Geographic distribution of halictid bees of the subfamilies Rophitinae and Nomiinae (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) in the Palaearctic

The distribution of halictid bees of the subfamilies Rophitinae and Nomiinae in the Palaearctic is analyzed based on the scheme of zoogeographic subdivision proposed by A.F. Emeljanov (1974). The species composition of the regional and subregional faunas is compared and the lists of Rophitinae and Nomiinae for these areas are given. The characteristic features of the regional faunas are discussed. The types of ranges of Rophitinae and Nomiinae in the entire Palaearctic are designated. A new replacement name Dufourea wuyanruae nom. n. is proposed for Halictoides (Halictoides) longicornis Wu, 1982 [non D. (Cephalictoides) longicornis (Warncke, 1979a)].     

Provinciality as the main principle in biogeographic regionalization

Methods of biogeographic regionalization are discussed. One of these methods is ranging of different territories based on three principles: zonality, sectorality, and provinciality. This primary type of regionalization, established in classical biogeography by P.L. Sclater (1858) and A.R. Wallace (1876), was widely used in phytogeography and zoogeography of insects starting from A.P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky (1936) and developed for the Palaearctic by A.F. Emeljanov (1974). Zonality and sectorality are constructive principles associated with the biospheric abiotic factors and determining the boundaries of major biogeographic entities (not provinces). Provinciality is considered the main principle of biogeography because the province has a predicative status with faunistic substantiation at the species level. Species of a certain provincial fauna can be combined in a group with a particular habitus which may be taken as a characteristic biogeographic “fashion,” or a province-specific style. Examples of such provincial styles for Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera) and Tephritidae (Diptera) are discussed. These styles can be used for biogeographic indication in parallel with individual indicatory species.     

Macrozoobenthos of two different catchment areas of the tatra mountain lakes with a special reference on the effects of acidification

The structure of macrozoobenthos of two different high-mountain Tatra lakes, namely Starolesnianske pleso (strongly acidified) and Ni?né Terianske pleso (reference site) is described. The latter is characterised by a large catchment and total area, and is relatively deep with strong inlet and outlet. It is not affected by acidification. Univoltine species of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies dominate in the littoral, mainly scrapers. Predators are represented by stoneflies. Shredders dominate in the lake outlet. From the zoogeographic point of view, Carpathian endemites and Central European species prevail. Forty percent of species are sensitive to acidification. The former has a smaller catchment and total area, and is relatively shallow, without inlet. It is strongly affected by acidification. Semivoltine species, mainly predators (beetles) and shredders prevail. From the zoogeographic point of view Palaearctic species dominate. Species sensitive to acidification are missing. Emergence of water insects has two peaks during spring and fall circulation.     

Analysis of insect distribution in the Northern Hemisphere by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera,Arctiidae). 2. Species level

An attempt is made to apply cluster analysis to comparison of local faunas in the Northern Hemisphere at the species level by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). A total of 200 North African, Eurasian (New Guinea inclusive), and North American (north of the United Mexican States) local faunas have been considered. It is found that the circumarctic fauna is clearly separated from the Palearctic and Nearctic ones, being closer to the former only at the level of genera. Therefore, it is not reasonable to recognize the united European-Canadian subprovince of the boreal belt according to the tiger moth faunas. The Palearctic tiger moth fauna is characterized by relatively smooth variations within the boreal, subboreal, and western subtropical belts. The fauna gradually changes from the Amur catchment area to South China, Himalayas, and India so that all fauna types of these regions are closely related to one another and, to a lesser extent, to equatorial fauna types of Southeast Asia islands. The boundary between the Palearctic and Oriental (Indo-Malayan) provinces should be drawn north of the Yangtze catchment area. The most dramatic fauna change at the species level takes place between North China and the Yangtze catchment, and at the genus level, between Northern and Northeastern China. It is reasonable to establish a broad transition area between the two zoogeographic provinces in Eastern Asia. On the grounds of the nonuniform tiger moth fauna, the South Chinese-East Himalayan subprovince should be assigned to the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) province rather than the Palearctic one, as was repeatedly proposed. The Southwest-Asian fauna (Arabian Peninsula and southern Iran) is transitional between the Palearctic, African, and Oriental ones. Many African taxa penetrate to the west and south of the Arabian Peninsula, whereas Oriental and Paleotropical species penetrate to southern Iran. It is reasonable to elevate considerably the rank of the Quinghai-Tibet highland fauna by distinguishing its habitat as a separate zoogeographic subprovince, because the similarity between this fauna type and any other Palearctic fauna at the species level is much less than between temperate faunas of the Palearctic and Nearctic. The assignment of this fauna to the Palearctic is confirmed only at the genus level.     

江西省两栖类动物多样性与地理区划

本研究整合近年来江西省两栖类动物物种分布新纪录,对江西省两栖类动物多样性进行编目整理。结果表明,近年来江西省新增23种两栖类物种分布新纪录,两栖类动物累计达2目8科58种,包括2种国家Ⅱ级重点保护物种和40种中国特有种。江西省两栖动物区系组成以东洋界华中区和华南区共有种为主,无古北界种类。东洋界种类54种,占总种数的93.1%,广布种4种,占总种数的6.9%。生态类型以流水型最多,陆栖-静水型次之。对13个保护地两栖类动物物种组成的聚类分析将其分为4个聚类群：赣北、赣东北、赣南、赣西。聚类结果在一定程度上支持早期江西省两栖动物地理区划,我们建议将罗霄山脉划为单独的赣西（罗霄）山地省。     

Similarity in ectoparasite faunas of Palaearctic rodents as a function of host phylogenetic, geographic or environmental distances: Which matters the most?

Different host species harbour parasite faunas that are anywhere from very similar to very different in species composition. A priori, the similarity in the parasite faunas of any two host species should decrease with increases in either the phylogenetic distance, the distinctness of the environments occupied or the geographical distance between these hosts. We tested these predictions using extensive data on the faunas of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) and gamasid mites (Acari: Parasitiformes) parasitic on rodents across the Palaearctic. For each pair of host species, we computed the similarity in parasite faunas based on both species composition as well as the phylogenetic and/or taxonomic distinctness of parasite species. Phylogenetic distances between hosts were based on patristic distances through a rodent phylogeny, geographic distances were computed from geographic range data, and environmental dissimilarity was measured from the average climatic and vegetation scores of each host range. Using multiple regressions on distance matrices to assess the separate explanatory power of each of the three dependent variables, environmental dissimilarity between the ranges of host species emerged as the best predictor of dissimilarity between parasite faunas, especially for fleas; in the case of mites, phylogenetic distance between host species was also important. A closer look at the data indicates that the flea and mite faunas of two hosts inhabiting different environments are always different, whilst hosts living in similar environments can have either very similar or dissimilar parasite faunas. Additional tests showed that dissimilarity in flea or mite faunas between host geographic ranges was best explained by dissimilarity in vegetation, followed by dissimilarity in climatic conditions. Thus, external environmental factors may play greater roles than commonly thought in the evolution of host-parasite associations.     

江西省鄱阳湖自然保护区昆虫区系初探

据对有较详细分布资料的220种昆虫的分析,鄱阳湖自然保护区昆虫属东洋界范畴,但已接近古北界南缘;昆虫种类形成了古北,东洋两大区系成分交叉重叠现象．亦是两大区系交叉过渡地带。在我国东部地区,与鄱阳湖共有种的分布规律为随着纬度的增高而递减。本文论述了鄱阳湖33种昆虫在我国东半部分布的南北限。     

Global diversity of copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) in freshwater

The zoogeographic distributions of the 2,814 species of copepods reported from freshwater are analysed. Faunal diversity is compared between zoogeographic regions: the Palaearctic region has more than double the species richness of the next most diverse region, the Neotropical. Historical factors affecting levels of diversity are identified. More than 90% of all freshwater copepods are endemic to a single-zoogeographic region and endemic genera occur in all regions except Antarctica. Species that are not endemic to a single region include the highly vagile and cosmopolitan species occurring in four or more regions. The greatest faunal connectivity, as identified by Sørensen’s Index, is between Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, and identifies the Holarctic taxa. Key human-related issues, such as the role of copepods as vectors for human parasites and the losses caused by parasitic copepods in commercial aquaculture, are mentioned.     

Zoogeographic regionalization of Southwestern Tajikistan based on the Orthoptera distribution

A new scheme of zoogeographic regionalization of Southwestern Tajikistan based on the data on the Orthoptera distribution is proposed. The main foci of species endemism are distinguished. The species diversity is higher in the plain (up to 800 m above see level) zoogeographic entities than in the mountain entities of comparable size.     

Geographical distribution of the weevil subfamily Ceutorhynchinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

A brief general characteristic and review of distribution of the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae over zoogeographical realms are given, with an emphasis on the distribution within the Holarctic and Palaearctic. The potential of exploiting landscapes of all natural zones of the Holarctic by a low-rank taxon is exemplified by the Holarctic Ceutorhynchus cochleariae (Gyll.) species-group comprising ca. 20 species evenly distributed between the Palaearctic and Nearctic. Although neighboring with the powerful centers of tropical biota, the Holarctic fauna of the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae is formed mostly of endemic and subendemic genera which are especially abundant in the Palaearctic. This region possesses the most diversified generic and species composition of the fauna consisting of predominantly endemic and subendemic genera (in the Mediterranean and Saharo-Gobian regions, also of the highly diversified tribe Oxyonychini) up to its southern border. The existence of characteristic transitional faunas in the zones of contact of the Holarctic fauna with the faunas of the tropical regions in East Asia and Mexico is shown. These transitional faunas include a considerable number of endemic taxa of the genus and species groups. A conspicuous feature of the Palaearctic ceutorhynchine fauna is the rather numerous complex of the upland and high-latitude species.     

On the fauna of Scathophagidae (Diptera) of Yakutia

The fauna of the family Scathophagidae of Yakutia, including 44 species of 15 genera, was studied. 23 species are recorded from the territory for the first time. The Arctic and subarctic zones of Yakutia have been still poorly studied, and additional species are found there. The scathophagid fauna of Yakutia was compared with the faunas of the neighboring regions using the dendrogram similarity method based on calculation of the Czekanowski–Sørensen coefficient.     

旱麦草属种质资源的随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPDs）分析

利用３１个１０ｂｐ随机引物对来自我国新疆和中东地区的１１份旱麦草属种质资源材料以及两个普通小麦亲本和１个普通小麦与东方旱麦草的远缘杂种后代进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析。对扩增形成的３２１条谱带进行的研究发现,该属植物在新疆地区具有较丰富的遗传多样性,同时还将１个根据形态性状定名为光穗旱麦草的样品修正为东方旱麦草。研究还揭示出旱麦草属与普通小麦之间有明显的遗传分化,并发现四部体光穗旱麦草的两个基因组分别来自二     

Macroscale ecotone effects for the stream macrobenthic fauna and communities of the eastern Novosibirsk region

It is suggested that the eastern Novosibirsk region appeared as a margin between the Western and the Eastern Palaearctic zones in regard to the faunas of stream communities of rheophilic invertebrates. The western (European) elements of the fauna prevail in the lowland areas; but both faunas, eastern and western, combine at Salairsky Ridge. In addition, some differences between these two faunas are observed, when the species of the western origin dominate in the soft-bottom and phytophylic communities and refer to the European fauna. On the other hand, the eastern Siberian species are the key elements in the rhithral (hard-bottom) communities and somehow in krenal communities. Seventeen regional types of rheophilic communities are described.     

Herbivorous arthropods on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Khun) in Australia compared with elsewhere

Abstract The herbivorous arthropod fauna of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Khun), at a site near Sydney, Australia, is described and compared with previously reported bracken faunas in other geographic regions. Monthly sampling over 18 months found 17 species of herbivorous arthropods (15 insect and two mite species) from five orders. At the ordinal level, the mixture differed substantially from the bracken faunas of sites in Britain and Papua New Guinea. Notable was the presence of Thysanoptera and Acari, and the absence of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. The mixtures of orders/families represented in the site bracken faunas in Britain, and less so in Australia, resembled those in the pool of herbivorous arthropods in those regions. Further, the mixture of orders on bracken was more similar to the mixture of orders on other ferns than to the mixture of orders among herbivorous insects on all plants; such similarity was not evident at family level. Compared with sites in other regions, the Sydney site had an abundance of pinna-sucking species and a dearth of mining species. Differences between regions in feeding niches most occupied tended to correspond with the differences in orders represented. Not all features of the fauna of bracken near Sydney reflected differences in the general herbivorous arthropod fauna of Australia compared with other regions, or differences between the herbivore faunas of ferns and seed plants. Its composition must be attributed in part to stochastic aspects of the speciation of herbivorous arthropods onto host plants.     

Pugs of the tribe Eupitheciini (Lepidoptera,Geometridae): the history of study and distribution over biogeographic regions

The World fauna of the tribe Eupitheciini is the most species-rich in the family Geometridae. This tribe includes about 1900 species (almost 3000 species-group names) from 47 genera; about one third of the genera (15) are monotypic. The generic diversity of Eupitheciini is the highest in the Australian (38 genera, 11 of them endemic) and Oriental regions (32 genera, 4 endemic) and the lowest in the Neotropical Region (possibly one genus only). The faunas of different biogeographic regions can be arranged in following order by their species richness: the Palaearctic (487 species), Oriental (397), Neotropical (346), Australian (251), Afrotropical (198), and Nearctic Regions (166 species). Eupithecia is the most species-rich genus in the family Geometridae and the entire order Lepidoptera, and one of the largest genera in the whole World fauna of insects. The greatest number of species of this genus is recorded in the Palaearctic Region (466 species), where Eupithecia accounts for about 95% of the tribe Eupitheciini. The mainland of the Oriental Region (especially the Himalayas) is also very species-rich; however the proportion of the Eupithecia representatives decreases towards Malaysia, Sundaland, and the Australian Region (about 2% of the tribe). The Eupitheciini faunas have the greatest similarity at the generic level between the Oriental and Australian Regions (the Jaccard and Sørensen coefficient values being 0.62 and 0.77, respectively). The Palaearctic fauna is more similar to the Afrotropical and Oriental faunas at the genus-group level. On the whole, the fauna of the Nearctic Region is similar to that the West Palaearctic, with the exception of the fact that representatives of the genera Gymnoscelis and Chloroclystis are absent in North America, although two endemic genera Nasusina and Prorella are present. At the genus-group level, the Nearctic fauna of Eupitheciini is more similar to the Neotropical (the Jaccard and Sørensen coefficients 0.20 and 0.33, respectively) than to the Palaearctic fauna (0.17 and 0.29). The number of synonymies is very high in the tribe Eupitheciini because of the homogeneity of this group, whose species are difficult to identify without the use of elaborate anatomical techniques. Modern revisions, catalogues, surveys, and atlases on Eupitheciini are absent for many countries and large geographic regions. Revisions of pugs of the tribe Eupitheciini for some biogeographic regions are extremely difficult because of fragmentation of entomological collections including the type specimens of many species-group taxa. A large fraction of synonyms is characteristic of parts of the World with the best known faunas: Europe (64% of synonyms) and North America (39%). On the contrary, the lowest levels of synonymy are typical of the less known faunas of the regions situated at the equatorial latitudes, namely the Neotropical (9%) and Afrotropical (8%) ones.     

Biogeography of Aphodiinae dung beetles based on the regional composition and distribution patterns of genera

Aim  To examine current biogeographical patterns of Aphodiinae dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae) in order to reveal relationships among regions and their potential impact on the diversification of this group.
Location  Worldwide.
Methods  Information about all Aphodiinae genera was obtained from the literature. An occurrence matrix was built for the six worldwide biogeographical regions, and their faunas were characterized through simple statistics. Regional variations and similarities were further explored using co-occurrence and nestedness analyses, sequential agglomerative, hierarchical and nested clustering (SAHN), and a parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE). Mantel tests were also employed to assess the relationships between several characteristics of the regions and their faunas.
Results  The Palaearctic and Palaeotropical regions showed the highest total numbers of Aphodiinae genera and the greatest generic endemism. Both these regions and the Oriental also showed higher numbers of genera than would be expected according to their size. Co-occurrence and nestedness analyses confirmed the non-randomness of the distribution of genera. Clustering and PAE showed that the Palaearctic and Oriental regions are the most similar, followed by the Palaeotropical region. Regional dissimilarity in genera composition was related to biological and historical traits, but not to ecoregions.
Main conclusions  A structured geographical pattern for Aphodiinae was confirmed. Land continuity and proximity in the long term could have played a unifying role in regional faunas. We suggest that the different biogeographical regions have acted as either macroevolutionary sources (basically the Palaearctic and the Palaeotropical regions) or sink regions, according to their role as diversification centres. We review the processes and events that could account for current patterns of Aphodiinae diversity.     

Comparative Insect Faunas between Ganghwado and Six others Islands of West Coastal in Incheon,Korea

This paper is intended as an investigation of the biogeographic characteristics of insect faunas of the seven islands in West Coastal of Incheon, Korea, using quantitative analysis. The faunal similarity is examined using the Bray & Curtis similarity. The obtained similarity value matrix was examined by a cluster analysis using UPGMA method. The number and the distribution records of each species in the areas are 1,001 species of insects belonging to 12 orders from the seven investigated islands. Among above seven islands, Seokmodo has the highest number of species, 497 species, while Yeonpyeongdo has the lowest, 136 species. The species composition of insects reported in Ganghwado was 309 species under seven orders. The similarity values between seven localities investigated range from 24.907(Gyodongdo to Yeonpyeongdo) to 49.899(Baengnyeongdo to Ganghwado). That is, the species composition of Baengnyeongdo(47.90%) was similar to that of Ganghwado, while that of Yeonpyeongdo(25.28%) was different from that. The cluster analysis using a similarity index shows that all the islands of these areas can be divided into 3 groups at the level of 30.97%.     

Faunal associations of the Rhopalocera of japan

The associations of the butterfly fauna of the Japanese islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Ryukyu Rett are analysed with respect to one another and to the fauna of the far-east U.S.S.R. A faunal discontinuity exists between the fauna of Ryukyu Rett and all other areas. The fauna of Ryukyu Rett can be considered as being of the Oriental region, the faunas of the other Japanese islands as being of the Palaearctic region. This view was reinforced with conclusions drawn from MacArthus&Wilson's theory of island biogeography (1963, 1967). The divergence of die faunas of the Japanese islands is dependent on their isolation - the further the distance between islands, the greater the isolation and the greater the faunal divergence. Thus the fauna of all silands of Japan, except of the Ryukyu Rett, have a close association with the far-east Russian fauna. There is a greater similarity between these faunas than between the fauna of the islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku with respect to that of Ryukyu Rett.     

Amphibian and reptile biogeographic regions of Northern Eurasia,mapped separately

Distributions of amphibian and reptile faunas were separately delimited on a 1:20 000 000 vegetation map of Northern Eurasia divided into 245 10-degree-longitudinal segments of native subzone within the USSR borders as of 1990. All reptile and amphibian species recorded in every segment were listed, and the Jaccard indices were calculated, and the similarity matrix was studied with cluster analysis. Hierarchic classifications were made: the amphibian one consisting of 3 faunistic regions, divided into 4 subregions, 7 biologic provinces, and 23 districts. The reptile classification includes 4 faunistic regions, 7 subregions, 18 provinces, and 14 districts. The reptile classification has 1.5 times more provincial and district subdivisions than amphibian one. Environmental factors correlating with faunistic nonuniformity were revealed. Our amphibian and reptile schemes are 1.9 and 3.5 times more informative than those proposed earlier and account for 75 and 91% of variance in the faunal similarity coefficient of specific areas, respectively (multiple correlation coefficients 0.87 and 0.95). Environmental factors can explain 84 and 93% of faunistic nonuniformity (correlation coefficients 0.95 and 0.96).