重庆楼梯草属一新组和三新种

描述了自重庆市江津区四面山发现的荨麻科楼梯草属的一新组和三新种：（1）雌伞楼梯草组Sect.Gynosciadion具一新种,雌伞楼梯草Elatostema femineocymosum,其特征为雌花序为3~4回分枝的聚伞花序,无花序托和总苞,根据这些特征可与楼梯草属的其他组相区别;（2）圆微叶楼梯草E.gyronanophyllum,与对叶楼梯草E.sinense H.Schr ter近缘,区别特征为此新种的叶较小,具较少二级脉,退化叶圆形或近圆形,雌总苞具12枚三角形苞片,雌花具2花被片,柱头扁球形;（3）正宇楼梯草E.zhengyuanum,与四面山楼梯草E.simianshanicum W.T.Wang近缘,区别特征在于新种的茎无毛,有时为营养茎,其叶片、钟乳体和托叶均较小,雌总苞的苞片呈倒披针状长圆形,在背面无鸡冠状突起。     

Distribution and habitat preferences of species within the genus Elaphoidella Chappuis, 1929 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in Slovenia

Twelve species of the harpacticoid genus Elaphoidella, most of them exclusively groundwater species, have been recorded in Slovenia (SE Europe). Their distribution and ecology are reviewed with the aim of evaluating distribution patterns, species preferences for groundwater habitats, ecological preferences and interactions with other copepod species at regional scale. Data on Elaphoidella species were obtained partly from the existing literature and partly from the author's (AB) own sampling campaigns carried out together with his co-workers. During the rich history of collecting copepods in Slovenia (from the 1920s to present), Elaphoidella species were recorded at 78 sampling sites altogether. The majority of collecting was conducted in the southern (Dinaric region) and north-western (Alpine region) Slovenia. The most intensively sampled habitats were porous aquifers of alluvial plains, springs in the karstic unsaturated zone and percolation water in caves. The highest species richness of Elaphoidella was recorded in the southern Slovenia, where 10 species were found. The strictly “Dinaric” species are E. charon, E. franci, E. karstica, E. stammeri, E. sp. 1 and E. sp. 2, while E. phreatica and E. bidens were found exclusively in the north-western Slovenia. From the latest data on the copepod distributions (2002–2004), where the environmental characteristics of sampling sites were also measured, the relationship between selected environmental characteristics of the habitats and the presence of Elaphoidella species was analysed. The distribution of Elaphoidella species in Slovenia was found to be related with the region, habitat type, altitude, conductivity and pH of the water.     

First fossil fruits of Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) in East Asia: Implications for phytogeography and paleoecology

The genus Elaeocarpus contains approximately 360 species and occurs in mesic forest communities from India, through to China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and New Caledonia. Elaeocarpus fossils are best known from the Eocene to the Miocene of Australia and the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene of India, but have not been documented from East Asia before. Here we describe six new species of Elaeocarpus, E. nanningensis sp. nov. from the late Oligocene Yongning Formation of the Nanning Basin, E. presikkimensis sp. nov. from the Miocene Erzitang Formation of the Guiping Basin, E. prerugosus sp. nov., E. prelacunosus sp. nov., E. preserratus sp. nov., and E. preprunifolioides sp. nov. from the late Miocene Foluo Formation of the Nankang Basin in Guangxi, South China. This is the first reliable report for the genus occurring in East Asia, and the fossils indicate that Elaeocarpus had colonized this region by the late Oligocene and represented by a morphologically diverse group of species by the late Miocene. This sheds new insights into the timing and migration patterns of the genus in East Asia. Elaeocarpus is typically a rainforest genus occurring in mesic forests. Based on the habitat of their morphologically similar modern relatives we propose that these three sedimentary basins were warm and wet adjacent to mountainous regions with the evergreen or rain forests during the late Oligocene to Miocene.     

Two Taenia species found in Japan, with new distribution record of Taenia polyacantha Leuckart, 1856 (Cestoda: Taeniidae)

In an epidemiological survey for Echinococcus multilocularis in rodents and insectivores from the northernmost part of the central mainland of Japan (Honshu), two taeniid species, Taenia crassiceps and Taenia polyacantha, were found in Microtus montebelli and Apodemus argenteus, respectively. The latter is the first record of distribution in Japan, and the former is the second after its first recovery from the central part of Japan. Although we have found neither larval nor strobilar stage of E. multilocularis there, discovery of these taeniid species, having overlapping global distribution with E. multilocularis in red foxes, Vulpes vulpes as well as multiple occurrences of hydatid patients having no history of visits to the endemic areas shows the possibility that the life-cycle of E. multilocularis might be maintained at least in the northernmost part of Honshu.     

Genetic characterization and phylogenetic position of Echinococcus felidis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the African lion

Echinococcus felidis had been described in 1937 from African lions, but was later included in Echinococcus granulosus as a subspecies or a strain. In the absence of any genetic characterization, most previous records of this taxon from a variety of large African mammals remained unconfirmed due to the lack of diagnostic criteria and the possible confusion with the sympatric E. granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus ortleppi and Echinococcus canadensis. In this study, we obtained taeniid eggs from lion feces in Uganda and amplified DNA from individual eggs. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences showed similarities with those of other Echinococcus spp., but high values of percentage divergence of mitochondrial genes indicated the presence of a distinct species. In a second step, we compared this material with the preserved specimens of adult E. granulosus felidis, which had been identified morphologically approximately 40 years ago in South Africa. All DNA fragments (<200 bp) that could be amplified from the adults showed 100% similarity with the Ugandan material. In the phylogenetic tree of Echinococcus which was constructed from the mitochondrial genes, E. felidis is positioned as a sister taxon of E. granulosus sensu stricto. The data obtained will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools necessary to study the epidemiology of this enigmatic parasite.     

Emericella venezuelensis, a new species with stellate ascospores producing sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1

Emericella venezuelensis is a new species, differing from two other species with stellate ascospores, E. variecolor and E. pluriseminata, by triangular flaps on the convex sides of the ascospores, and further from E. variecolor by producing an Aspergillus anamorph only on unconventional growth media. The three species also differ in their profiles of extrolites (secondary metabolites). Emericella venezuelensis produces aflatoxin B₁, sterigmatocystin, and terrein and compounds with chromophores of the shamixanthone, emerin and desertorin type of compounds. E. variecolor produces asteltoxin, shamixanthone, asperthecin, and terrein, in addition to metabolites unequivocally recorded in the literature or tentatively identified here as astellolide A & B, andibenin A, B, C, andilesin A, B, C, anditomin, astellatol, stellatic acid, stellatin, tajixanthone, radixanthone, najamxanthone, ajamxanthone, variecoxanthone A, B, C, isoemericellin, kojic acid, varitriol, varioxiran, dihydroterrein, 7-hydroxyemodin, avariquinone and stromemycin. E. pluriseminata produces several unknown specific extrolites. E. venezuelensis is the first organism of marine origin reported to produce aflatoxin. Aflatoxin production by E. venezuelensis makes this species an attractive model organism for the study of the regulation of this important type of carcinogenic mycotoxins in combination with the knowledge on sterigmatocystin production by E. nidulans, soon to be whole genome sequenced. The isolates were also analyzed cladistically using partial sequences of the β-tubulin gene. Since three species of Emericella have stellate ascospores, and the type material of E. variecolor is equivocal, this species is epitypified with CBS 598.65. Emericella species normally do not appear to cause problems for food safety, as they are most often found in litter and soil.     

不同大花类群淫羊藿属植物的花部特征及生殖特征研究

淫羊藿是我国重要的草本植物,在中药、功能性食品和园林观赏等领域都具有重要用途,受地域差异性影响,淫羊藿属植物的植株形态、花部特征、开花物候和生殖特征各不相同。本研究对四川不同产地野生种群大花类淫羊藿（巫山淫羊藿、粗毛淫羊藿和宝兴淫羊藿）的开花动态、花部特征、访花昆虫与繁殖系统进行了对比研究。结果表明：（1）3种淫羊藿属植物的开花期较为集中,巫山淫羊藿和粗毛淫羊藿的花期为3月下旬～4月下旬,单花花期均为3～4 d;宝兴淫羊藿的花期为4月中旬～5月中旬,单花花期5～6 d;（2）膜翅目和双翅目昆虫为3种淫羊藿属植物的有效访花者,有效访花者访花特性与花部特征之间具有明显的相关性;（3）3种淫羊藿属植物的花序、花和果实的数量受所处环境影响较大,自然结实率：巫山淫羊藿>宝兴淫羊藿>粗毛淫羊藿;温度和光照是最主要的影响因子。     

关于我国粗糠树学名订正

粗糠树是紫草科厚壳村亚科厚壳树属植物,广布于我国长江以南及台湾,在西藏、青海、甘肃及陕西也有少量分布。学名通常采用E.dicksoniHance (1862),标式标本采自湖北。     

Nutritional value of brine shrimp cysts as a factitious food for Orius laevigatus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)

Decapsulated cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana were assessed as a factitious food for rearing the anthocorid predator Orius laevigatus. Developmental and reproductive traits of O. laevigatus reared for a single generation on A. franciscana from three geographical locations or on gamma-irradiated eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella were compared. There was no effect of diet on nymphal survival but nymphal period on E. kuehniella eggs (12.2 days) was 0.7-1.6 days shorter than on the Artemia diets. The predator developed 0.5-1 day faster on cysts from San Francisco Bay (USA) than on cysts from Great Salt Lake (USA) or Macau (Brazil). Fecundity on brine shrimp cysts from different locations was similar to that on flour moth eggs (142-187 eggs/female). The biochemical composition of decapsulated cysts from San Francisco Bay was compared with that of E. kuehniella eggs. Depending on the type of analysis, Artemia cysts contained higher or similar amounts of protein as compared with E. kuehniella eggs, but amino acid patterns were generally similar. Flour moth eggs were almost three times richer in fatty acids than brine shrimp cysts, with some marked differences in fatty acid profiles. Because nutrient imbalances in a diet may be expressed only after several generations of rearing, the predator was cultured for three consecutive generations on A. franciscana cysts from San Francisco Bay. In the third generation on brine shrimp cysts, nymphs took 18% longer to develop, and adults were shorted-lived and about 60% less fecund than those maintained on E. kuehniella eggs. Brine shrimp cysts may be used as a supplement in the mass production of O. laevigatus but may not be a suitable food for long-term culturing of the predator.     

The genes encoding cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit homologues of the microsporidia Encephalitozoon intestinalis and E. cuniculi: molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis

A gene encoding a protein kinase was identified by homology-based PCR amplification in Encephalitozoon intestinalis, a microsporidian parasite pathogenic to humans, and its orthologue has been identified by database mining in the genome of the related species E. cuniculi, whose sequence has been recently published. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the proteins encoded by these genes are homologues of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunits (PKAc). Southern blot analysis indicated that the EiPKAc gene is present in two copies in the E. intestinalis genome, whereas the E. cuniculi orthologue (EcPKAc) is a single copy gene. RT-PCR data showed that the EiPKAc gene is expressed in at least one of the intracellular stages during infection of the mammalian host cell by E. intestinalis.     

Phylogenetic relationships and the maternal donor of Roegneria (Triticeae: Poaceae) based on three nuclear DNA sequences (ITS,Acc1, and Pgk1) and one chloroplast region (trnL-F)

Roegneria is a polyploid perennial genus in the tribe Triticeae. Some species of Roegneria are morphologically similar to genus Elymus and have been classified in Elymus. To investigate the delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of Roegneria, nuclear (ITS, Acc1, and Pgk1) and chloroplast (trnL–trnF) DNA regions were sequenced for 38 allopolyploid species and 32 diploid species of Triticeae. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear DNA revealed that all Roegneria species were included in the St and Y genome clades, and that the Y genome was closely related to the V and Xp genomes. The chloroplast DNA dataset showed that Roegneria species were grouped with Pseudoroegneria species. The Pseudoroegneria species from the Middle East (P. libanotica and P. tauri) and Central Asia (P. strigosa) were more closely related to Roegneria species. The results suggested that: (i) the species containing the St and Y genomes should be segregated from Elymus and treated as a distinct genus, Roegneria, based on the genomic constitution; (ii) P. libanotica, P. tauri, and/or P. strigosa potentially served as the maternal donor of the St genome in Roegneria; (iii) The Y genome of Roegneria originated from a diploid Y genome species, and the V and Xp genomes may have contributed to Y genome formation; (iv) among Roegneria species of previously uncertain genomic constitution, R. seriotina was tetraploid and possessed the StY genomes, E. calcicolus was hexaploid with the StYH genomic constitution and should be classified in Campeiostachys, R. glaucifolia possessed the StStY genomes, and R. tschimganica had the genomic constitution St₁St₂Y.     

Monogenea of Arabian Gulf fishes. 1. Descriptions of three Capsala spp. (Capsalidae) including Capsala naffari n. sp. infecting mackerel tuna Euthynnus affinis from coasts of Emirates

Three species of the genus Capsala including Capsala naffari n. sp., C. neothunni (Yamaguti, 1968) and C. nozawae (Goto, 1894) are recorded and described from the buccal cavity of mackerel tuna Euthynnus affinis caught from Emirate coasts. Capsala naffari can be differentiated by its lateral spiniform teeth, which extend posteriorly, small measurements compared with the closely resembled C. gotoi and relatively large testes. This is the first record of the genus Capsala from Arabian Gulf fishes and E. affinis is a new host record.     

青海高原披碱草属种间天然杂种的细胞学鉴定

利用重复序列探针染色体荧光原位杂交（FISH）和基因组原位杂交（GISH）技术,对采自青海高原披碱草属种间天然杂种进行细胞学鉴定,同时结合物种分布及形态学特征,共揭示6种不同天然杂种的类型。第一类为垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb.）和鹅观草属（Roegneria C.Koch）物种间的天然杂种,染色体数为35,染色体组成为StStYYH;第二类为垂穗披碱草和达乌力披碱草种（Elymus dahuricus Turcz.ex Griseb.）间杂种,染色体数为42,染色体组成为StStHHYY;第三类为达乌力披碱草和老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus L.）种间杂种,染色体数为35,染色体组成为StStHHY;第四类为垂穗披碱草和糙毛以礼草（Kengilia hirsuta Keng）种间杂种,染色体数为42,染色体组成为StStYYHP;第五类为垂穗披碱草和大颖草（Kengilia grandiglumis Keng）种间杂种,染色体数为42,染色体组成为StStYYHP;第六类为糙毛以礼草和赖草（Leymus secalinus（Georgi） Tzvel.）种间杂种,染色体数为35,染色体组成为StYPNsXm。研究结果为进一步研究披碱草属种间杂交渐渗提供了重要参考资料;同时鉴定出的天然杂种可以作为潜在的种质资源在牧草或生态草育种中加以利用。     

云南省可培养丝孢真菌资源的调查研究

本文报道曲霉属及其相关的有性型属、即散囊菌属和裸胞壳属的分类群共15个,其中新变种1个,我国新记录3个。它们是：日本曲霉小囊变种(新变种),赭曲霉,蜂蜜曲霉,孔曲霉,埋藏曲霉(新记录),佩特曲霉(新记录)、亮白曲霉,阿姆斯特丹散囊菌,谢瓦散囊菌,腊叶散囊菌,赤散囊菌,匍匐散囊菌原变种,构巢裸胞壳,无冠裸胞壳和刺孢裸胞壳(新记录)。     

A new species of Acaenodera (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) parasitizing Conger orbignyanus (Pisces: Congridae) from the coasts of Argentina

A new species, Acaenodera spinosior, is described based on specimens collected from the intestine of Conger orbignyanus Valenciennes (Pisces: Congridae) caught in waters off Mar del Plata (38°08′S, 57°32′W), Argentina. Five of 36 congers examined were parasitized (prevalence: 13.9%, mean intensity: 2.6 ± 1.52, range: 1–5). The new species is distinguished from its only congener, Acaenodera placophora Manter and Pritchard, 1960, a parasite of congers off Hawaii, by its larger size, lacking eyespots, and exhibiting a greater number of circumoral, mid-ventral and lateral spines. This is the first record of Acaenodera Manter and Pritchard, 1960 in Atlantic waters.     

Aggression among sea urchins on Caribbean coral reefs

The existence and nature of intra- and interspecific aggression were examined for five species of sea urchins inhabiting Caribbean coral reefs. The studies took place in the San Blas Islands of Panama and involved the following species: Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus), E. viridis Agassiz, Diadema antillarum Phillipi, Lytechinus williamsi Chesher, and Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). An intruder was placed next to an undisturbed resident and the behaviors and responses of both individuals were followed. All pairwise combinations of resident species and intruder species were tested except for combinations involving D. antillarum as intruder.

For E. viridis and E. lucunter, agonistic interactions occurred commonly (46–79% of trials) between conspecifics and congeners. Almost all of the agonistic encounters involved pushing. Additionally, biting occurred in 8–25 % of the trials. Residents were most often the aggressors and usually succeeded in retaining their location. Intruders only succeeded in forcing residents out of their positions if the intruder was equal to or larger in size than the resident. Surveys of an undisturbed population of E. viridis during the daytime indicated that 16% of the individuals were engaged in intraspecific agonistic interactions at any one time.

D. antillarum exhibited biting behavior against both species of Echinometra in 23–24% of the trials. Biting attacks against L. williamsi and E. tribuloides occurred rarely. L. williamsi only once demonstrated pushing behavior and never was observed biting another sea urchin. E. tribuloides occasionally exhibited pushing and biting behaviors, both as residents and as intruders, and was twice observed biting Echinometra.

These studies suggest that two kinds of agonistic interactions may commonly occur among Caribbean reef-dwelling sea urchins: (1) intraspecific and interspecific aggression among Echinometra, and (2) predatory/aggressive attacks against Echinometra by D. antillarum. The former may result in greater dispersion of Echinometra relative to food and shelter resources and control the spatial distribution and concentration of Echinometra grazing pressure within an area. The attacks by D. antillarum may result in the restriction to, or higher densities of, Echinometra in crevices and rugose microhabitats that provide shelter from the larger-bodied D. antillarum.     

Industrial production of (R)-1,3-butanediol by new biocatalysts

We have developed the economical and convenient biocatalytic process for the preparation of (R)-1,3-butanediol (BDO) by stereo-specific microbial oxido-reduction on an industrial scale. (R)-1,3-BDO is an important chiral synthon for the synthesis of various optically active compounds such as azetidinone derivatives lead to penem and carbapenem antibiotics.

We studied on two approaches to obtain (R)-1,3-BDO. The first approach was based on enzyme-catalyzed asymmetric reduction of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone; the second approach was based on enantio-selective oxidation of the undesired (S)-1,3-BDO in the racemate. As a result of screening for yeasts, fungi and bacteria, the enzymatic resolution of racemic 1,3-BDO by the Candida parapsilosis IFO 1396, which showed differential rates of oxidation for two enantiomers, was found to be the most practical process to produce (R)-1,3-BDO with high enantiomeric excess and yield.

We characterized the (S)-1,3-BDO dehydrogenase purified from a cell-free extract of C. parapsilosis. This enzyme was found to be a novel secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (CpSADH). We have attempted to clone and characterize the gene encoding CpSADH and express it in Escherichia coli. The CpSADH activity of a recombinant E. coli strain was more than two times higher than that of C. parapsilosis. The production yield of (R)-1,3-BDO from the racemate increased by using the recombinant E. coli strain. Interestingly, we found that the recombinant E. coli strain catalyzed the reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxo-butanoate to ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hyroxy-butanoate with high enantiomeric excess.