脱矿几丁质也不是该酶的良好底物;该几丁质酶水解几丁寡糖,但不水解几丁二糖;对几丁五糖以上的寡糖水解速度较快,而对几丁三糖和四糖水解速度则慢得多。     

橄榄绿链霉菌细胞膜中几丁单、寡糖结合蛋白质的分离、纯化和结合动力学

橄榄绿链霉菌细胞膜中存在能与N 乙酰葡糖胺特异性结合的蛋白质。采用超声波破碎、超速离心等方法 ,分离得到细胞膜后用TritonX 10 0抽提 ,经连续的阴离子层析后 ,可分别得到能与N 乙酰葡糖胺特异性结合的 46 .0kD和 47.5kD蛋白质。底物竞争结合实验证实 ,这两种蛋白质还能与其他几丁质降解产物 (几丁二糖至几丁六糖 )特异性结合而不与葡萄糖、纤维二糖等结合。采用介质表面感应技术 (surfaceplasmonresonance)检测出46kD蛋白质与几丁单糖至几丁六糖的解离常数 (Kd)在 8.2 9× 10 -9～ 1.95× 10 -5mol/L之间 ,单糖最高而三糖最低。决定其差异的主要因子是底物结合速率 (Kon)而非解离速率 (Koff)。N末端氨基酸序列分析结果推测 ,该蛋白质属于一个潜在的ATP结合转运系统     

几丁糖和透明质酸钠对宫腔粘连的防治效果及并发症的影响

目的:探讨几丁糖和透明质酸钠对宫腔防粘连效果及并发症的影响。方法:回顾性分析本院2013年9月~2014年9月收治的150例人工流产患者的临床资料,均实施常规无痛人流手术,按照术前处理方式的不同分为空白对照组(50例)和几丁糖组(50例)、透明质酸钠组(50例)。术后随访6个月,观察两组的阴道流血持续时间和月经复潮时间,以及术后第14 d子宫内膜厚度和术后粘连发生情况、并发症发生情况,并进行比较。结果:术后几丁糖组和透明质酸钠组的阴道流血持续时间和月经复潮时间,以及术后第14 d天子宫内膜厚度和术后粘连发生情况、并发症发生率与空白对照组之间均存在统计学差异,各项指标均显著优于空白对照组,P0.05,但几丁糖组和透明质酸钠组二组间比较差异无统计学意义,P0.05。结论:对人工流产患者予以几丁糖和透明质酸钠处理均可以获得良好的临床效果,有效减少术后粘连以及各种并发症的出现。     

The use of Polaroid Land film in radioautography

It is shown that Polaroid film may be used in place of X-ray film in many experiments employing radioautographic techniques. In ¹⁴C experiments, the sensitivity of PolaPan Type 57 film is at least comparable to that of X-ray film, while radioactive iodine results in a slight increase in sensitivity of the Polaroid film over X-ray film. Darkroom facilities and time-consuming developing procedures are not necessary when Polaroid film is used. The background exposure usually acquired by X-ray film is nonexistent with Polaroid film. Under certain circumstances the differentiation of isotopes is possible in double-isotope experiments.     

Chalcone embedded polyurethanes as a biomaterial: Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial adhesion

An antibacterial dimethylamino-chalcone embedded multiblock copolymer (PCL-PEG) was synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, SEM and SEC and the compound was characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. A 10% copolymer composite was prepared and casted as film to be used as a biomaterial and the copolymer films without the compound acted as control. TGA, DSC, AFM, SEM and EDAX analysis were performed for the above samples. Surface roughness (R_a) of the copolymer composite film was less when compared to the copolymer film which indicated the proper distribution of chalcone in the composite film. copolymer composite film was hydrophilic compared to copolymer film. Antibacterial adhesion studies were performed for copolymer composite polymer film and evaluated using CFU measurement and SEM analysis. Copolymer composite film shows promising antibacterial adhesion compared to the copolymer film. Hence the copolymer composite film can be used as a new biomaterial endowed with antibacterial properties.     

Surface Plasmon Resonant THz Wave Transmission on Carbon Nanotube Film

The properties of the terahertz resonant surface plasmons wave on the carbon nanotube film and dielectric interface have been investigated. As a first step towards engineering terahertz SPPs-like surface modes, we present a computer experiment to demonstrate that the carbon nanotube film surface can also be employed to concentrate and guide the terahertz SPPs wave. The carbon nanotube film is modeled in an experimentally realizable geometry. It is shown that a unique electromagnetic surface mode in terahertz region can be supported along the carbon nanotube film/dielectric interface when the free-space broadband terahertz pulse is incident on the carbon nanotube film with subwavelength gratings. Comparing with noble metals, plasmonic nano-structure materials based on carbon nanotube film offer a potentially more versatile approach to engineering tightly confined surface modes in the THz regime.     

Chitosan film as rhBMP2 carrier: delivery properties for bone tissue application

Tissue engineering approaches need biomaterials with suitable properties to provide an appropriate environment for cell attachment and growth. The performance of these biomaterials can be greatly enhanced through the incorporation of bioactive agents. For this reason, we developed chitosan films with cell-attachment ability, rhBMP-2 carrier capacity, and good in vivo performance, and we employ them as covering for implantable materials. In this work, we have tried to explain how the rh-BMP2 is delivered to the surroundings from the development chitosan films. Protein diffusion from film, film stability versus in vitro dissolution, and biodegradation were evaluated to study rhBMP-2 delivery. Our results show that chitosan film has sufficiently good features to be used as an rhBMP-2 carrier. A low diffusion rate was observed, which was sufficient to quickly induce an in vitro differentiation stimulus, although heavily activated films retain more than 80-85% of the protein on the film. On the other hand, we estimated that chitosan film dissolution due to initial acidification in the wound environment is no more than 15-20%. We also estimated chitosan film response to lysozyme and concluded that degradation via this process proceeded at a slow kinetic rate. In addition, rhBMP-2 in vitro activity after film processing, as well as in vivo film behavior, were studied. We confirm that rhBMP-2 remains active on the film and after release, both in vitro and in vivo. These results support the conclusion that the developed chitosan film allows sustained release of the rhBMP-2 osteoinductive protein and could be used as an activated coat for implant and surgical prosthesis.     

光强与光质对银杏光合作用及黄酮苷与萜类内酯含量的影响

对2年生银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)苗进行遮荫和光膜处理,测定光合速率及碳水化合物,银杏黄酮苷与萜类内酯的含量。光合速率在自然光下测定时从大到小依次为：黄膜＞蓝膜和红膜＞绿膜＞紫膜和白膜,在光膜下测定时为：黄膜＞红膜＞蓝膜、紫膜和白膜＞绿膜。光强和光质对碳水化合物含量有显著影响。光质对萜类内酯的生物合成和积累有影响,紫膜处理的银杏萜类内酯含量最高,为3.89mg/g,比白膜（对照） 高85．23％,其次是绿膜,为2．80mg/g。覆膜和蔗荫显著减少银杏黄酮苷含量,这可能与紫外辐射强度减弱有关。     

Structures of pulmonary surfactant films adsorbed to an air-liquid interface in vitro

Phospholipid films can be preserved in vitro when adsorbed to a solidifiable hypophase. Suspensions of natural surfactant, lipid extract surfactants, and artificial surfactants were added to a sodium alginate solution and filled into a captive bubble surfactometer (CBS). Surfactant film was formed by adsorption to the bubble of the CBS for functional tests. There were no discernible differences in adsorption, film compressibility or minimal surface tension on quasi-static or dynamic compression for films formed in the presence or absence of alginate in the subphase of the bubble. The hypophase-film complex was solidified by adding calcium ions to the suspension with the alginate. The preparations were stained with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate for transmission electron microscopy. The most noteworthy findings are: (1) Surfactants do adsorb to the surface of the bubble and form osmiophilic lining layers. Pure DPPC films could not be visualized. (2) A distinct structure of a particular surfactant film depends on the composition and the concentration of surfactant in the bulk phase, and on whether or not the films are compressed after their formation. The films appear heterogeneous, and frequent vesicular and multi-lamellar film segments are seen associated with the interfacial films. These features are seen already upon film formation by adsorption, but multi-lamellar segments are more frequent after film compression. (3) The rate of film formation, its compressibility, and the minimum surface tension achieved on film compression appear to be related to the film structure formed on adsorption, which in turn is related to the concentration of the surfactant suspension from which the film is formed. The osmiophilic surface associated surfactant material seen is likely important for the surface properties and the mechanical stability of the surfactant film at the air-fluid interface.     

残膜密度及面积对土壤水分累积入渗量的影响

随着地膜使用量和年限的不断增加,残膜在农田土壤中不断累积并趋于破碎化,影响土壤水分的入渗过程。本研究采用室内土壤水分一维垂直入渗试验,通过设置5个残膜面积水平(0.25、0.5、1、2、8 cm²)和5个残膜密度水平(0、60、180、300、420 kg·hm^-2)共21组试验处理,分析了不同残膜密度及面积对土壤水分累积入渗量的影响。结果表明: 在容重1.53 g·cm^-3的黏壤土中掺入一定量的残膜,加快了土壤水分入渗速率,增加了累积入渗水量;不同残膜面积处理的总入渗水量总是在单片残膜面积为1 cm²时出现突变或转折;残膜面积和残膜密度较大和较小时都会对累积入渗量产生显著影响,且以0.5 cm²残膜面积与200 kg·hm^-2残膜密度组合处理为明显分界,单片残膜面积为0.25 cm²时,累积入渗量最大;土壤中均匀混入单片面积≤0.25 cm²的残膜后,土壤水分累积入渗量曲线的斜率变化显著不同于其他残膜处理,形成了“新构”土壤,具有独特的水分入渗特征。     

Dry film refractive index as an important parameter for ultra-low fouling surface coatings

Here we demonstrate that the film refractive index (RI) can be an even more important parameter than film thickness for identifying nonfouling polymer films to undiluted human blood plasma and serum. The film thickness and RI are two parameters obtained from ellipsometry. Previously, film thickness has been correlated to ultra-low fouling properties. Practically, the film RI can be used to characterize polymer density but is often overlooked. By varying the water content in the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of zwitterionic carboxybetaine, a minimum of ～1.5 RI units was necessary to achieve <5 ng/cm(2) of adsorption from undiluted human serum. A model of the film structure versus water content was also developed. These results point to an important parameter and simple approach for identifying surface coatings suitable for real-world applications involving complex media. Therefore, ultra-low fouling using a thin film is possible if it is densely packed.     

DNA-collagen complex as a carrier for Ag+ delivery

The possibility of DNA-collagen complex as a drug carrier was investigated. The interaction between DNA and silver ions was proved by CD spectra. The release property of the complex of DNA-Ag+ was measured through turbidity of PBS solution to indicate that silver ions could coordinate with base pairs of DNA, and be released slowly from the complex of DNA-Ag+. Collagen film, collagen-Ag+ film, DNA-collagen film and DNA-collagen-Ag+ film were prepared, and studied through SEM. Particles were found present in DNA-collagen-Ag+ film by SEM. These show that silver ions may be enclosed inside these particles, which led to the slow release of Ag+ to the environments. Two bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, were used to study the antibiotic properties of the complex films. The growth of E. coli and S. aureus could be inhibited by these films. It indicates that DNA-collagen may be a good drug carrier for the drug-controlled release.     

半干旱黄土高原地区春小麦地膜覆盖研究概述

在黄土高原半干旱地区春小麦上进行的地膜覆盖试验表明,地膜覆盖通过改善耕层土壤生态环境条件,即通过改善水,热状况,活化土壤养分,对提高水分和养分利用效率,实现粮食增产具有重要作用,但近年来在生产实践和科学实验中发现,不合理的长期全生育期地膜覆盖,因在作物生长前期和中期覆膜作物较不覆膜作物生长好,覆膜作物在生长期水分蒸腾损失严重,土壤水分的蒸散（蒸发＋蒸腾）损失远比不覆膜土壤严重,在作物生长后期降水少或没有补充灌溉时,会产生严重的水分肋迫现象,显著抑制小穗分化和灌浆,最终导致收获得指数和产量下降,同时,地膜覆盖的增产作用在一定程度上是以耗竭土壤肥力,特别是在有机物质为代 的,因此,不正确的地膜覆盖（如全生育期的地膜覆盖）,不仅有时起不到显著的增产作用,而且易造成土壤养分,特别是土壤中硝态氮的累积和损失,肥料利用效率降低,土壤生态条件恶化,下降,难以持续高产,因此在确定地膜覆盖范式时,必须要考虑底墒,作物生育期降水,地膜覆盖的阶段性和氮肥的施用等。