反义RNA抑制活化癌基因表达的研究

本文将构建的活化癌基因Ｔ２４－ｒａｓｃＤＮＡ的正、反义真核表达重组体,按先正义后反义和先反义后正义的不同转染顺序,转染ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞,经药物筛选,建立细胞系。通过细胞形态及生物学特性观察、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交实验、软琼脂集落形成实验和Ｐ２１蛋白表达量的检测等实验对转化细胞进行了研究。结果表明：本室构建的正义重组体能诱导ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞转化,而反义重组体可有效抑制这一转化,并且抑制效果与正、反义质粒转染的先后顺序有关。     

反义p73基因诱导人肝癌细胞HepG2的凋亡

目的：构建表达重组反义p73基因的重组逆转录病毒,观察其对人肝癌细胞HepG2的凋亡诱导活性,并进一步探讨其作用机制。方法：克隆p73基因的反义片段,重组法构成逆转录病毒载体pBabe-p73（pBP73）,以脂质体Lipofectamine2000将其转染293A细胞进行病毒包装;将逆转录病毒感染人肝癌细胞HepG2,用MTT法检测细胞生长抑制情况,Western blotting检测p73的表达;再分别用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测肿瘤细胞的凋亡;最后检测p53,caspase-3和bcl-2蛋白的表达变化。结果  重组质粒pBP73经鉴定连接正确,其转染293A细胞后上清液中可得到病毒,滴度达5×107pfu;MTT检测见pBP73病毒组48和72h细胞抑制率高于对照组（45.1% vs. 5.3%,69.5% vs.17.3%,均p<0.05）。琼脂糖凝胶电泳出现典型梯形条带;流式细胞仪检测出现凋亡峰,于转染48h后达最高峰,其凋亡百分率高达20.47%;p73蛋白高表达组p53和caspase-3蛋白的表达亦有显著升高（p<0.05）,但bcl-2蛋白未见表达差异。结论：成功构建了p73逆转录病毒,反义p73基因在体外能够有效地诱导人肝癌细胞HepG2的凋亡,其可能机制是通过激活caspase-3而发生作用。     

重组nkx2.5腺病毒抑制过氧化氢诱导的H9c2细胞凋亡

为研究心脏发育关键基因nkx2.5的功能及应用价值,构建Ad-Nkx2.5重组腺病毒,并检测nkx2.5过表达拮抗氧化应激损伤的效应及机制。采用AdEasy腺病毒表达系统构建Ad-Nkx2.5重组腺病毒,建立H2O2诱导H9c2心肌细胞凋亡模型,分别用Ad-Nkx2.5重组病毒或对照病毒感染细胞,采用Hoechst33342染色观察细胞形态变化、MTT法检测细胞存活率,免疫印迹检测caspase-3活化、细胞色素C的胞浆含量。并通过Real-timePCR检测凋亡相关基因bcl-2和bax表达。结果发现,nkx2.5过表达促进H9c2细胞存活,抑制H2O2诱导的caspase-3活化及线粒体细胞色素C的释放。Nkx2.5过表达上调bcl-2表达,显著下调H2O2诱导的bax表达。并发现H2O2对Nkx2.5核定位无明显影响。结果显示重组腺病毒介导的Nkx2.5过表达可通过调控凋亡相关基因表达,抑制线粒体凋亡途径,保护心肌细胞抗氧化损伤。     

靶向CrkL基因的siRNA真核表达载体的构建及对H9C2心肌细胞凋亡的作用

为研究CrkL基因在心肌细胞中的作用机制提供实验基础,首先体外合成6个针对大鼠CrkL基因的特异反义脱氧寡核苷酸序列,定向克隆至pSR-GFP/neo siRNA真核表达质粒中,经双酶切和测序证实重组载体pSR-GFP/neo-CrkLi构建成功.然后将其转染入大鼠H9C2心肌细胞内,用荧光显微镜观察其转染率,RT-PCR法鉴定其对CrkL mRNA表达的抑制作用.流式细胞仪检测转染前后H9C2细胞凋亡率.所有pSR-GFP/neo-CrkLi载体均能高效率的转染H9C2细胞,但只有3个载体能显著抑制CrkL mRNA的表达.其中pSR-GFP/neo-CrkLi3效果最佳,其转染H9C2细胞后,该组H9C2细胞凋亡率明显高于其他两组(P=0.001).     

怀化医学高等专科学校医学形态学实验中心

目的:探讨抑癌基因p16对肝癌细胞生长的抑制作用及其机制。方法:将p16 cDNA亚克隆至pcDNA3.1真核表达载体上,并经脂质体介导转染至人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721。用MTT法和Western blot分析转染细胞的生长情况。结果:成功构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3.1-p16,转染pcDNA3.1-p16的SMMC-7721细胞生长速度受到明显抑制;转染后有外源p16蛋白的表达,且伴随Bax上调,Bcl-2和cIAP2的下调。结论:重组pcDNA3.1-p16质粒能在人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721内表达,且能抑制SMMC-7721的生长,其机理与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关。     

过表达Grx1抑制HEK293T细胞中H2O2诱导的p38MAPK信号通路

谷氧还蛋白1(glutaredoxin1, Grx1)是细胞内一种重要的巯基-二硫键氧化还原酶,在细胞内氧化还原状态的调控及抵抗氧化应激损伤过程中发挥重要作用.为进一步探讨Grx1的抗氧化机制,本实验将重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-hGrx1瞬时转染HEK293T细胞,经RT-PCR和Western印迹验证,细胞转染后实现了Grx1的过表达;以不同浓度H2O2为损伤因素,建立细胞氧化应激模型,检测过表达Grx1后细胞存活率,丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率的变化,观察过表达Grx1后细胞的抗氧化能力;用终浓度100μmol/L H2O2作用于细胞,利用Western印迹检测120min内HEK293T细胞中p38MAPK磷酸化水平.实验结果表明,HEK293T细胞过表达Grx1后,缓解了细胞的氧化应激损伤;转染空载体组细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平在H2O2刺激后5min开始升高,15min达到最高值,并可维持至120min左右;而过表达Grx1组细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平在H2O2刺激后各时间段没有明显改变,提示Grx1通过抑制H2O2诱导的p38MAPK信号通路激活发挥其抗氧化作用.     

抑癌基因p16对人肝癌细胞生长抑制的机制研究

目的：探讨抑癌基因p16对肝癌细胞生长的抑制作用及其机制。方法：将p16cDNA亚克隆至pcDNA3．1真核表达载体上,并经脂质体介导转染至人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721：用MTT法和Western blot分析转染细胞的生长情况。结果：成功构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1-p16,转染pcDNA3．1-p16的SMMC-7721细胞生长速度受到明显抑制;转染后有外源p16蛋白的表达,且伴随Bax上调,Bcl-2和cIAP2的下调。结论：重组pcDNA3．1-p16质粒能在人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721内表达,且能抑制SMMC-7721的生长,其机理与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关。     

垂体瘤转化基因1(PTTG1)的表达变化对人前列腺癌细胞LNCaP生长增殖的影响

垂体肿瘤转化基因1(PTTG1)具有促进肿瘤生长和转移的作用.通过上调或下调基因表达的策略,观察PTTG1基因对人前列腺癌细胞株LNCaP细胞生长增殖的影响.利用PCR技术分离出PTTG1全长cDNA,分别正向和反向插入真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP,重组载体分别命名为正义PTTG1-S/pIRES2-EGFP(即pI-P-S)和反义PTTG1-AS/pIRES2-EGFP(即pI-P-AS),将这两种重组载体稳定转染LNCaP细胞,通过流式细胞仪和MTT法分别检测了细胞周期和细胞增殖的情况.转染正义PTTG1后处于S期和G2期的细胞明显增加,细胞生长增殖能力增强;相反,转染反义PTTG1后处于S期和G2期细胞明显减少,细胞生长增殖能力减弱(P<0.05).结果表明,PTTG1能明显改变人前列腺癌细胞株LNCaP的细胞周期和细胞生长增殖能力,它的异常表达可能参与前列腺癌细胞生长增殖过程.     

反义CD151基因转染对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞迁移的影响

目的观察pcDNA3.1真核表达载体介导的反义CD151基因转染对培养的大鼠动脉平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)迁移的影响。方法构建携带全长正义和反义CD151的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-CD151和pcDNA3.1-anti-CD151重组质粒,转染体外培养的VSMCs,以RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测CD151的表达,用Boyden趋化小室方法观察细胞迁移。结果与载体对照组、脂质体对照组和空白对照组3组均值比较,转染48h后,反义CD151组mRNA表达降低58%,蛋白表达降低51%,正义CD151组的VSMCs CD151mRNA表达增加171%,蛋白表达增加133%;趋化迁移的细胞数,反义CD151组为37.9±6.3,正义CD151组为86.5±12.4;载体对照组、脂质体对照组和空白对照组分别为60.3±7.1、61.8±7.6和67.3±9.6。反义CD151组显著低于其余各组(P<0.01),正义CD151组显著高于其余各组(P<0.01)。结论pcDNA3.1真核表达载体介导的反义CD151转染,通过抑制CD151的表达,能够显著抑制大鼠VSMCs的迁移。     

SelS高表达保护人脐静脉内皮细胞免于H2O2诱导的细胞损伤

采用以下方法探讨SelS在内皮细胞中的表达和作用:将SelS基因克隆到真核表达载体pLNCX2,RT-PCR、XhoⅠ/ClaⅠ双酶切以及DNA序列分析验证目的基因;利用脂质体转染技术将pLNCX2-SelS或pLNCX2转染至人脐静脉内皮细胞(ECV304细胞),RT-PCR检测重组基因SelS的表达;MTT方法检测转染后过氧化氢(H2O2)对内皮细胞增殖能力的影响;硫代巴比妥酸法测定暴露于H2O2中不同转染组细胞脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量.结果表明:成功构建真核表达载体pLNCX2-SelS;转染后重组SelS mRNA表达水平是内源性水平的1.76倍;H2O2对ECV304细胞损伤后,高表达SelS组细胞活性增强、H2O2诱导产生的丙二醛减少.上述结果表明,高表达SelS可保护内皮细胞免于H2O2诱导的细胞损伤,其作用机制与抗氧化有关.     

外源p21~(WAF1)转染对人成纤维细胞凋亡的影响

构建了有义和反义ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１ 逆转录病毒表达载体, 分别经脂质体包裹后转染人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞（２ＢＳ）。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 印迹杂交证实转染细胞中外源ｐ２１ ＷＡＦ１ｃＤＮＡ 已整合入基因组中。与空载体转染细胞相比, 有义转染细胞的ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１ ｍ ＲＮＡ 表达上升; 细胞增殖速度明显减慢; 对丁酸钠诱导凋亡的敏感性降低, 表现在细胞存活率升高, 核ＤＮＡ 梯状断裂片段出现的时间滞后, 断裂片段浓度下降, 流式细胞计检测的凋亡峰面积缩小。而反义转染细胞的ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１ ｍ ＲＮＡ表达下降; 细胞增殖速度较快; 对丁酸钠诱导凋亡的敏感性上升, 有关表现与有义转染细胞相反。说明２ＢＳ细胞内ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１ 的表达量与其被丁酸钠诱导凋亡的能力呈负相关。     

C-terminal peptides of p53 molecules enhance radiation-induced apoptosis in human mutant p53 cancer cells

We propose here a novel p53-targeting radio-cancer therapy using p53 C-terminal peptides for patients having mutated p53. Hoechst 33342 staining showed that X-ray irradiation alone efficiently induced apoptotic bodies in wild-type p53 (wt p53) human head and neck cancer cells transfected with a neo control vector (SAS/neo cells), but hardly induced apoptotic bodies in mutation-type p53 (m p53) cells transfected with a vector carrying the m p53 gene (SAS/m p53). In contrast, transfection of p53 C-terminal peptides (amino acid residues 361-382 or 353-374) via liposomes caused a remarkable increase of apoptotic bodies in X-ray-irradiated SAS/m p53 cells, but did not enhance apoptotic bodies in X-ray-irradiated SAS/neo cells. In immunocytochemical analysis, positively stained cells for active type caspase-3 were observed at high frequency after X-ray irradiation in the SAS/m p53 cells pre-treated with p53 C-terminal peptides. In SAS/neo cells, positively stained cells for active type caspase-3 were observed with X-ray irradiation alone. Furthermore, protein extracts from X-ray-irradiated SAS/m p53 cells showed higher DNA-binding activity of p53 to p53 consensus sequence when supplemented in vitro with p53 C-terminal peptides than extracts from non-irradiated SAS/m p53 cells. These results suggest that radiation treatment in the presence of p53 C-terminal peptides is more effective for inducing p53 -mediated apoptosis than radiation treatment alone or p53 C-terminal peptide treatment alone, especially in m p53 cancer cells. This novel tool for enhancement of apoptosis induction in m p53 cells might be useful for p53-targeted radio-cancer therapy.     

Down-regulation of p21WAF1 promotes apoptosis in senescent human fibroblasts: involvement of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and delay of cellular aging

It has been suggested that genes which exercise checkpoint control during cell cycle traverse are equally important to the process of apoptotic cell death. In this study, we show that the key cell cycle regulatory gene p21(WAF1) is also involved in the execution of apoptosis. p21(WAF1) expression was down-regulated during NaBu-induced apoptosis of senescent normal diploid human 2BS fibroblasts. Conversely, when p21(WAF1) expression was actively suppressed in 2BS cells by a stably transfected antisense p21(WAF1) construct, apoptosis was accelerated and senescence was delayed, as shown by several markers of cell aging. Down-regulation of p21(WAF1) by antisense caused an increase in the phosphorylation and inactivation of pRb. Phosphorylation of pRb was further enhanced upon induction of apoptosis by NaBu. Our results suggest that p21(WAF1), acting through the phosphorylation of pRb, regulates whether 2BS cells cease to proliferate and become senescent but resistant to apoptosis, or whether they accelerate proliferation while becoming more susceptible to apoptotic stimuli.     

Use of bovine satellite sequences to increase transgene integration by homologous recombination in bovine embryos

Homologous recombination (HR) has proven to be functional in mammalian embryos. The efficiency of the HR process was tested in bovine zygotes in an attempt to increase the frequency of transgene integration using different lengths of a bovine satellite (BS) DNA flanking both ends of a neo gene marker (called BS500, BS250, and BS50) and neo alone as a control. Pronuclear microinjection at 16-19 hr post insemination (hpi) of the BS500, BS250, BS50 or neo fragments at a concentration of 1 ng/microl resulted in an increasingly negative effect on embryo development. Therefore all microinjections were performed at a single molecular concentration (320 x 10(6) molecules/ microl). After microinjection, the embryos were allowed to develop for 6 days followed by morphological and PCR analysis. The HR event was detected by PCR in 13 of the 26 embryos (43%) that developed beyond the 12-cell stage, 7/22 (31%), 9/27 (33%), and 0/25 (0%) with the BS500, BS250, BS50, and neo constructs respectively. The length of BS homology had no effect on transgene integration. However, embryos injected with BS neo constructs had significantly lower development rates than neo injected zygotes (17% more than 16 cells for BS500; 14% for BS250; 16% for BS50 compared to 32% for neo, P < 0.05, 6 replicates). These results demonstrate that BS sequences have a negative effect on embryo development and survival regardless of the amount of DNA injected. The use of HR with highly repetitive genomic sequences is therefore a feasible procedure to produce transgenic bovine embryos.     

Sensitization by glycerol for CDDP-therapy against human cultured cancer cells and tumors bearing mutated p53 gene

To clarify effective chemotherapeutic regimens against cancer, we examined the effects of glycerol on apoptosis induced by CDDP treatment using cultured human cancer cells (in vitro) and transplanted tumor in mice (in vivo). Human tongue cell carcinoma (SAS) cells transfected with mutated p53 gene (SAS/m p53) showed CDDP-resistance compared with the cells with neo control gene (SAS/ neo). When those cultured cells were pre-treated with glycerol, CDDP-induced apoptosis was enhanced by glycerol in SAS/m p53 cells but not in SAS/ neo cells.In tumor-transplanted mice, the glycerol treatment to tumors enhanced growth delay induced by CDDP in mp53 tumors transplanted with SAS/m p53 cells, but not in wtp53 tumors transplanted with SAS/ neo cells. When transplanted tumors were treated with CDDP alone, the cells positive for active caspase-3, 85 kDa PARP and apoptosis were observed by immunohistochemical staining in wtp53 tumors but not in mp53 tumors. When the tumors were treated with CDDP combined with glycerol, positive cells were observed not only in wtp53 tumors but also in mp53 tumors. These results showed that the CDDP-induced growth inhibition of the tumors is p53 -dependent and that the enhanced growth delay by glycerol may be due to the increased apoptosis. Glycerol might be available for cancer chemotherapy in patients with mp53 tumors.     

Glycerol restores heat-induced p53-dependent apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells bearing mutant p53

Background  

We have previously reported that glycerol acts as a chemical chaperone to restore the expression of WAF1 in some human cancer cell lines bearing mutant p53. Since the expression of WAF1 is up-regulated by activated wildtype p53, glycerol appears to restore wtp53 function. The aim of the present study is to examine the restoration of heat-induced p53-dependent apoptosis by glycerol in human glioblastoma cells (A-172) transfected with a vector carrying a mutant p53 gene (A-172/mp53 cells) or neo control vector (A-172/neo cells).     

自噬对过氧化氢诱导的2BS早衰细胞具有保护作用

过氧化氢诱导的2BS应激性早衰细胞后,自噬被发现增多.自噬特异抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤（3-MA ）阻断年轻和早衰的2BS细胞的自噬作用36 h,用共聚焦显微镜,分析转染了自噬特异标志GFP-LC3融合质粒的年轻和早衰细胞,发现细胞自噬颗粒均明显减少,且GFP-LC3染色阳性/ 细胞数目也大大减少,说明3-MA有效地阻断了细胞的自噬过程.分别用流式细胞术和荧光显微镜分析年轻和早衰细胞的凋亡情况,发现年轻的2BS细胞自噬阻断后凋亡未见显著变化,而早衰的细胞凋亡明显增加,且有细胞坏死.由此推断,3-AM可使过氧化氢诱导的2BS早衰细胞自噬明显减少,而凋亡被诱导增多,提示自噬对过氧化氢诱导的早衰细胞具有避免凋亡和维持存活的保护作用.     

Increased genetic instability of the common fragile site at 3p14 after integration of exogenous DNA.

We determined previously that the selectable marker pSV2neo is preferentially inserted into chromosomal fragile sites in human x hamster hybrid cells in the presence of an agent (aphidicolin) that induces fragile-site expression. In contrast, cells transfected without fragile-site induction showed an essentially random integration pattern. To determine whether the integration of marker DNA at fragile sites affects the frequency of fragile-site expression, the parental hybrid and three transfectants (two with pSV2neo integrated at the fragile site at 3p14.2 [FRA3B] and specific hamster fragile sites [chromosome 1, bands q26-31, or mar2, bands q11-13] and one with pSV2neo integrated at sites that are not fragile sites) were treated with aphidicolin. After 24 h the two cell lines with plasmid integration at FRA3B showed structural rearrangements at that site; these rearrangements accounted for 43%-67% of the total deletions and translocations observed. Structural rearrangements were not observed in the parental cell line. After 5 d aphidicolin treatment, the observed excess in frequency of structural rearrangements at FRA3B in the cell lines with pSV2neo integration at 3p14 over that in the two lines without FRA3B integration was less dramatic, but nonetheless significant. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of these cells, using a biotin-labeled pSV2neo probe, showed results consistent with the gross rearrangements detected cytogenetically in the lines with FRA3B integration; however, the pSV2neo sequences were frequently deleted concomitantly with translocations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characteristics of an infinite life span diploid human fibroblast cell strain and a near-diploid strain arising from a clone of cells expressing a transfected v-myc oncogene

Diploid human fibroblasts were transfected with a plasmid carrying a v-myc oncogene linked to the neo gene or with a vector control carrying a neo gene. Drug-resistant clones were isolated and subcultured as needed. All populations went into crisis and eventually senesced. But while they were senescing, viable-appearing clones were noted among the progeny of a transfected population that expressed the v-myc oncogene. After several months, these cells began replicating more rapidly. Karyotype analysis indicated that they were clonally derived since all of them had 45 chromosomes, including 2 marker chromosomes. This cell strain was designated MSU-1.1. Similar analysis showed that cells from an earlier passage were diploid. These cells were designated MSU-1.0. Both strains have undergone more than 200 population doublings since their siblings senesced, without any change in chromosome complement. Both strains express the v-myc protein and have the same integration site for the transfected v-myc and neo genes. The MSU-1.0 cells cannot grow without exogenously added growth factors. The MSU-1.1 cells grow moderately well under the same conditions and grow to a higher saturation density than MSU-1.0 cells. Since the chance of human cells acquiring an infinite life span in culture is very rare, the data suggest that MSU-1.1 cells are derived from MSU-1.0 cells. The expression of v-myc is probably required for acquisition of an infinite life span, since this phenotype did not develop in populations not expressing this oncogene. However, expression of v-myc is clearly not sufficient, since all of the progeny of the clone that gave rise to the MSU-1.0 cells expressed this oncogene, but the vast majority of them senesced.     

HBXIP基因对乙肝病毒X蛋白诱导细胞凋亡的影响

探讨乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白结合蛋白(hepatitisBXinteractingprotein ,HBXIP)基因在乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(HBX)诱导肝癌细胞凋亡时对细胞周期的影响.构建HBXIP基因真核表达载体pcDNA3 hbxip ,进行瞬时基因转染,将克隆有HBx基因的pCMV X (分别为1μg、2 μg和3μg)和pcDNA3 hbxip质粒分别和共转染至人H74 0 2肝癌细胞中(总体积分别为5 0 μl) .发现瞬时转染3μgpCMV X质粒后,肝癌细胞凋亡发生率为34 4 % ,肝癌细胞的细胞周期相关蛋白p2 7表达水平发生明显上调;与对照组相比,瞬时转染1μg、2 μg和3μg时,细胞周期蛋白D和细胞周期蛋白E的表达水平均发生明显上调,但随着HBX水平的增加细胞周期蛋白D和细胞周期蛋白E的表达水平发生明显下降;在稳定转染pCMV X质粒的H74 0 2 X肝癌细胞中无明显的细胞凋亡发生,研究发现p2 7的表达水平发生了明显下调,而细胞周期蛋白D和细胞周期蛋白E的表达水平发生了明显上调;当pcDNA3 hbxip质粒与pCMV X质粒进行共瞬时转染时,细胞凋亡发生率由pcDNA3质粒与pCMV X质粒共转染时的2 9 2 %下降为13 3% ,p2 7的表达水平发生了下调,但细胞周期蛋白D和细胞周期蛋白E的表达水平无明显变化.研究结果表明,瞬时转染一定剂量的x基因可导致肝癌细胞发生凋亡,细胞周期相关蛋白p2 7、细胞周期蛋白D和