利用放射性同位素碘标记法研究黑翅土白蚁的取食活动

前言 黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(shiraki)是我国南方诸省的水库和堤围土坝的主要危害昆虫。蔡邦华等(1965)报道过黑翅土白蚁在大堤上的地面活动规律。本文利用放射性同位素碘~(131)标记法研究黑翅土白蚁在水库土坝上的取食活动量与温度和湿度的关系,为防治提供依据。 方法 在广州市郊区沙田水库土坝上的背水坡中位线上设引诱坑(40×35×40厘米),坑内层层置放黑翅     

利用放射性同位素碘131标记法对家白蚁活动规律的初步研究

近年来,防治家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki)取得了很大成效。但因家白蚁生活极为隐蔽,因此以常用方法研究其活动规律,受到一定的限制,这对彻底防治家白蚁带来了一定的困难。本试验的目的是用放射性同位素标记法探测蚁巢,并对家白蚁的一些活动规律进行研究,为彻底消灭家白蚁提供参考。     

生物大分子的非放射性标记

无论是克隆植物基因还是研究基因表达都离不开探针的标记和检测。历来所用的放射性同位素标记方法存在一些缺点。一是要预防核辐射对人体的损伤,操作不方便;二是为防止污染环境,必须谨慎地处置放射性废弃物;三是放射性标记的探针使用时间短,例如最常用的~(32)P半衰期仅14.3天,标记的探针要随时标记随时使用,放置不用则放射性随时间指数下降。为     

乌塘鳢对51Cr、60Co、131I、141Ce的吸收和积累

本文以河口底栖鱼类,不具鳞片,对环境适应力强的乌塘鳢为材料,研究它们以摄食和渗透两种方式对~(51)Cr,~(60)Co、~(131)I和~(141)Ce的吸收。为了观察在渗透吸收期间个体的差异,测定了单条活鱼的放射性。在实验中采用多核素示踪法并用S-80智能多道分析器和Ge(Li)探头测量放射性。 结果发现,当~(131)I的浓度为3.4×10~(-7)居里/升时,在10小时内所有的乌塘鳢都被杀死,而~(131)I在鱼体各组织器官的积累是明显的。器官积累核素数量的顺序是~(131)I>~(141)Ce>~(51)Cr,在任何组织器官均未检出~(60)Co。 在渗透吸收实验里,对单条活鱼的测量结果表明,核素是能够通过皮肤的渗透积累在鱼体内,并且存在个体差异。同时表明,生命元素的同位素如~(131)I,~(60)Co容易渗透到鱼体内部器官,而非生命元素的同位素例如~(141)Ce、~(51)Cr的渗透是慢的。 ~(51)Cr、~(60)Co、~(131)I、~(141)Ce是沿海核设施常见的放射性废物成分,有的是具有生态学意义的核素(Goldberg,1957),随着沿海核电站的不断兴建,它们在河口港湾存在的机会越来越多。虽然海洋鱼类和淡水鱼类对它们的浓集有过报道(Hiyama et al.,1964),但河口生物,特别是河口的底栖鱼类对它们的吸收和积累,则研究甚少。 乌塘鳢是生活在河口滩涂的底栖鱼类,适应于半咸淡的水质,     

131I标记Tyr-GX1在荷瘤裸鼠体内分布和显像研究

目的:设计、合成酪氨酸(Tyr)修饰的肿瘤血管靶向肽GX1,研究131I标记短肽Tyr-GX1在荷人胃癌裸鼠体内的生物学分布与显像,探讨131I-Tyr-GX1短肽作为肿瘤血管靶向诊治药物的可能性.方法:利用Iodogen碘标法对Tyr-GX1进行131I标记,检测其标记率和体内外稳定性;建立荷人胃癌裸鼠动物模型,尾静脉注射标记肽,分别进行体内生物学分布实验和肿瘤显像实验,结果用PASW Statistics 18.0统计软件进行分析.结果:1).纸层析法结果计算表明,131I-Tyr-GX1肽的标记率和放化纯均达90％以上;24 h稳定性测试表明,131I-Tyr-GX1在室温下存放以及与人血清、鼠血清、PBS等溶液混合,其标记率仍然都维持在90％左右,说明其具有良好的体内外稳定性;2).荷瘤裸鼠体内生物学分布研究显示:标记肽在荷瘤裸鼠双肾放射性计数测量最高;其次是肝脏、肿瘤等组织;脑、骨、肌肉组织放射性计数含量较低,给药24 h时,肿瘤/肌肉(T/M)、肿瘤/血液(T/B1)、肿瘤/脑组织(T/Br)的放射性比值分别是5.78、4.06和23.01;3).体内SPECT显像结果显示:尾静脉注射131I-Tyr-GX1肽后4h肿瘤部位已开始显影,并随时间的延长,显像逐渐清楚,至18h时,肿瘤显像最清晰.结论:应用Iodogen碘标法成功标记Tyr-GX1短肽;尾静脉注射131I-Tyr-GX1后,肿瘤部位可以出现放射性浓聚,表明131I-Tyr-GX1短肽可以靶向结合于肿瘤部位,有望成为新一种胃肠道肿瘤诊断与治疗的药物.     

蛇毒神经毒素的放射性碘化标记

目前,生物科学的发展非常迅速,随着对各种生物大分子的深入研究,放射性同位素标记技术显得更为重要,几乎所有的生命科学都涉及到这一技术的应用。蛇毒神经毒素是一种小分子量蛋白质,用~(125)I标记后可作为研究烟碱受体的一种示踪物。碘化掺入蛋白质目前使用得最多的方法是氯胺T法,氯胺T碘化标记     

1977年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖金

1977年的诺贝尔生理学和医学奖金授予美国的具有辉煌成就的三个内分泌学家:雅劳(女)、盖勒明和雪利,以表彰他们创立的放射免疫测定方法和发现下丘脑控制垂体前叶的激素的功绩,这是生理学和医学史上的重大事件。罗·雅劳(Rosalyn Yalow)1921年生于美国纽约城,原攻读物理学,1947年在布鲁耐克斯(Bronx)退伍军人医院从事临床放射性同位素工作,有物理学、数学和化学的广泛知识。在这里她与医学家索·贝尔森(Soloman Bcrson)长期合作,从事放射免疫测定法的研究。在50年代初期,他们在研究糖尿病人对胰岛素的耐受性原因时发现,患者在用胰岛素治疗后体内可以产生胰岛素抗体。以后,他们又用~(131)I标记的胰岛素作为示踪剂,利用胰岛素与其特异性抗体之间的免疫化学反应,首先建立     

家白蚁长翅生殖型的发育

长翅生殖型是家白蚁Coptotermesformo－sanusShiraki巢群的重要组成部分,是家白蚁种群扩大为害区域,延续、发展的主要品级。研究其发育特点,是家白蚁生物学的重要内容,且有助于提高防治水平和效果。！研究方法直接解剖家白蚁大小奥比三OO多个及1000多个活动点,观察一年内每日长翅生殖型在巢内的分布及发育情况。在家白蚁的分飞期,对长翅成虫进行人工配对,对其初建群体观察其产卵和孵化情况,研究其卵期和幼中期的发言。系统测量矛日以的巢温,共测量活单几十个,取得巢温数据两万多个（其中对7个奥进行了两年系统测量）。从家白蚁…     

核酸探针中放射性同位素的快速检测

利用尼龙膜作为介质,以0．4mol／L的NaOH为层析液,进行膜上层析,分离经放射性同位素标记的核酸探针和未掺入的放射性游离单核苷酸,再经放射性强度测定即可计算出标记后的核酸探针的放射性比活。方法简单快捷,产生的放射性废物少,完全可以替代经典的三氯乙酸沉淀法及滤膜吸附法。     

^131I标记Tyr-GX1在荷瘤裸鼠体内分布和显像研究

目的：设计、合成酪氨酸（Tyr）修饰的肿瘤血管靶向肽GX1,研究^131I标记短肽Tyr-GX1在荷人胃癌裸鼠体内的生物学分布与显像,探讨^131I-Tyr-GX1短肽作为肿瘤血管靶向诊治药物的可能性。方法：利用Iodogen碘标法对Tyr-GX1进行131I标记,检测其标记率和体内外稳定性;建立荷人胃癌裸鼠动物模型,尾静脉注射标记肽,分别进行体内生物学分布实验和肿瘤显像实验,结果用PASW Statistics18.0统计软件进行分析。结果：1）.纸层析法结果计算表明,^131I-Tyr-GX1肽的标记率和放化纯均达90%以上;24 h稳定性测试表明,^131I-Tyr-GX1在室温下存放以及与人血清、鼠血清、PBS等溶液混合,其标记率仍然都维持在90%左右,说明其具有良好的体内外稳定性;2）.荷瘤裸鼠体内生物学分布研究显示：标记肽在荷瘤裸鼠双肾放射性计数测量最高;其次是肝脏、肿瘤等组织;脑、骨、肌肉组织放射性计数含量较低,给药24 h时,肿瘤/肌肉（T/M）、肿瘤/血液（T/Bl）、肿瘤/脑组织（T/Br）的放射性比值分别是5.78、4.06和23.01;3）.体内SPECT显像结果显示：尾静脉注射^131I-Tyr-GX1肽后4 h肿瘤部位已开始显影,并随时间的延长,显像逐渐清楚,至18 h时,肿瘤显像最清晰。结论：应用Iodogen碘标法成功标记Tyr-GX1短肽;尾静脉注射^131I-Tyr-GX1后,肿瘤部位可以出现放射性浓聚,表明^131I-Tyr-GX1短肽可以靶向结合于肿瘤部位,有望成为新一种胃肠道肿瘤诊断与治疗的药物。     

木薯UGT41基因对细菌性枯萎病的抗性研究北大核心CSCD

糖基转移酶广泛存在于植物中,其中UDP依赖型糖基转移酶(UDP-glycosyltransferases,UGTs)基因家族是糖基转移酶中的一大类。该研究以华南124木薯品种(Manihot esculenta cv.SC124)为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆木薯MeUGT41基因,以病毒诱导干扰木薯MeUGT41基因的表达量,并对基因干扰植株进行细菌性枯萎病抗性评价,为研究MeUGT41基因在木薯抵抗细菌性枯萎病的抗病机理奠定基础。结果表明:(1)地毯草黄单胞菌(Xamthomonas axonopodis pv.Manihotis,Xam)可显著诱导木薯MeUGT41基因表达。(2)成功构建MeUGT41的病毒诱导基因沉默(VIGS)载体,将干扰载体转化至木薯叶片进行MeUGT41基因沉默,荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,木薯叶片中MeUGT41基因的表达量显著下降。(3)Xam侵染实验表明,干扰抑制MeUGT41基因表达可显著降低木薯植株叶片对Xam病菌侵染的抵抗能力。研究认为,木薯叶片中MeUGT41基因具有抵抗Xam病菌侵染的能力。     

Autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates Ser25, Ser38, Ser65, Ser71, and Ser411 in vimentin and thereby inhibits cytoskeletal intermediate filament assembly

The autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase has been identified as a potent vimentin kinase that incorporates 2 mol of phosphates per mol of protein and generates five major phosphorylation sites in vimentin. Tryptic phosphopeptide mapping by high-performance liquid chromatography followed by sequential manual Edman degradation and direct peptide sequence analysis revealed that Ser-25, Ser-38, Ser-65, and Ser-71 in the amino-terminal domain and Ser-411 in the carboxyl-terminal domain are the phosphorylation sites in vimentin phosphorylated by this kinase, indicating that autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase is a potent and unique vimentin kinase. Functional study further revealed that phosphorylation of vimentin by autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase can completely inhibit polymerization and assembly of the cytoskeletal intermediate filament as demonstrated by electron microscopic analysis. Taken together, the results provide initial evidence that the autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase may function as a vimentin kinase involved in the structure-function regulation of the cytoskeletal system. The results also support the notion that this cyclic nucleotide- and calcium-independent protein kinase may function as a multisubstrate/multifunctional protein kinase involved in the regulation of diverse cell functions.     

Kinetic studies on the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase. Evidence for coexisting sites for Na+, K+ and Mg2+

Na⁺-ATPase activity of a dog kidney (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase enzyme preparation was inhibited by a high concentration of NaCl (100 mM) in the presence of 30 μM ATP and 50 μM MgCl₂, but stimulated by 100 mM NaCl in the presence of 30 μM ATP and 3 mM MgCl₂. The $\text{K}{}_{0.5}$ for the effect of MgCl₂ was near 0.5 mM. Treatment of the enzyme with the organic mercurial thimerosal had little effect on Na⁺-ATPase activity with 10 mM NaCl but lessened inhibition by 100 mM NaCl in the presence of 50 μM MgCl₂. Similar thimerosal treatment reduced (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity by half but did not appreciably affect the $\text{K}{}_{0.5}$ for activation by either Na⁺ or K⁺, although it reduced inhibition by high Na⁺ concentrations. These data are interpreted in terms of two classes of extracellularly-available low-affinity sites for Na⁺: Na⁺-discharge sites at which Na⁺-binding can drive E₂-P back to E₁-P, thereby inhibiting Na⁺-ATPase activity, and sites activating E₂-P hydrolysis and thereby stimulating Na⁺-ATPase activity, corresponding to the K⁺-acceptance sites. Since these two classes of sites cannot be identical, the data favor co-existing Na⁺-discharge and K⁺-acceptance sites. Mg²⁺ may stimulate Na⁺-ATPase activity by favoring E₂-P over E₁-P, through occupying intracellular sites distinct from the phosphorylation site or Na⁺-acceptance sites, perhaps at a coexisting low-affinity substrate site. Among other effects, thimerosal treatment appears to stimulate the Na⁺-ATPase reaction and lessen Na⁺-inhibition of the (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase reaction by increasing the efficacy of Na⁺ in activating E₂-P hydrolysis.     

l-Methionine-dl-sulfoximine resistant Het+ Nif+ and Het− Nif− strains of Nostoc muscorum assimilating methylamine as ammonium nitrogen source

Abstract The Het⁺ Nif⁺ and Het⁻ Nif⁻ strains of Nostoc muscorum sensitive to growth inhibition by methylamine (MA), overcame the MA inhibition as a result of their mutation to l -methionine- dl -sulfoximide (MSX)-resistant phenotype, which enabled them to assimilate MA like an ammonium nitrogen source. The MSX-resistant Het⁺ Nif⁺ strain synthesized the inhibitor-resistant transferase-defective glutamine synthetase (GS), which unlike parental GS underwent MA-dependent in vivo activation. These results suggest the involvement of GS enzyme in control of MA assimilation in cyanobacteria.     

Excretion of ions (Cd2+, Li+, Na+ and Cl−) by Tamarix aphylla

Excretion of minerals by the NaCl-resistant and comparatively cadmium-resistant tree Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, was investigated. Cd²⁺ was excreted by plants exposed for 1–10 days to 9 or 45 μ M Cd²⁺ solutions. Excretion of this toxic ion increased considerably with time but was less than 5% of the quantities that had been accumulated in the shoots. Excretion of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ was positively correlated with NaCl concentration (1.5, 10, 50 m M ) of the medium. The Na⁺/Cl⁻ ratios of the excrete were positively correlated with the concentration of the treatment solution. Ca²⁺ excretion decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations of the solution. Excretion of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ was only little affected by NaCl. Excretion of Li⁺ occurred whenever this element was supplied in the uptake solution; daily excretion rates of Li⁺ increased with time. The ecological significance of excretion is discussed in relation to the low selectivity of the mechanism in T. aphylla .     

Relative roles of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Mg2+ in controlling lens permeability characteristics

The effects of barium, strontium and magnesium upon lens permeability characteristics were studied in the presence and absence of 2 mM calcium in the bathing medium. Permeability characteristics were determined by measuring lens potential, resistance and ⁴²K efflux rates. Barium and strontium at equimolar concentrations to calcium were able to substitute for calcium in controlling lens sodium permeability. Magnesium was ineffective in this respect.Small changes in resistance and ⁴²K efflux rates occurred when calcium was eliminated from bathing solution containing either 2 mM barium or strontium. These changes were interpreted to be the result of an increase in lens permeability to potassium. When 2 mM strontium was added to calcium-containing solution, there was no significant change in the electrical or flux parameters of the lens. However, the addition of 2 mM barium to calcium-containing solution resulted in a 54% increase in lens resistance and a 13 mV depolarization. These observations indicated a barium-induced decrease in lens permeability to potassium, and this was confirmed by an observed decrease in ⁴²K efflux rate constant under similar experimental conditions.The rapid time course of all the observed changes implies that they are the result of changes in the permeability characteristics of membranes lying close to the surface of the lens.     

[D-Thr2, Thz5]- and [D-Met2, Thz5]-enkephalinamides: Potent analgesics by intravenous injection

Two enkephalin analogs, [D-Met², Thz⁵]-enkephalinamide and [D-Thr², Thz⁵]-enkephalinamide, have been synthesized by the solid-phase method. When injected centrally, [D-Thr², Thz⁵]-enkephalinamide is 3.5 times more potent than the [D-Met², Thz⁵] analog. However, the two are equipotent and 4.2–4.8 times more potent than morphine when injected intravenously.     

Effects of interrupted K+ supply on growth and uptake of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ in spring wheat

Effects of interrupted K⁺ supply on different parameters of growth and mineral cation nutrition were evaluated for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Svenno). K⁺ (2.0 mM) was supplied to the plants during different periods in an otherwise complete nutrient solution. Shoot growth was reduced before root growth after interruption in K⁺ supply. Root structure was greatly affected by the length of the period in K⁺ -free nutrient solution. Root length was minimal, and root branching was maximal within a narrow range of K⁺ status of the roots. This range corresponded to cultivation for the last 1 to 3 days, of 11 in total, in K⁺ -free nutrient solution, or to continuous cultivation in solution containing 0.5 to 2 mM K⁺. In comparison, both higher and lower internal/external K⁺ concentrations had inhibitory effects on root branching. However, the differing root morphology probably had no significant influence on the magnitude of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ uptake. Uptake of Ca²⁺ and especially Mg²⁺ significantly increased after K⁺ interruption, while Na⁺ uptake was constant in the roots and slowly increased in the shoots. The two divalent cations could replace K⁺ in the cells and maintain electroneutrality down to a certain minimal range of K⁺ concentrations. This range was significantly higher in the shoot [110 to 140 μmol (g fresh weight)^?1] than in the root [20 to 30 μmol (g fresh weight)^?1]. It is suggested that the critical K⁺ values are a measure of the minimal amount of K⁺ that must be present for physiological activity in the cells. At the critical levels, K⁺ (⁸⁶Rb) influx and Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations were maximal. Below the critical K⁺ values, growth was reduced, and Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ could no longer substitute for K⁺ for electrostatic balance. In a short-term experiment, the ability of Ca²⁺ to compete with K⁺ in maintaining electroneutrality in the cells was studied in wheat seedlings with different K⁺ status. The results indicate that K⁺, which was taken up actively and fastest at the external K⁺ concentration used (2.0 mM), partly determines the size of Ca²⁺ influx.     

Mechanisms by which Li+ stimulates the (Na++K+)-dependent ATPase

The addition of LiCl stimulated the (Na⁺+K⁺)-dependent ATPase activity of a rat brain enzyme preparation. Stimulation was greatest in high Na⁺/low K⁺ media and at low Mg. ATP concentrations. Apparent affinities for Li⁺ were estimated at the α-sites (moderate-affinity sites for K⁺ demonstrable in terms of activation of the associated K⁺-dependent phosphatase reaction), at the β-sites (high-affinity sites for K⁺ demonstrable in terms of activation of the overall ATPase reaction), and at the Na⁺ sites for activation. The relative efficacy of Li⁺ was estimated in terms of the apparent maximal velocity of the phosphatase and ATPase reactions when Li⁺ was substituted for K⁺, and also in terms of the relative effect of Li⁺ on the apparent K_M for Mg· ATP. With these data, and previously determined values for the apparent affinities of K⁺ and Na⁺ at these same sites, quantitative kinetic models for the stimulation were examined. A composite model is required in which Li⁺ stimulates by relieving inhibition due to K⁺ and Na⁺ (i) by competing with K⁺ for the α-sites on the enzyme through which K⁺ decreases the apparent affinity for Mg·ATP and (ii) by competing with Na⁺ at low-affinity inhibitory sites, which may represent the external sites at which Na⁺ is discharged by the membrane NA⁺/K⁺ pump that this enzyme represents. Both these sites of action for Li⁺ would thus lie, in vivo, on the cell exterior.