毒死蜱与噻嗪酮、吡虫啉混用防治稻飞虱和二化螟田间试验

20 0 2年在安徽省庐江县 4次田间试验结果表明 ,防治 3代和 4代稻飞虱 (Sogatellafurcifera(Horvath)和Nilaparvatalugens(St l) ) ,667m2 用 48%毒死蜱乳油 41 67mL +1 0 %吡虫啉可湿性粉剂 2 0g的处理 7d后防治效果分别为 93 0 3 %和 92 67% ,毒死蜱 5 2 0 8mL +2 5 %噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂 5 0g分别为92 79%和 95 2 2 %。防治 2代和 3代二化螟Chilosuppressalis(Walker) ,667m2 用毒死蜱 41 67mL +吡虫啉2 0g的处理 1 6d后防治效果分别为 73 2 2 %和 80 43 % ,毒死蜱 5 2 0 8mL +噻嗪酮 5 0g分别为 76 81 %和84 80 %。建议交替轮换使用以上混剂及剂量 ,并掌握在稻飞虱低龄若虫高峰期和二化螟卵孵高峰期施药 ,可有效防治稻飞虱和二化螟。     

东、黄海春秋季小型底栖生物丰度和生物量研究

《北斗号》调查船分别于 2 0 0 0年 10月和 2 0 0 1年 4月在 2 6°N至 36°N,12 0°E至 12 6°30′E东、黄海陆架浅水区调查中进行了小型底栖生物的取样。研究表明 ,两个航次 (秋季、春季 )小型底栖生物的平均丰度分别为 6 5 4 .2 5± 4 4 1.72 ind/10 cm2 和342 .0 0± 2 5 2 .0 0 ind/10 cm- 2 ,平均生物量分别为 80 7.0 6± 5 17.89μg dwt/10 cm2 和 2 85 .2 5± 173.72μg dwt/10 cm2 ;平均生产量分别为 72 6 3.5 8± 4 6 6 4 .18μg dwt/(10 cm2· a)和 2 5 6 7.2 8± 15 6 3.5 0 μg dwt/(10 m2· a)。两个航次小型生物的平面分布类似 ,即高密度和高生物量区分布在水深等深浅 5 0 m左右的站位上 ,特别是在长江口以南的浙江沿海。共鉴定出 14个小型生物类群 ,按丰度自由生活海洋线虫是最优势的类群 ,秋、春季两个航次的优势度分别为 87.2 %和 91.2 %。其他优势类群依次为底栖桡足类、多毛类和动吻类 ;按生物量优势依次为多毛类 38.1%～ 5 4 .0 % ,线虫 2 8.3%～ 38.1%和桡足类 9.0 %～ 9.4 %。垂直分布的研究表明 ,91%的小型生物分布在 0～ 5 cm的表层内 ,线虫和桡足类分布在 0～ 2 cm的比例分别为 6 3%和 86 %。相关分析表明 ,小型底栖生物的数量分布与粘土含量 (% )、粉砂粘土含量 (% )和中值粒     

TUNEL法检测Cu~(2+)胁迫诱导的中国树花共生藻细胞的死亡

为了探讨铜离子胁迫对中国树花共生藻细胞毒害作用的机制及细胞死亡的原因,通过徒手切片,采用两种TUNEL检测法(Promega和Roche试剂盒)对2mmol/L和4mmol/L Cu~(2+)胁迫24h的中国树花地衣体共生藻细胞凋亡情况进行观察。结果表明:(1)伊文思蓝染色法检测结果显示,中国树花共生藻细胞活力在2和4mmol/L Cu~(2+)胁迫下显著降低,其细胞的死亡率随着Cu~(2+)浓度的提高和处理时间的延长而明显增加;(2)在2和4mmol/L Cu~(2+)胁迫条件下,中国树花共生藻细胞的TUNEL阳性细胞率在Promega试剂盒中检测结果分别为50.30%和31.21%,而在Roche试剂盒中共生藻细胞TUNEL阳性标记核分别为53.17%和36.88%,两种TUNEL检测法结果类似。(3)与伊文思蓝染色法检测的Cu~(2+)胁迫中国树花共生藻细胞活力相比,发现较低浓度的Cu~(2+)(2mmol/L)胁迫对地衣共生藻细胞的毒害作用可诱导启动细胞凋亡程序,而较高浓度的Cu~(2+)(4mmol/L)胁迫对地衣共生藻产生较严重的毒害则导致大部分细胞的坏死,只有极少数细胞出现细胞凋亡。(4)两种试剂盒均可用于较低浓度Cu~(2+)胁迫引起的地衣体共生藻细胞凋亡的检测;直接将徒手切片材料用于TUNEL细胞凋亡原位检测中也得到了较理想的结果,避免了制备石蜡切片的繁琐步骤,缩短实验时间,简化了实验流程。     

HILIC-MS/MS技术同时检测蛹虫草中虫草素、虫草酸、腺苷和肌苷含量的方法学

蛹虫草是我国具有极高药用价值的滋补中药材。对蛹虫草成分的含量进行准确的定性定量分析,可为相关产品质量控制、筛选高活性蛹虫草及进一步研究蛹虫草的功效提供技术手段。建立一种灵敏稳定的亲水作用色谱法-串联质谱(HILIC-MS/MS)方法,同时对蛹虫草中虫草素、虫草酸(D-甘露糖醇)、腺苷和肌苷的含量进行测定。研究发现其线性范围分别为0.02～5μg/mL(R~2=0.995 3)、0.2～50μg/mL(R~2=0.999 4)、0.002～0.5μg/mL(R~2=0.997 0)和0.002～0.5μg/mL(R~2=0.995 0)。采用HILIC-MS/MS技术,测定结果精密度小于10.0%,准确度在8.0%左右,具有较好的特异性、灵敏度和重现性。     

MMP14单克隆抗体对口腔鳞状细胞癌增殖、凋亡的影响

[目的]探究MMP14单克隆抗体对口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。[方法]构建MMP14敲低(Kd-TCa8113)、过表达(Kd-TCa8113)细胞株，与野生型TCa8113(Wt-TCa8113)对比，考察MMP14对TCa8113细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。用不同浓度的MMP14单克隆抗体与TCa8113共培养，以探讨MMP14单克隆抗体对TCa8113细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。[结果]以Wt-TCa8113为对照组，Kd-TCa8113组、Kd-TCa8113组的细胞培养48 h的增殖率分别为74.55%、114.79%,P均<0.05。流式细胞术结果显示，Wt-TCa8113、Kd-TCa8113和Oe-TCa8113培养48 h后的细胞凋亡率分别为3.47%±0.36%、33.68%±7.33%和1.60%±0.22%,P均<0.05。用50μg/mL、100μg/mL和200μg/mL浓度的抗体处理TCa8113细胞24 h后，以PBS处理组为对照，细胞增殖率分别为93.52%、90.75%和87.61%,P均<0.05。流式细胞术结果显示，PBS组和上述抗...     

珍珠菜提取物抗肿瘤作用的初步研究

观察灌服珍珠菜提取物对小鼠肉瘤 ( S1 80 )的抑制作用 ,用相同方法跟踪珍珠菜的抗肿瘤有效部位。用紫外分光光度法 ,观察了珍珠菜提取物对环磷酰胺造成骨髓抑制的保护作用 ;采用 MTT法观察不同浓度珍珠菜提取物对人白血病 HL - 6 0及 K 5 6 2细胞的体外抑制作用。结果表明珍珠菜浸膏 ( 40 0 0 m g/ kg· d)、石油醚部位 ( 2 0 0 m g/kg· d)、氯仿部位 ( 2 0 0 m g/ kg· d)、乙酸乙酯 ( 2 0 0 mg/ kg· d)部位、正丁醇部位 ( 2 0 0 mg/ kg· d)及水溶性部位 ( 2 0 0mg/ kg· d)对小鼠肉瘤 ( S1 80 )抑瘤率分别为 5 2 .74%,16 .5 1%,2 8.41%,42 .17%,48.2 1%,2 5 .2 4%;小鼠灌服环磷酰胺 ( 2 5 mg/ kg· d)能引起骨髓抑制而使骨髓中 DNA含量下降 ,如同时灌服珍珠菜浸膏 ( 2 0 0 0 m g/ kg· d)则可使小鼠骨髓 DNA含量恢复至接近正常水平 ;珍珠菜总黄酮提取物 ( 2 10μg/ m L )、乙酸乙酯部位 ( 180μg/ m L )、正丁醇部位 ( 2 10μg/ m L )作用 48h对 HL - 6 0细胞的抑制率分别为 35 .6 6 %,45 .85 %,42 .36 %;IC5 0分别为 92 .85 ,16 4.93,40 2 .6 1μg/ m L ;对 K5 6 2细胞抑制率为 5 9.94%,70 .34%,77.98%;IC5 0分别为 17.6 4,5 2 .5 3,6 4.70μg/ m L。因此 ,珍珠菜提取物对小鼠肉瘤 ( S180 )有显     

外来植物南美蟛蜞菊、裂叶牵牛和五爪金龙的光合特性

对南美蟛蜞菊、裂叶牵牛和五爪金龙的光合生理特性进行研究 ,结果表明 :(1) 3种植物都具有较强的 CO2 固定能力 ,南美蟛蜞菊的净光合速率峰值达 2 2 .1μm ol/ (m2 · s) ,高于裂叶牵牛 (17.2 μmol/ (m2 · s) )和五爪金龙 (18.6 μmol/ (m2 · s) ) ;(2 ) 3种植物光合速率、蒸腾速率的日进程曲线呈“双峰”型 ,气孔导度变化规律与蒸腾速率相似 ,在中午前后均出现一定程度的下降 ;(3)暗呼吸速率曲线呈单峰型 ,在中午时出现高峰 ,暗呼吸速率大小次序为 :五爪金龙 >裂叶牵牛 >南美蟛蜞菊。(4 )南美蟛蜞菊的光饱和点为 15 31μm ol/ (m2· s) ,光补偿点为 2 0 .0 μmol/ (m2· s) ,而裂叶牵牛的光饱和点 114 6 μmol/ (m2· s) ,光补偿点39.3μmol/ (m2· s) ;五爪金龙的光饱和点 12 6 1μmol/ (m2· s) ,光补偿点 4 4 .1μm ol/ (m2· s) ,3种植物都表现为喜阳植物的特性 ,且对弱光条件的适应力也较强 ,其中尤以南美蟛蜞菊的有效光合辐射范围最广 ,光量子利用效率较高 ,具有很强忍耐强光及适应阴生环境的能力。该项研究有助于解释南美蟛蜞菊生长迅速、生产力高、竞争性强的生物学特点     

抗坏血酸、表皮生长因子和促卵泡素对绵羊卵巢皮质体外培养的影响

本研究旨在评估抗坏血酸(VC)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、促卵泡素(FSH)对绵羊原始卵泡体外培养的影响以及它们之间的相互关系。实验按照2×2×2因子试验设计分为8组,分别为:MEM(对照组),MEM+VC(50μg/mL),MEM+EGF(100ng/mL),MEM+FSH(50ng/mL),MEM+VC+EGF,MEM+VC+FSH,MEM+EGF+FSH,MEM+VC+EGF+FSH。在培养0(未培养对照组)、2、6、12d后,对培养的卵巢皮质薄片进行组织学和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)检测以及透射电镜(TEM)观察。结果表明,与未培养组(发育卵泡比例15.4%±1.9%,正常卵泡比例88.2%±4.6%)比较,所有培养组中发育卵泡比例显著增加(P0.05),正常卵泡比例下降(P0.05)。培养12d后,与对照组(卵泡直径(34.5±3.3)μm,卵泡存活比例(38.9%±3.9%))比较,MEM+VC+FSH和MEM+EGF+FSH组中卵泡直径(分别为(39.7±3.4)μm和(42.5±5.1)μm)和卵泡存活比例(分别为58.5%±4.3%和59.3%±3.7%)都显著提高(P0.05);各处理组中,培养12d后,MEM+VC+EGF组中发育卵泡比例(49.3%±3.2%)和卵泡直径((32.3±2.3)μm)最低,颗粒细胞PCNA阳性卵泡比例(26.4%±1.2%)也最少,而MEM+VC+EGF+FSH组中卵泡存活率(59.7%±6.1%)和卵泡直径((42.5±5.1)μm)都显著增加(P0.05),颗粒细胞PCNA(43.5%±4.1%,P0.05)表达增加。电镜结果表明,VC+EGF+FSH组能够维持与正常卵泡类似的超微结构,而在MEM和MEM+VC+EGF组却显示不同程度的退化特征。本研究结果提示在培养中联合添加VC与EGF抑制卵泡的发育和生长,而联合添加VC、EGF和FSH可能是促进绵羊原始卵泡体外激活和生长,维持卵泡存活以及结构完整的最有效的处理手段之一。     

顺铂诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞凋亡模型的建立

目的:建立常见凋亡诱导剂顺铂(Cisplatin)诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)凋亡的模型,为进一步研究抗凋亡基因在细胞凋亡中的分子机理打下基础。方法:分别以不同浓度的顺铂处理Vero细胞48h,用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法、Gimesa染色、流式细胞术检测,观察处理后细胞的生长活力和凋亡情况。结果:以未处理的细胞作为对照组,1、2、3、4、5μg/mL的顺铂处理的Vero细胞生存率分别为(79.02±6.10)%、(68.84±4.42)%、(56.66±4.07)%、(46.83±3.76)%、(29.04±5.93)%(P<0.01);经顺铂诱导后细胞形态学发生明显改变,出现膜小泡和凋亡小体形成等凋亡细胞特征;流式细胞仪检测,0、1、2、3、4、5μg/mL的顺铂处理的Vero细胞后凋亡率分别为1.66%±0.19%、16.65%±1.26%、24.82%±1.03%、36.22%±1.04%、48.49%±1.24%、43.34%±1.17%(P<0.01)。结论:本实验成功建立顺铂诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞凋亡模型,将有助于进一步探讨目的基因在Vero细胞凋亡作用的的分子机制。     

曲霉属真菌Aspergillus clavatonanicus HNMF114的次生代谢产物及其抗菌活性研究

本文对一株来自中华紫蛤的附生真菌HNMF114进行次生代谢产物的研究。从中分离鉴定了1个新化合物和8个已知化合物。分别鉴定为clavatone(1)、cyclo(L-Trp-L-Trp)(2)、2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione (3)、clavatol(4)、kotanin(5)、orlandin(6)、desmethylkotanin(7)、(S)-2-(1-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one(8)、(S)-2-methyl-1-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)propyl acetate(9)。新化合物1对大肠杆菌的生长具有一定的抑制作用,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为2μg/mL。化合物4、9对金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑制作用,最小抑制浓度分别为1μg/mL和4μg/mL。化合物5对枯草芽孢杆菌有一定的抑制作用,最小抑制浓度分别为8μg/mL。化合物4、5和9对李斯特菌有一定的抑制作用,最小抑制浓度分别为4、4和8μg/mL。     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

The parasitic chytrid, Zygorhizidium, facilitates the growth of the cladoceran zooplankter, Daphnia, in cultures of the inedible alga, Asterionella

In food-web studies, parasites are often ignored owing to their insignificant biomass. We provide evidence that parasites may affect trophic transfer in aquatic food webs. Many phytoplankton species are susceptible to parasitic fungi (chytrids). Chytrid infections of diatoms in lakes may reach epidemic proportions during diatom spring blooms, so that numerous free-swimming fungal zoospores (2-3 microm in diameter) are produced. Analysis shows that these zoospores are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols (particularly cholesterol), which indicates that they provide excellent food for zooplankters such as Daphnia. In life-table experiments using the large diatom Asterionella formosa as food, Daphnia growth increased significantly in treatments where a parasite was present. By grazing on the zoospores, Daphnia acquired important supplementary nutrients and were able to grow. When large inedible algae are infected by parasites, nutrients within the algal cells are consumed by these chytrids, some of which, in turn, are grazed by Daphnia. Thus, chytrids transfer energy and nutrients from their hosts to zooplankton. This study suggests that parasitic fungi alter trophic relationships in freshwater ecosystems and may be the important components in shaping the community and the food-web dynamics of lakes.     

Parallelism,parsimony, and the phytogeny of the lemuridae

In spite of the increasing popularity of cladistic methods in studies of primate systematics, few authors have investigated the effects of parallel evolution when such methods are applied to empirical data. To counter the effects of parallelism, cladistic techniques rely on the principle of evolutionary parsimony. When parsimony procedures are used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Lemuridae, nine highly parsimonious phylogenies can be deduced. Further choice among these competing hypotheses of relationship is determined by the extent to which one embraces the parsimony principle. The phylogeny obtained by the most rigorous adherence to the parsimony principle is one which is wholly consistent with traditional evolutionary classifications of the Lemuridae. Moderate levels of parallelism can lead to the generation of several plausible, alternative phylogenetic hypotheses; less than 25% of the characters analyzed here need have evolved in parallel, yet they are largely responsible for the ambiguity of the nine different lemurid phylogenies. This suggests that phylogeny reconstructions based entirely on cladistic methods do not provide a suitable basis for the construction of classifications for groups such as the order Primates, where the degree of parallelism is likely to be quite high.     

Distribution of the chalcone,isosalipurposide, in the onagraceae

Isosalipurposide was present in 13 species and absent from 27 other species of the Onagraceae.     

Ethology, Natural History, the Life Sciences, and the Problem of Place

Investigators of animal behavior since the eighteenth century have sought to make their work integral to the enterprises of natural history and/or the life sciences. In their efforts to do so, they have frequently based their claims of authority on the advantages offered by the special places where they have conducted their research. The zoo, the laboratory, and the field have been major settings for animal behavior studies. The issue of the relative advantages of these different sites has been a persistent one in the history of animal behavior studies up to and including the work of the ethologists of the twentieth century. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Expression, localization, structural, and functional characterization of pFGE, the paralog of the Calpha-formylglycine-generating enzyme

pFGE is the paralog of the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), which catalyzes the oxidation of a specific cysteine to Calpha-formylglycine, the catalytic residue in the active site of sulfatases. The enzymatic activity of sulfatases depends on this posttranslational modification, and the genetic defect of FGE causes multiple sulfatase deficiency. The structural and functional properties of pFGE were analyzed. The comparison with FGE demonstrates that both share a tissue-specific expression pattern and the localization in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Both are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by a saturable mechanism. Limited proteolytic cleavage at similar sites indicates that both also share a similar three-dimensional structure. pFGE, however, is lacking the formylglycine-generating activity of FGE. Although overexpression of FGE stimulates the generation of catalytically active sulfatases, overexpression of pFGE has an inhibitory effect. In vitro pFGE interacts with sulfatase-derived peptides but not with FGE. The inhibitory effect of pFGE on the generation of active sulfatases may therefore be caused by a competition of pFGE and FGE for newly synthesized sulfatase polypeptides.