珊瑚菜植株分泌道发育和分布的解剖学观察

利用植物解剖学方法对珊瑚菜（Glehnia littoralis Fr．Schmidt ex Miq．）体内分泌道的发育和分布进行了观察。结果表明,珊瑚菜的分泌道有分枝,为溶生型,由1层分泌细胞围绕腔道而成。珊瑚菜叶片的分泌道发育较早,在幼叶阶段即发育成形。在根的次生韧皮部、根状茎的皮层和靠近初生木质部的髓部、叶脉的薄壁组织、叶柄维管束周围和厚角组织内侧的薄壁组织、花序轴正对维管束的皮层薄壁组织中以及果实的果壁维管束内外侧的薄壁组织中均分布有分泌道,分泌道在珊瑚菜体内分布广泛。     

白花前胡营养器官结构及其分泌道分布规律的研究

运用石蜡切片方法,观察白花前胡营养器官的显微结构及其分泌道的分布特征,以明确营养器官内分泌结构的分布规律,为揭示白花前胡次生代谢产物的积累提供解剖学依据。结果表明,(1)白花前胡成长根从外到内由周皮、中柱鞘薄壁组织和次生维管组织组成,而且中柱鞘薄壁组织不同于一般双子叶植物根的结构;茎从外到内由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成;叶为异面叶结构。(2)白花前胡根、茎及叶中均有分泌道存在,分泌道在根中分布于中柱鞘薄壁组织和次生韧皮部中,茎中分布于皮层和髓中,叶中分布于维管束上下两侧的薄壁组织中。     

不同采收期珊瑚菜中香豆素含量的比较

应用高效液相色谱技术,分析了当年生珊瑚菜栽培后期4个采收时期的根、叶以及采后根去皮处理对香豆素含量的影响.结果显示:(1)珊瑚菜的根中,香豆素的含量和产量在10月15日均达到最高,分别为0.077 2 mg*g-1和1.087 8 mg/株,且显著高于其他采收期,其中,补骨脂素在栽培后期含量相差不大,欧前胡素和异欧前胡素均在10月15日含量最高.(2)珊瑚菜的叶中,不同采收期均有一定量的香豆素存在,其中在9月15日采收时,香豆素的含量和产量均极显著高于其他采收期,分别达到0.206 5 mg*g-1和1.317 5 mg/株,为同期根中香豆素含量和产量的4.4倍和2.0倍.(3)珊瑚菜根经水烫去皮处理后香豆素总量急剧下降到0.008 1 mg*g-1,与同期采收未去皮处理的根相比,去皮后根内香豆素总含量、补骨脂素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素含量分别下降了87.7%、100%、82.76%、85.25%.(4)9月15日采收的珊瑚菜单株(根+叶)香豆素总产量(根+叶)极显著高于其他采收期,达1.980 2 mg/株,其次为10月15日1.157 5 mg/株.研究表明:珊瑚菜叶应作为提取香豆素的重要原材料,采收时应一起收获;对珊瑚菜根去皮处理会导致根的药用质量大幅度下降,生产中应明确禁止; 珊瑚菜的采收期应依据其用途决定,以根直接入药应选择10月15日采收,作为提取香豆素生产原料应选择9月15日采收.     

火炬树分泌道的发育解剖学研究

本文报道了火炬树分泌道的结构、分布和发育。火炬树的分泌道是由一层分泌细胞及其外侧1—5层薄壁组织细胞组成的鞘细胞所包围。分泌道主要分布于根、茎、叶、花和果实的维管束的韧皮部内,此外,在茎的髓部也存在散生的分泌道。各类器官中的分泌道都以裂生方式发育;营养器官中的分泌道先于维管分子分化,生殖器官中的则后于维管分子的分化。     

鸭儿芹不同器官分泌道结构及分布的比较解剖研究

采用石蜡切片法对伞形科鸭儿芹(Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk. )全株不同器官分泌道的结构及分布特征进行了观察研究.观察结果显示,在鸭儿芹的根、茎、叶和果实各部位均有分泌道,其中果实分泌道特化为油管.分泌道多由1层明显小于周围薄壁细胞的分泌细胞组成,不同器官中分泌道的管腔和分泌细胞均大小不等、形状不一.组成根中分泌道的分泌细胞较少,多为4～5个;茎中较多,为6～9个,有时多达12～14个;组成叶片分泌道的分泌细胞数差异最大,叶脉中多达22个,叶肉中仅为3个.从横切面上看,根系中的分泌道仅分布在主根和一级侧根的近周皮处,以及主根的韧皮部外侧和髓部;茎中分泌道分布于近表皮处的厚角组织之间、大厚角组织与韧皮部之间和靠近木质部的髓部;叶鞘和叶柄的分泌道位于小厚角组织内侧的顶端、大厚角组织与韧皮部之间和木质部周围,其中在叶鞘中的2个厚角组织之间也有分泌道分布;在叶片的主脉及大侧脉中,分泌道分布于维管束与上下表皮的厚角组织之间,栅栏组织中也有少量分泌道;在果实中,油管分布于内果皮与中果皮之间,多位于棱槽和合生面部位.此外,根和茎中的分泌道具有2种明显不同的分布式样;叶鞘远、近轴面部位分泌道的分布式样分别兼有茎近表皮皮层部位和叶柄维管束木质部部位的特点,具有明显的从茎向叶柄的过渡性;在果实的果棱维管束下方和2个油管之间还有2层油细胞几乎环果体分布,这种结构在伞形科种类中比较少见,值得进一步研究.     

油松含树脂细胞组织化学和细胞化学研究

油松茎端的皮层薄壁组织和幼茎木薄壁组织中具含树脂细胞分布,在光学显微镜下观察,硫酸奈尔兰染色的切片,发现树脂滴分布于细胞质中,在电子显微镜下观察狐染色切片,发现树脂滴分布于细胞的线粒体,高尔基体,内质网,核膜和小液泡中,同时也分布于质膜两边。从形态演化分析含树脂细胞在树脂分泌结构中属原始类型,由它演化为树脂道。     

青麸杨分泌道的解剖学研究

报道了育麸杨分泌道的结构、分布和发育。青麸杨的分泌道是由14—41个分泌细胞围绕细胞间隙而成的腔道,分泌细胞外侧又被多层扁平的鞘细胞所包围。青麸杨的分泌道主要分布于根、茎、叶、花和果实的维管束的韧皮部内,此外,茎的髓中也有少量分泌道,分泌道位于木质部脊处的薄壁组织内,排列成一圈。青麸杨各器官中的分泌道的发生方式一致,都是裂生方式起源的。     

HPLC法测定明党参组织培养物和栽培品中香豆素成分的含量

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定明党参组培和栽培品中7-羟基香豆素、花椒毒酚、欧前胡素和珊瑚菜内酯4种香豆素成分的含量。Agilent-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈—水溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃;检测波长为314 nm,进样量为10μL。实验结果表明,栽培明党参的根皮4种香豆素成分7-羟基香豆素、花椒毒酚、欧前胡素、珊瑚菜内酯的含量普遍偏高,分别为5.8970、1.2710、0.0301、0.9236mg/g,明党参愈伤组织诱导根中7-羟基香豆素、花椒毒酚含量较高分别为3.7939、0.8384 mg/g;该方法简便、快速、具有良好的重现性,可用于明党参组培和栽培品中香豆素成分的含量测定。     

珊瑚菜不同部位香豆素含量的研究

应用高效液相色谱技术,对珊瑚菜（Glehnia littoralis Fr.Schmidt ex Miq.）的果实、叶和根以及采后去皮入药的根和根皮中的补骨脂素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素3种香豆素的含量进行了测定。结果显示：（1）3种香豆素在果实、叶与根、根皮中均有积累,总含量在果实中最高,为0.6364mg·g-1,根中为0.0657mg·g-1,根皮中为0.0312mg·g-1,叶中为0.0151mg·g-1,采后去皮处理的根中最低,仅为0.0081mg·g-1。（2）珊瑚菜根经水烫去皮处理后香豆素含量急剧下降,与同期采收未去皮处理的根相比,去皮后根内香豆素总含量、补骨脂素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素含量分别下降了87.7%、100%、82.76%、85.25%。（3）与未去皮的根相比,处理后的根皮中香豆素总量、补骨脂素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量分别是未去皮处理的珊瑚菜根中的47.42%、31.37%、51.54%和53.28%。研究表明：从充分利用香豆素成分的角度出发,根入药时应带根皮使用,另外,叶和根皮不应丢弃,均可收集作为提取香豆素新的植物资源,果实中香豆素含量很高,亦可作为香豆素资源。     

补骨脂中呋喃香豆素类物质的积累规律及组织定位

应用高效液相色谱技术,分析了补骨脂(Psoralea corylifolia)不同器官、不同发育时期补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量变化规律。2种呋喃香豆素类物质在补骨脂的根、茎、叶、花、果实和种子中均有积累,其含量在果实中最高,根中最低,幼嫩茎叶高于成熟茎叶,成熟期果实高于幼嫩期果实。通过组织化学和荧光显微技术对呋喃香豆素类物质的定位研究,同时结合分泌腔的系数与2种呋喃香豆素的含量相关性分析,证明补骨脂中分泌腔是2种呋喃香豆素积累的主要场所。     

Variability in the behavioural responses of three generalist herbivores to the most abundant coumarin in Daphne laureola leaves

We evaluated the responses of three generalist herbivores (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the most abundant coumarin in young leaves of spurge-laurel, Daphne laureola L. (Thymelaeaceae), a perennial shrub consistently fed upon by several noctuid species. Pseudenargia ulicis Staud and Noctua janthe Borkhausen are natural herbivores of the species in southeastern Spain, whereas Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval is a model species frequently used to address the antifeedant role of secondary compounds. Discrimination between control and coumarin-coated D. laureola leaves was investigated by short-term choice experiments. We found species-specific behavioural responses to the treatment: P. ulicis preferred the control leaves, whereas S. littoralis did not discriminate between leaf treatments, although it clearly avoided coumarin when incorporated into an artificial diet, and N. janthe preferred the coumarin-coated leaves. Furthermore, N. janthe larvae reduced consumption when the proportion of treated leaves ingested increased and consumption of S. littoralis larvae was also reduced in coumarin-containing diet under no-choice conditions. Our results highlight that different herbivore species feeding simultaneously on the same host plant respond differently to a single chemical defence compound, likely constraining a directional response of the plant to selection.     

Pollen morphology and wood anatomy of the Crudia group (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Detarieae)

Pollen from all 12 and wood from 11 genera in the Crudia group have been examined using light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. This group is currently of systematic interest because it is part of a tribe undergoing taxonomic revision. The pollen grains fall into four groups: (1) Oxystigma, Kingiodendmn, Gossweilerodendron, Bathiaea,.Neoapaloxylon, Stemonocoleus, Guibourlia and Prioria have pollen of a widespread and generalized cacsalpinioid type that are small to medium sized, spheroidal to prolate, tricolporate and with a perforate exine, with some variation in surface ornamentation, aperture margins and ultrastructure. (2) Crudia pollen is tricolporate, coarsely striate with a coarsely scabrate to vcrmiculate aperture membrane. (3) Augouardia is tricolporate and coarsely reticulate. (4) Hardwickia and Colophosperrnum are pantoporate and reticulate or microreticulate-rugulate. The wood of Prioria, Oxystigma, Kingiodendmn and Gossweilerodendron has diffusely arranged axial canals, and these are four genera that have recently been merged into Prioria. Bathiaea has tangentially arranged axial canals. The other genera lack normal axial canals. Crudia is distinct, with banded parenchyma and variably storied short rays, Augouardia has much less abundant axial parenchyma that is mainly scanty paratracheal and vasiccntric, Guibourtia has mainly aliform parenchyma and rays variable in height and width, and Colophosperrnum and Hardwickia have similar paratracheal parenchyma patterns, although the rays tend to be wider in the latter. Our conclusion is that the Crudia group is not monophyletic.     

An Orthotopic Glioblastoma Mouse Model Maintaining Brain Parenchymal Physical Constraints and Suitable for Intravital Two-photon Microscopy

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumors with no curative treatments available to date.Murine models of this pathology rely on the injection of a suspension of glioma cells into the brain parenchyma following incision of the dura-mater. Whereas the cells have to be injected superficially to be accessible to intravital two-photon microscopy, superficial injections fail to recapitulate the physiopathological conditions. Indeed, escaping through the injection tract most tumor cells reach the extra-dural space where they expand abnormally fast in absence of mechanical constraints from the parenchyma.Our improvements consist not only in focally implanting a glioma spheroid rather than injecting a suspension of glioma cells in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex but also in clogging the injection site by a cross-linked dextran gel hemi-bead that is glued to the surrounding parenchyma and sealed to dura-mater with cyanoacrylate. Altogether these measures enforce the physiological expansion and infiltration of the tumor cells inside the brain parenchyma. Craniotomy was finally closed with a glass window cemented to the skull to allow chronic imaging over weeks in absence of scar tissue development.Taking advantage of fluorescent transgenic animals grafted with fluorescent tumor cells we have shown that the dynamics of interactions occurring between glioma cells, neurons (e.g. Thy1-CFP mice) and vasculature (highlighted by an intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye) can be visualized by intravital two-photon microscopy during the progression of the disease.The possibility to image a tumor at microscopic resolution in a minimally compromised cerebral environment represents an improvement of current GBM animal models which should benefit the field of neuro-oncology and drug testing.     

Comparative wood anatomy in Abietoideae (Pinaceae)

This study, which includes 51 species and six genera of subfamily Abietoideae (Pinaceae), assesses the systematic significance of the wood structure in this group. In particular, the presence of normal and traumatic resin canals, the ray structure and the axial parenchyma constitute phylogenetically informative features. Comparative wood anatomy of Abietoideae clearly supports the monophyly of the genera Abies–Cedrus–Keteleeria–Nothotsuga–Pseudolarix–Tsuga, all of which have axial parenchyma with nodular transverse end walls in the regions of growth ring boundaries, crystals in the ray parenchyma and pitted horizontal and nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells. Axial resin canals support a subdivision of the subfamily into two groups: Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix and Tsuga, without axial resin canals, and Keteleeria and Nothotsuga, with axial resin canals and a specific arrangement of traumatic axial resin canals. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160 , 184–196.     

狭叶柴胡各器官结构与其分泌道的分布规律

采用石蜡切片法对狭叶柴胡全株不同器官的结构及各器官中分泌道的分布特征进行了解剖学观察研究.结果表明:(1)狭叶柴胡的主根从外向内由周皮、中柱鞘薄壁细胞环和次生维管组织组成,其中柱鞘薄壁细胞环是不同于一般双子叶植物根的一种结构;茎从外到内由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成;叶为等面叶,其上、下表皮内都具栅栏组织;花主要由花瓣、雄蕊...     

Resin secretory canals in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Protium heptaphyllum</Emphasis> (Aubl.) Marchand. (Burseraceae): a tridimensional branched and anastomosed system

Protium heptaphyllum is a Burseraceae species known by the production of aromatic resin with medicinal, economic, and ecological values. Information on the development, architecture, and lifetime of the secretory system are crucial to understand the resin production and contribute to a more sustainable tapping regime. We investigated the histology and ultrastructure of the secretory canals under a developmental point of view. Stem samples were analyzed under light and transmission electron microscopy by conventional and cytochemical methods. Secretory canals, originated from procambium and cambium, occurred immersed in the primary and secondary phloem. Mature canals have a secretory epithelium and a wide lumen where the exudate is accumulated. A sheath of parenchyma cells with meristematic features surrounds the epithelium. The canals originate by schizogenesis and develop by schyzolysigenesis. Canals active in secretion occurred since the shoot apex and near the cambium. In the dilation zone of the secondary phloem, secretory canals exhibit sclerified epithelial and sheath cells and are inactive in secretion. Secreting epithelial cells have subcellular apparatus consistent with oleoresin, polysaccharides, and enzymes secretion. Pectinase and cellulase were cytochemically detected in developing canals and are involved in cell wall changes associated to canal growth and release of exudate. In P. heptaphyllum, the secretory system has a complex structure resultant from longitudinal growth, lateral ramification, and fusion of the adjacent canals, in addition to intrusive growth of both epithelial and sheath cells. Although some anatomical results are already known, ultrastructural data represent the novelty of this work. Our findings can contribute to the establishment of more efficient and sustainable techniques for resin extraction in this species.     

The Effect of Coumarin on Young's Modulus in Sunflower Stems and Maize Roots and on Water Permeability in Potato Parenchyma

By means of the resonance frequency method Young's, modulus has been determined after coumarin treatment of growing segments of etiolated sunflower hypocotyl segments and in maize roots. Coumarin caused a decrease in Young's modulus in both shoot and root tissue. The response was very rapid; in sunflower hypocotyls the decrease in elastic modulus appeared 3 min after application of coumarin. The effects produced by coumarin were similar to those found by auxin. Coumarin increased the rate of water efflux out of potato parenchyma by about 20%. The increase in water permeability was evident within 3 min.