整合素在细胞响应机械应力中的作用

机械应力在细胞生长、分化和基因表达等生理学过程和某些病理学过程中起了重要的作用.细胞粘附分子——整合素是机械信号转导中重要的跨膜分子.细胞通过整合素与胞外基质蛋白、细胞骨架蛋白以及聚焦粘附激酶等的反应,将感应的力信号转化为化学信号,从而调节细胞的生理机能,其中整合素与胞外基质蛋白之间的动态和特异性反应在细胞的机械信号转导过程中起了功能性作用.     

大肠杆菌血脑屏障侵袭基因 ibeB的稳定转染 能够促进 HeLa 细胞片状伪足的形成

为进一步探讨大肠杆菌血脑屏障侵袭基因 ibeB 的生物学特性,将 ibeB 基因克隆至真核表达载体,采用稳定转染的方法,对 ibeB 基因在 HeLa 细胞中的表达所产生的影响进行了研究 . 结果发现：经 ibeB 基因稳定转染的 HeLa 细胞向外周伸展,细胞骨架的组分———微丝发生了重新排布,形成了明显的片状伪足,细胞周边形成较多的膜皱褶结构;细胞对底物的粘附能力和伸展能力显著增强;细胞的粘着斑标志性蛋白 Vinculin 表达增强 . 这些结果为研究片状伪足的形成机制提供了模型 .     

整合蛋白介导的信号转导研究进展

整合蛋白介导的信号转导研究进展傅剑,查锡良（上海医科大学生物化学教研室,上海２０００３２）关键词整合蛋白,信号转导,粘着斑激酶整合蛋白（Ｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｎ）是介导细胞和细胞外基质粘附的主要细胞表面受体家族,某些整合蛋白还介导细胞—细胞粘附作用。各种整合...     

H2-calponin在细胞力学信号感知中的作用

H2-calponin是一种肌动蛋白细胞骨架结合蛋白,在平滑肌细胞和一些非肌肉细胞中均有表达,并且在发育及重建的组织中高表达。H2-calponin作为一种机械应力的胞内应答因子,受机械应力调节,通过与细胞骨架F-肌动蛋白(F-actin)及多种粘着斑蛋白相互作用,参与细胞力学信号感受与传导,在调节细胞增殖、分化、迁移以及胞质分裂等生理活动中起着重要作用。本文在介绍H2-calponin生化特征的基础上,对其在细胞应力感受及力学信号转导中的作用做一综述。     

MACF1与成骨细胞骨架之间的相互关系研究

采用激光共聚焦显微术研究微管微丝交联因子（MACF1）与成骨样细胞（MD63及MC3T3）微丝／微管骨架、黏着斑之间的相互关系．结果表明,MACF1不连续地分布于微管纤维上,与微丝骨架部分共定位于胞质中,在很多的成骨细胞中可见MACF1分布于骨架相关的粘着斑处：细胞松弛素B影响了MACF1在成骨细胞中的分布,并有使其向细胞核周围及核内转位的趋势．秋水仙素对MACF1的分布无明显的影响．转染了siRNA—MACFl的MG．63细胞微丝骨架纤维分布不连续、微管骨架纤维分布紊乱．这些结果提示MACF1不仅起交联微丝及微管细胞骨架的作用．而且还可稳定细胞骨架：成骨细胞MACF1的分布更依赖于微丝骨架的完整性．     

桩蛋白与肾脏

桩蛋白(paxillin,Pax)作为细胞骨架蛋白的关键调节蛋白之一,具有对细胞外刺激发应的潜能,在多种信号转导途径中起到结构和信号转导的承接作用.近年来有关Pax在细胞黏附与迁移中的作用备受关注,同时与肾脏发育及肾脏疾病发生的关系也日渐受到重视,现将目前相关研究作简单综述.     

PLD 的生化特性及在信号传导中的作用

磷脂酶 D(PLD)是一种分解磷脂的多功能酶,磷脂酶可激活调控许多重要的细胞生理功能,在信号转导、小泡运输、有丝分裂、激素作用的发挥、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和衰老过程中都起重要作用．主要介绍了磷脂酶基因的生化特性及在植物信号转导中的作用．     

外酶C3转移酶转基因表达对小梁细胞的影响

目的:探讨腺病毒载体介导的外酶C3转移酶(exoenzyme C3transferase,C3)表达对体外培养的正常或地塞米松处理的人类小梁细胞的作用。方法:构建C3和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的腺病毒表达载体(AdC3GFP)。用AdC3GFP转导人类正常或经地塞米松处理的小梁细胞。观察(1)小梁细胞肌动蛋白、粘着斑蛋白(vinculin)、β-链蛋白(β-catenin)的变化;(2)地塞米松能否诱导小梁细胞形成肌动蛋白交联网(cross linked actin networks,CLANs)结构以及AdC3GFP对CLANs的影响。以仅表达GFP的腺病毒载体(AdGFP)作为对照。结果:与对照相比,AdC3GFP转导小梁细胞后3~4d细胞出现肌动蛋白细胞骨架裂解,相应粘着斑蛋白阳性的粘着斑减少和β-链蛋白染色丧失。与非转导细胞相比,AdGFP转导细胞肌动蛋白细胞骨架,粘着斑蛋白和β-链蛋白染色均与非转导细胞类似。经地塞米松处理的小梁细胞形成典型CLANs结构,AdC3GFP可降解肌动蛋白及已形成的CLANs结构。结论:C3基因表达产物可降解小梁细胞肌动蛋白和细胞连接以及由地塞米松诱导的小梁细胞CLANs形成。提示C3基因治疗可能是青光眼降眼压治疗的有效方法。     

非肌肉Ⅱ型肌球蛋白在细胞骨架网络中动力学行为的图像分析(已撤稿2016-06-15)

贴壁细胞的形状和弹性(硬度)与细胞骨架网络的形态以及纤维的交联方式密切相关．而细胞骨架网络的形态和组成与细胞中的二型肌球蛋白的活动,尤其是肌球蛋白组装成的肌球蛋白粗丝(minifilament)的活动有关．细胞通过与其外部环境的机械传感(mechanosensing)来调节二型肌球蛋白的活动和肌球蛋白粗丝的相互作用,从而实现对细胞骨架网络重组(remodeling)的控制．当前对活体细胞内二型肌球蛋白的研究从实验测量到理论模型的建立之间还有不小距离,主要是因为直接测量会对细胞结构和生理活动产生影响,而间接测量不能得到肌球蛋白在细胞内活动的准确数据．因此本文提出利用新的免疫荧光显微图像分析技术,例如免疫荧光蛋白图像追踪和局部图像相关函数分析技术,分析HeLa细胞体内肌球蛋白在细胞骨架网络中的动态分布,总结出肌球蛋白主导的细胞骨架和张力纤维组装与分解过程中的基本动力学规律．图像分析结果说明：肌球蛋白纤维在细胞骨架网络构建过程中依次动态处于组装与分解状态,通过其粗丝相对旋转对齐与收缩产生张力以维持纤维束稳定,并形成有不同肌球蛋白和粘着斑数量与分布形态的三类稳定性肌动球蛋白网络,其稳定性和收缩力大小呈正相关、与所结合肌球蛋白数量密度成正比．     

肿瘤细胞内的细胞骨架(续)

Ⅶ、癌基因产物和细胞骨架 A.癌基因产物和粘着斑为了理解细胞转化作用诱导细胞骨架变化的机理,其发展最快的研究途径之一,可能就是观察不同的癌基因产物的行为和它们对细胞骨架的关系。pp60~(are)或RNA肿瘤病毒RSV的Src癌基因已被认为是与这种病毒转化的细胞中的表型改变有关(综述见参考文献201)。起初曾经指出,作为RSV病毒转化特点     

Vinculin is proteolyzed by calpain during platelet aggregation: 95 kDa cleavage fragment associates with the platelet cytoskeleton

The focal adhesion protein vinculin contributes to cell attachment and spreading through strengthening of mechanical interactions between cell cytoskeletal proteins and surface membrane glycoproteins. To investigate whether vinculin proteolysis plays a role in the influence vinculin exerts on the cytoskeleton, we studied the fate of vinculin in activated and aggregating platelets by Western blot analysis of the platelet lysate and the cytoskeletal fractions of differentially activated platelets. Vinculin was proteolyzed into at least three fragments (the major one being approximately 95 kDa) within 5 min of platelet activation with thrombin or calcium ionophore. The 95 kDa vinculin fragment shifted cellular compartments from the membrane skeletal fraction to the cortical cytoskeletal fraction of lysed platelets in a platelet aggregation-dependent manner. Vinculin cleavage was inhibited by calpeptin and E64d, indicating that the enzyme responsible for vinculin proteolysis is calpain. These calpain inhibitors also inhibited the translocation of full-length vinculin to the cytoskeleton. We conclude that cleavage of vinculin and association of vinculin cleavage fragment(s) with the platelet cytoskeleton is an activation response that may be important in the cytoskeletal remodeling of aggregating platelets.     

Changes in the phosphorylation and distribution of vinculin during nerve growth factor induced neurite outgrowth

The mechanism of neurite initiation and elongation was studied using nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of PC12 cells. The distribution of focal adhesion sites and of the cytoskeletal protein vinculin was determined in large, fused, multinucleated PC12 cells. In the absence of NGF, focal adhesion sites as seen by interference reflection microscopy were restricted to the cell periphery in a regular distribution. Vinculin assemblies (foci), observed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using affinity purified anti-vinculin antibodies, were restricted to the cell periphery at focal adhesion sites. Within 4 hr after NGF treatment of the cells, the distribution of both vinculin and focal adhesion sites began to change. Focal adhesion sites became restricted to discrete protruding portions of the cell periphery. Larger, brighter vinculin foci appeared at the tips of the cell margin extensions, concomitant with the loss of foci at locations between the protrusions. As neurites elongated focal adhesion sites and vinculin foci remained with the tips of the growth cone extensions. Both focal adhesion sites and vinculin foci were rarely seen in the perikarya of cells with elongating neurites, and these were always confined to extended portions of the cell body margin. Occasionally, vinculin foci could be seen at the proximal portion of the neurite, at bending elbows, and at discrete expansions along the length. By immunoprecipitation of vinculin from 32P-labeled cells, vinculin phosphorylation was found to be increased within 1 hr of NGF treatment. The role of vinculin phosphorylation and assembly in the formation and directional elongation of neuritic processes in response to NGF is discussed.     

The structure and regulation of vinculin

Vinculin is a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding protein frequently used as a marker for both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (focal adhesion) adherens-type junctions, but its function has remained elusive. Vinculin is made up of a globular head linked to a tail domain by a short proline-rich sequence, and an intramolecular interaction between the head and tail masks the numerous ligand-binding sites in the protein. Determination of the crystal structure of vinculin has shed new light on the way that these ligand-binding sites are regulated. The picture that emerges is one in which vinculin stabilizes focal adhesions and thereby suppresses cell migration, an effect that is relieved by transient changes in the local concentrations of inositol phospholipids. However, the finding that vinculin modulates the signalling pathways involved in apoptosis suggests that additional roles for vinculin remain to be discovered.     

Correlation between the interaction of the vinculin tail domain with lipid membranes,its phosphorylation and cell mechanical behaviour

Cell adhesion and cell–cell contacts are a pre‐requisite for proper metabolism, protein synthesis and cell survival. Integrins are the transmembrane receptors that link the extracellular matrix via the FAC (focal adhesion complex) with the cytoskeleton. Vinculin is a pivotal FAC protein that has not only been implicated in regulating FAC formation and transmitting mechanical forces, but also in associating with membranous lipids in biological systems.     

Actomyosin organization in stationary and migrating sheets of cultured human endothelial cells

We used immunofluorescence microscopy to study the organization of actin, myosin and vinculin in confluent endothelial cells and in cells migrating into an experimental wound and interference reflection microscopy to assess the cell-substratum adhesion pattern in these cells. In confluent stationary endothelial cell monolayers actin showed a distinct cell-to-cell organization. Myosin, on the other hand, was diffusely distributed and was clearly absent from cell peripheries. Vinculin was confined as linear arrays to cell-cell contact areas. Interference reflection microscopy revealed areas of close and distant adhesion but no focal adhesion sites in these cultures. Twelve hours after experimental wounding a distinct zone of advancing cells was seen at the wound edge. These cells showed a spreadout morphology and, in contrast to stationary cells, had a stress fibre-type organization of both actin and myosin. Vinculin was in the migrating cells seen as plaques at the ventral cell surface. In interference reflection microscopy numerous focal adhesions were seen. The results indicate that the actomyosin system forms the structural basis for monolayer organization of endothelial cells and responds by reorganization upon cell migration.     

Mechanical aspects of cell shape regulation and signaling

Physical forces play a critical role in cell integrity and development, but little is known how cells convert mechanical signals into biochemical responses. This mini-review examines potential molecular mediators like integrins, focal adhesion proteins, and the cytoskeleton in the context of a complex cell structure. These molecules-when activated by cell binding to the extracellular matrix-associate with the skeletal scaffold via the focal adhesion complex. Vinculin is presented as a mechanical coupling protein that contributes to the integrity of the cytoskeleton and cell shape control, and examples are given of how mechanical signals converge into biochemical responses through force-dependent changes in cell geometry and molecular mechanics.     

Focal contacts and the cytoskeleton

Cultured cells attach to the substratum by means of specialized domains of cell surface, called focal contacts. The inner side of the cell membrane is associated in these structures with cytoskeletal elements, while the outer side is connected with extracellular matrix. The present review describes both light and electron microscopic methods of studying the focal contacts and ultrastructure of adhesion plaque, that is the cytoskeletal domain of focal contact. The proteins of adhesion plaque and focal contact membranes are also characterized. The processes of the formation of focal contacts and their association with the bundles of actin microfilaments in normal cultured fibroblasts are described in detail. Association of focal contacts with other cytoskeletal elements microtubules and intermediate filaments is discussed. The neoplastic transformation induced changes of focal contact system and cytoskeletal structures associated with contact sites are described.     

Flow-induced focal adhesion remodeling mediated by local cytoskeletal stresses and reorganization

Cells respond to fluid shear stress through dynamic processes involving changes in actomyosin and other cytoskeletal stresses, remodeling of cell adhesions, and cytoskeleton reorganization. In this study we simultaneously measured focal adhesion dynamics and cytoskeletal stress and reorganization in MDCK cells under fluid shear stress. The measurements used co-expression of fluorescently labeled paxillin and force sensitive FRET probes of α-actinin. A shear stress of 0.74 dyn/cm² for 3 hours caused redistribution of cytoskeletal tension and significant focal adhesion remodeling. The fate of focal adhesions is determined by the stress state and stability of the linked actin stress fibers. In the interior of the cell, the mature focal adhesions disassembled within 35-40 min under flow and stress fibers disintegrated. Near the cell periphery, the focal adhesions anchoring the stress fibers perpendicular to the cell periphery disassembled, while focal adhesions associated with peripheral fibers sustained. The diminishing focal adhesions are coupled with local cytoskeletal stress release and actin stress fiber disassembly whereas sustaining peripheral focal adhesions are coupled with an increase in stress and enhancement of actin bundles. The results show that flow induced formation of peripheral actin bundles provides a favorable environment for focal adhesion remodeling along the cell periphery. Under such condition, new FAs were observed along the cell edge under flow. Our results suggest that the remodeling of FAs in epithelial cells under flow is orchestrated by actin cytoskeletal stress redistribution and structural reorganization.