IκB激酶研究进展

NFκB是一类具有重要生理功能的转录因子,能调节许多细胞基因的表达,在细胞的生理活动中具有重要作用。在静息细胞中,NFκB以无活性的形式存在于胞质中。受信号刺激后,NFκB被激活。IκB激酶在NFκB激活中起着重要作用。介绍了IκB激酶的组成、活性调控及生理功能 。     

TNFα诱导激活NF-κB上调抑癌基因CDKN2B表达

NF-κB通过转录调控其靶基因,在肿瘤发生发展和精准治疗中起关键作用。过表达抑癌基因细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂2B（CDKN2B）可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖并诱导凋亡,但是否受NF-κB调节尚无报道。本文发现,NF-κB直接结合并上调CDKN2B基因：在TNFα处理的HeLa细胞内,CDKN2B的基因区覆盖大量NF-κB结合峰,其中富集倍数大于20的结合峰有14个。TRANSFAC软件分析发现,NF-κB结合峰内包含大量经典的κB位点。ChIP-qPCR证明,TNFα诱导NF-κB结合CDKN2B基因。将NF-κB结合峰中心区DNA片段插入荧光素酶报告基因载体中,发现该DNA片段的插入使荧光素酶相对活性上调至7.88倍,TNFα处理又使其相对活性提高到2.37倍,且NF-κB/p65 siRNA显著干扰其相对活性的升高。免疫荧光检测显示,TNFα诱导激活NF-κB进入细胞核,而NF-κB/p65 siRNA阻止它入核。此结果提示,我们成功构建了具有NF-κB转录活性差异的细胞模型,qPCR检测两个已知的NF-κB靶基因NFKB2和STAT5A的表达,进一步验证该细胞模型构建成功。利用此细胞模型,发现受TNFα诱导激活的NF-κB,能够上调CDKN2B基因。总之,本文发现抑癌基因CDKN2B是NF-κB新的靶基因,NF-κB直接结合并上调CDKN2B基因在转录水平的表达。本研究为抑癌基因CDKN2B的抗肿瘤应用奠定了基础。     

SIRT1 longevity factor suppresses NF‐κB ‐driven immune responses: regulation of aging via NF‐κB acetylation?

The aging process involves changes in immune regulation, i.e. adaptive immunity declines whereas innate immunity becomes activated. NF-kappaB signaling is the master regulator of the both immune systems. Two recent articles highlight the role of the NF-kappaB system in aging and immune responses. Adler et al showed that the NF-kappaB binding domain is the genetic regulatory motif which is most strongly associated with the aging process. Kwon et al studying HIV-1 infection and subsequent immune deficiency process demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat protein binds to SIRT1 protein, a well-known longevity factor, and inhibits the SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of the p65 component of the NF-kappaB complex. As a consequence, the transactivation efficiency of the NF-kappaB factor was greatly potentiated, leading to the activation of immune system and later to the decline of adaptive immunity. These observations support the scenario where immune responses and aging process can be enforced by the potentiation of NF-kappaB transactivation efficiency. Longevity factors, such as SIRT1 and its activators, might regulate the efficiency of the NF-kappaB signaling, the major outcome of which is inflamm-aging via proinflammatory responses.     

Single TNF<Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis> trimers mediating NF-<Emphasis Type="Italic">κ</Emphasis> B activation: stochastic robustness of NF-<Emphasis Type="Italic">κ</Emphasis> B signaling

Background  

The NF-κB regulatory network controls innate immune response by transducing variety of pathogen-derived and cytokine stimuli into well defined single-cell gene regulatory events.     

胰岛素蛋白质工程;[B9Glu,B10Asp]人胰岛素

用缺口双链ＤＮＡ的定向突变方法分别将胰岛素Ｂ链第９和第１０位的Ｓｅｒ和Ｈｉｓ改变为Ｇｌｕ和Ａｓｐ,获得「Ｂ９Ｇｌｕ,Ｂ１０Ａｓｐ」人胰岛素。其受体结合能力为猪胰岛素的３４．４％,而体内活力与猪胰岛素基本相同     

Correction to: Plastome phylogenomics of Allaeanthus,Broussonetia and Malaisia (Dorstenieae,Moraceae) and the origin of B. × kazinoki

Journal of Plant Research -     

抑制LRP16基因的表达显著下调TNF-α介导的NF-κB转录活性

LRP16是1个雌激素(E2)通过其受体α(ERα)诱导表达的靶基因.研究表 明,LRP16可以作为多种核受体（包括AR、ERα）的转录共激活因子.采用荧光素酶报 告检测显示,抑制LRP16基因表达显著削弱了TNF-α(10 ng/mL)介导的NF-κB转录活性;采用免疫荧光和Western印迹法研究抑制LRP16对NF-κB/p65亚基核转位的影响,结果显示,抑制LRP16表达并不能参与影响p65亚基核转位．上述结果提示,LRP16可能以核激活因子角色参与了NF-κB介导的信号途径．RT-PCR实验检测抑制LRP16基因表达对TNF-α诱导NF-κB靶基因调控作用,检测的靶基因包括IκB、A20、IL-8、 FLIP、XIAP.结果表明,在这些靶基因中只有XIAP、cIAP2产生了明显的下调趋势. 因此,LRP16是NF-κB的1个共激活因子,通过调控NF-κB与靶基因的结合能力,从而增强了NF-κB的转录活性.     

转录因子NF-κB的研究现状及其应用前景

NF-κB(nuclear factor kappa B)作为一组重要的转录因子,由Rel/NF-κB家族成员组成。通常其以与抑制蛋白IκB相结合的非活性状态贮存于细胞质中。在有效刺激的作用下,NF-κB可通过信号转导途径被激活,得以进入细胞核并发挥功能。NF-κB可对相当多数量的基因发挥中心性转录调节作用。NF-κB调节障碍与炎症、肿瘤等多种疾病的发生密切相关。但在另一些情况下,NF-κB的激活可阻遏疾病的发展。以NF-κB为靶点,抑制其不恰当的活性与功能,可能成为相关疾病治疗的有效措施。随着对NF-κB研究的深入,将其作为新靶点,对于新药设计与相关疾病的治疗,将具有光明的前景。     

Multiplicity of B microchromosomes in a siberian population of mice <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apodemus peninsulae</Emphasis> (2<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis> = 48 + 4–30 B chromosomes)

Differentiation of four Siberian populations of East-Asian (Korean) field mice (Apodemus peninsulae) inhabiting the basin of the mid-stream of the Yenisei River was carried out according to the variants of the B chromosome system. A multiplicity of B microchromosomes (from 4 to 30) was found for the first time in all 26 mice from the left shore of the Yenisei River in the mid-stream area. All of them probably belong to a population with B microchromosomes. It is likely that in this population further reorganization of B microchromosomes into B macrochromosomes typical of this species does not occur. Two mice from this population had a large number of B chromosomes (26) earlier not observed in this species. In one mouse, the modal number of B microchromosomes was 30. This is a new maximum number of B chromosomes in this mouse species.     

The effect of NBD-Cl in nucleotide-binding of the major subunit α and B of the motor proteins F<Subscript>1</Subscript>F<Subscript>O</Subscript> ATP synthase and A<Subscript>1</Subscript>A<Subscript>O</Subscript> ATP synthase

Subunit α of the Escherichia coli F₁F_O ATP synthase has been produced, and its low-resolution structure has been determined. The monodispersity of α allowed the studies of nucleotide-binding and inhibitory effect of 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) to ATP/ADP-binding. Binding constants (K _d ) of 1.6 μM of bound MgATP-ATTO-647N and 2.9 μM of MgADP-ATTO-647N have been determined from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy data. A concentration of 51 μM and 55 μM of NBD-Cl dropped the MgATP-ATTO-647N and MgADP-ATTO-647N binding capacity to 50% (IC₅₀), respectively. In contrast, no effect was observed in the presence of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. As subunit α is the homologue of subunit B of the A₁A_O ATP synthase, the interaction of NBD-Cl with B of the A-ATP synthase from Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 has also been shown. The data reveal a reduction of nucleotide-binding of B due to NBD-Cl, resulting in IC₅₀ values of 41 μM and 42 μM for MgATP-ATTO-647N and MgADP-ATTO-647N, respectively.     

An Empirical Potential Study of the Interaction of L—;Lysine—;L—;Alanine—;L—;Alanine Tripeptide with Four models of B—;DNA with different Compositions

Abstract

The empirical potential including the intra- and intermolecular energy terms was used to study the interaction of L-Lysine-L-Alanine-L-Alanine Tripeptide with four models of B-DNA with different compositions. On the basis of a detailed search of the respective potential energy surface, it was found that the peptide is preferentially bounded to the AT-rich sequences. Analysis of the different energy contributions indicated that the electrostatic term is responsible for this preference. The results agree with the experimental data on the selectivity of some DNA—binding proteins and polypeptides to AT—;rich DNA.     

Radioreceptor Assay for α;-Msh Using Mouse B16 Melanoma Cells

Abstract

A radioreceptor assay for α;-MSH is described which is based on cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells and bioactive monoiodinated [Nle⁴]-α;-MSH tracer. The assay was used (1) to study the binding characteristics of α;-MSH to B16 cells, (2) to determine the relative binding activity of MSH peptides, and (3) to measure MSH in tissue extracts. The association of α;-MSH to B16 cells reached a stable plateau after 3 h at 15°C. At 25° or 37°C, the binding was transient and at 0-1°C, the association was very slow. The hormone-receptor complex was relatively stable between 0° and 15°C whereas a 50% dissociation was reached after 90 min at 25°C and after 35 min at 37°C. The mean K_D for α;-MSH of four saturation experiments was 1.3 nM and the number of receptors 9570 per cell. 1,10-Phenanthroline had a stabilizing effect in the binding assay when used at a 0.3 mM concentration. From the MSH peptides tested in the binding assay, some showed similar potencies in three bioassays (tyrosinase, melanin and Anolis skin), whereas others displayed considerably     

Electronic and optical properties of C<Subscript>24</Subscript>, C<Subscript>12</Subscript>X<Subscript>6</Subscript>Y<Subscript>6</Subscript>, and X<Subscript>12</Subscript>Y<Subscript>12</Subscript> (X = B,Al and Y = N,P)

Utilizing first-principles calculations, we studied the electronic and optical properties of C₂₄, C₁₂X₆Y₆, and X₁₂Y₁₂ fullerenes (X?=?B, Al; Y?=?N, P). These fullerenes are energetically stable, as demonstrated by their negative cohesive energies. The energy gap of C₂₄ may be tuned by doping, and the B₁₂N₁₂ fullerene was found to have the largest energy gap. All of the fullerenes had finite optical gaps, suggesting that they are optical semiconductors, and they strongly absorb UV radiation, so they could be used in UV light protection devices. They could also be used in solar cells and LEDs due to their low reflectivities.

Open image in new window

Graphical abstract Possible applications of doped C₂₄ fullerene

     

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 impairs NF-κB activation in human naïve B cells

1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (calcitriol), the bioactive metabolite of vitamin D, modulates the activation and inhibits IgE production of anti-CD40 and IL-4 stimulated human peripheral B cells. Engagement of CD40 results in NF-κB p50 activation, which is essential for the class switch to IgE. Herein, we investigated by which mechanism calcitriol modulates NF-κB mediated activation of human naïve B cells. Naïve B cells were predominantly targeted by calcitriol in comparison with memory B cells as shown by pronounced induction of the VDR target gene cyp24a1. Vitamin D receptor activation resulted in a strongly reduced p105/p50 protein and mRNA expression in human naïve B cells. This effect is mediated by impaired nuclear translocation of p65 and consequently reduced binding of p65 to its binding site in the p105 promoter. Our data indicate that the vitamin D receptor reduces NF-κB activation by interference with NF-κB p65 and p105. Thus, the vitamin D receptor inhibits costimulatory signal transduction in naïve B cells, namely by reducing CD40 signaling.