转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻第三叶气孔长度、宽度和密度及其相关性的研究

用扫描电镜对转BADH基因水稻52-7及其亲本受体中8第三叶气孔长度、宽度、密度及其相关性进行了研究。结果表明,52-7第三叶叶背面和叶腹面的气孔长度与密度分布的差异都小于中8,而两者宽度的分布都较均匀;52-7气孔长度和密度的平均值都大于中8;52-7叶背面和叶腹面3／5气孔长度存在显著件差异．气孔密度差异达到极显著;52-7第三叶叶背面气孔长度分别与气孔宽度和密度呈不显著负相关,而叶腹面气孔长度分别与气孔宽度和密度的相关性不显著。这些说明BADH基因的转入可能对第三叶气孔的某些性状产生了一定的影响。     

旱作转BADH基因水稻旗叶、不定根解剖结构的研究

用石蜡切片法比较研究了6个水稻品系(品种)52-7、51-15、51-22、中8、开系7、白珍珠的旗叶、上层不定根的显微结构。结果表明,转BADH基因水稻品系(品种)旗叶叶片及其角质层比中8、开系7相对较厚,叶肉细胞层数及主脉维管束数比中8、开系7的多。转BADH基因水稻品系叶鞘的维管束数、气腔数目比中8、开系7、白珍珠多,其外表皮角质层比中8、开系7、白珍珠相对较厚,其维管束面积与中8、开系7、白珍珠相差不大。除51-15外,6个水稻品系(品种)上层不定根的大导管数基本相同,转BADH基闪水稻品系的小导管数较多,大、小导管的面积和以及导管的总面积和均大于中8和白珍珠,皮层比中8、开系7、白珍珠相对较薄。转BADH基因水稻品系的上述结构特征说明其旗叶生产的光合产物可满足穗部籽粒充实的需要,上层不定根发达的维管组织有利于根部水、无机盐的向上运输,提高物质运输量,为高产奠定了物质基础。     

中国白杨派杨树叶片表皮特征的研究

运用光镜和扫描电镜对中国９种白杨派杨树叶片的表皮特征进行了研究,结果表明该派植物的气孔器为不规则型,仅分布于叶片的背面,气孔器与表皮细胞平齐、不呈下陷状,大小变化较大;表皮毛为单细胞、非腺性的长绒毛,毛细长而扁平,不具分枝,气孔器密度、表皮毛、角质层和蜡质层等表皮特征不仅与树种有关,而且在同一树种的长枝叶与短枝叶之间,也有明显的差异。另外,还对白杨派杨树的生态类型进行了探讨。     

DREB类转录因子介导的烟草抗非生物胁迫特性研究

检测并分析了转BnDREB1-5基因烟草叶片的持水性能,上、下表皮气孔大小和密度及叶绿素含量,并在自然失水7 h后检测了细胞的离子泄漏状况。结果表明:转基因烟草叶片单位时间内每平方厘米的失水量是野生型烟草叶片的62%;上表皮的气孔大于野生型,而气孔开度小于野生型;野生型烟草叶片上的气孔密度接近转基因烟草的1.5倍;野生型烟草叶片的叶绿素含量比转基因烟草叶片高29%;野生型烟草叶片的质膜相对透性是转基因烟草叶片的1.4倍。     

甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因转化小麦及其表达

采用基因枪法将山菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶 (BADH)基因导入小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)品种 ,并且得以表达。该基因由玉米Ubi1启动子控制。在盐胁迫条件下 ,多数转基因植株叶片的BADH活性比受体亲本提高 1～ 3倍 ,部分植株相对电导率比亲本明显低 ,表明转基因植株的细胞膜在胁迫时有受损较轻倾向。PCR和Southern杂交分析证实外源BADH基因已插入小麦基因组 ,平均转化频率为 4.1%。     

新疆12种黄芩属植物叶表皮微形态结构的研究

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对新疆12种黄芩属植物叶片上的微形态特征进行观察。结果表明:该属植物叶的上表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样有多种形式;而下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形,垂周壁式样均为深波形,不具分类学意义,但叶片两面分布的气孔器,在不同种间气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔外拱盖内缘等方面都存在着显著差异;其表皮角质层纹饰和表皮毛的微形态也各有不同;大多数植物叶片表面具腺点,其大小、分布及疏密程度也有不同。植物叶表皮上的这些微形态特征,可为探讨本属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供一定的佐证。     

中国兜被兰属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了中国兜被兰属１２种植物叶表皮的微形态特征,结果表明：该属植物成熟叶片的上下表皮均具角质层,其表面纹饰有直线形、浅波形、深波形和网状４种类型;有的种表皮细胞垂周壁明显凸起;气孔不具副卫细胞,仅分布在叶片下表面,气孔的外拱盖单层,表面光滑。这些特征在属级水平上较为一致,但也表现出种间差异,可以作为种间分类的辅助特征     

转BADH基因水稻幼苗抗盐性研究

以转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻品系52-7的受体亲本中花8号、旱作品种开系7和陆稻白珍珠为对照,分别用含0、5、7 g?L-1NaCl的水稻专用营养液培养水稻幼苗,对转BADH基因水稻品系52-7的抗盐性及其机理进行研究.结果表明:在正常培养条件下,转基因水稻幼苗比对照品种长势旺,根系活力强,可溶性糖和叶绿素含量高,抗氧化酶SOD和POD活性高.在盐胁迫条件下,水稻幼苗生长减慢,根冠比值减小,根系活力增强;膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性提高;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高,叶绿素含量下降,蛋白质分解加强;且随着盐浓度的升高各指标变化幅度增加.与对照品种比较,转基因水稻幼苗在盐胁迫下的生长量和根冠比较大,电解质相对渗出率和MDA含量较低,蛋白质和叶绿素分解较少,表现出较强的抗盐性.盐胁迫下转基因水稻幼苗比对照品种具有更高的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量以及SOD和POD活性,使其抗盐性强.     

9种榆科植物叶表皮结构特征研究

利用叶表皮离析法观察了榆科6属9种植物叶片的表皮结构。结果表明,榆科植物叶片气孔器仅分布在远轴面,不规则型,不具副卫细胞;叶片毛状体主要有腺毛和非腺毛两种类型,腺毛由基细胞、柄细胞和膨大的顶细胞构成,非腺毛均由单细胞发育而来,基部具或不具钟乳体,多数非腺毛顶部发育成长锥状,少数非腺毛顶部极短呈喙状。根据气孔器的类型和分布位置,尤其是表皮毛的基本结构和发育类型等特征,不支持将广义榆科分为两个独立科的观点。但榆科这9种植物叶表皮特征具有属间或种间差异,有一定的分类学价值。     

外源甜菜碱对低温胁迫下香蕉内源甜菜碱合成的影响

以巴西香蕉(MusaAAA Giant Cavendish cv.Brazil)幼苗为试验材料,用不同浓度外源甜菜碱(BT)预处理香蕉幼苗后,置于人工气候箱中模拟低温(7℃)胁迫,分别测定香蕉叶片和根系内源甜菜碱的含量和甜菜碱合成关键酶甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)活性,以探讨外源甜菜碱对香蕉叶片和根系内源甜菜碱合成的影响.结果显示:7℃低温胁迫16 h后,10 mg/L外源甜菜碱即可极显著提高香蕉幼苗叶片BADH活性,叶片内源BT含量也同步极显著增加,低温胁迫24h后根系内源甜菜碱的含量虽显著高于常温对照,其BADH活性却无显著提升.同时,香蕉幼苗叶片内源BT含量的积累与叶片BADH活性的提高具有显著正相关关系,与根系内源BT含量的增加呈极显著正相关关系,与外源BT浓度无显著相关性.研究表明,外源甜菜碱可促进低温胁迫下香蕉内源甜菜碱的合成和积累,叶片和根系均具有合成内源BT的能力.     

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in sorghum.

The ability to synthesize and accumulate glycine betaine is wide-spread among angiosperms and is thought to contribute to salt and drought tolerance. In plants glycine betaine is synthesized by the two-step oxidation of choline via the intermediate betaine aldehyde, catalyzed by choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). Two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cDNA clones, BADH1 and BADH15, putatively encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase were isolated and characterized. BADH1 is a truncated cDNA of 1391 bp. BADH15 is a full-length cDNA clone, 1812 bp in length, predicted to encode a protein of 53.6 kD. The predicted amino acid sequences of BADH1 and BADH15 share significant homology with other plant BADHs. The effects of water deficit on BADH mRNA expression, leaf water relations, and glycine betaine accumulation were investigated in leaves of preflowering sorghum plants. BADH1 and BADH15 mRNA were both induced by water deficit and their expression coincided with the observed glycine betaine accumulation. During the course of 17 d, the leaf water potential in stressed sorghum plants reached -2.3 MPa. In response to water deficit, glycine betaine levels increased 26-fold and proline levels increased 108-fold. In severely stressed plants, proline accounted for > 60% of the total free amino acid pool. Accumulation of these compatible solutes significantly contributed to osmotic potential and allowed a maximal osmotic adjustment of 0.405 MPa.     

Abscisic acid is involved in the water stress-induced betaine accumulation in pear leaves

ABA exogenously applied to the leaves of the whole plants of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Redh. cv. Suly grafted on Pyrus betulaefolia Rehd.) significantly increased the betaine concentrations in the leaves when the plants were well watered. The plants subjected to 'drought plus ABA' treatment had significantly higher betaine concentrations in their leaves than those given drought treatment alone. The 'drought plus ABA' treatment increased the amount of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, EC 1.2.1.8) and its activity in the leaves more than did the drought treatment alone. The experiments with detached leaves showed that ABA treatment significantly increased the concentration of betaine, activity of BADH and apparent amount of BADH in non-dehydrated leaves, and enhanced the accumulation of betaine, activity of BADH and apparent amount of BADH in dehydrated leaves. These effects of ABA were both time- and dose-dependent. Two ABA isomers, (-)-cis, trans-ABA and 2-trans, 4-trans-ABA, had no effect on the betaine accumulation in the leaves, showing that the ABA-induced effects are specific. These data demonstrate that ABA is involved in the drought-induced betaine accumulation in the pear leaves.     

Salt-inducible betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from sugar beet: cDNA cloning and expression

Members of the Chenopodiaceae, such as sugar beet and spinach, accumulate glycine betaine in response to salinity or drought stress. The last enzyme in the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway is betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). In sugar beet the activity of BADH was found to increase two- to four-fold in both leaves and roots as the NaCl level in the irrigation solution was raised from 0 to 500 mM. This increase in BADH activity was paralleled by an increase in level of translatable BADH mRNA. Several cDNAs encoding BADH were cloned from a gt10 libary representing poly(A)⁺ RNA from salinized leaves of sugar beet plants, by hybridization with a spinach BADH cDNA. Three nearly full-length cDNA clones were confirmed to encode BADH by their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identity to spinach BADH; these clones showed minor nucleotide sequence differences consistent with their being of two different BADH alleles. The clones averaged 1.7 kb and contained an open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of 500 amino acids with 83% identity to spinach BADH. RNA gel blot analysis of total RNA showed that salinization to 500 mM NaCl increased BADH mRNA levels four-fold in leaves and three-fold in the taproot. DNA gel blot analyses indicated the presence of at least two copies of BADH in the haploid sugar beet genome.     

不同产地何首乌叶表皮结构的解剖学特征与气候因子的关系

在光学显微镜下观察了不同产地何首乌叶表皮结构特征,应用多元回归方法对不同产地何首乌的叶表皮特征与气候因子的关系进行了分析。观察的叶表皮特征指标有气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长、气孔器宽、气孔极区角质加厚、气孔器类型、表皮细胞垂周壁性状及叶表面角质条纹。观察结果:上表皮有少量气孔器分布;在下表皮,气孔器类型为非典型不等细胞型和不规则型,有少量腺鳞分布,气孔器密度每1mm2为241.7(64～573)个,气孔指数为17.1(7.5～26.5)%,气孔器长31.1(20～44)μm,气孔器宽23.1(16～38)μm。随着产地的不同,何首乌叶下表皮结构有明显差异。分析结果显示气孔器、气孔器宽度以及气孔密度均与纬度关系密切,随纬度的升高,气孔器长、气孔器宽呈减小的趋势,气孔密度呈增加的趋势,R2值分别为0.619、0.729、0.772。     

Isolation of a choline monooxygenase cDNA clone from Amaranthus tricolor and its expressions under stress conditions

INTRODUCTIONAmaranth is a C4 dicotyledonous mesophytecrop plant. A. tricofor is a major variety for veg-etable and ornamental crops, and is widely culti-vated in the wor1d. Osmoprotectant glycine betaine(GB) was detected in Amaranthaceae, A. HyPochon-driacus L[2] and A. Caudatus L[3, 4]. GB iswidespread and an effective osmoprotectant in manyplants[3]. We studied the photosynthetic adaptationmechanism of A. trico1or under salt stress due to ac-cumulation of GB[5].GB is synthesized …