荒漠植物红砂叶绿素和脯氨酸累积与环境因子的相关分析

通过测定中国境内荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)主要分布区内21个自然种群407株叶片的叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,以及不同种群内土壤含水量、可溶性盐分含量、有机质、全氮、全磷含量等土壤理化性状指标,分析了不同自然种群红砂叶绿素和脯氨酸含量的变异特征以及影响其变化的主要环境因子.研究结果表明:红砂种群间叶绿素含量差异显著.土壤因子对叶绿素合成的影响较气象因子大,而土壤含水量和土壤全磷含量是导致不同红砂种群叶绿素含量出现明显差异的主要原因.红砂脯氨酸含量平均值显著高于盐爪爪、骆驼刺、芨芨草等其它荒漠物种,并且与叶片含水量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关,与土壤可溶性盐分含量呈显著正相关.红砂体内脯氨酸的累积是对干旱盐渍环境的适应性反应,与抗旱性和抗盐性之间存在着一定的关系.     

四季竹耐盐能力的季节性差异

以四季竹2 a生竹苗为材料,通过盆栽试验设置土壤不同NaCl含量模拟盐胁迫环境,研究其在非生理活跃期的冬季(11-12月份)和生理活跃期的夏季(5-6月份)盐胁迫下的生理响应和叶片脱落情况,以了解四季竹耐盐能力的季节性差异。结果表明,在低土壤NaCl盐分(1‰-2‰)条件下,相同浓度处理45 d的竹苗叶片脱落率和各项生理指标较对照变化在冬季和夏季间差异不大,说明在低盐分条件下四季竹耐盐能力季节性差异不明显。在高土壤NaCl盐分(3‰-5‰)条件下,相同浓度处理45 d的叶片中除可溶性蛋白含量较对照升降幅度冬夏两季基本一致外,叶片脱落率、离子渗漏率、SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量分别较对照增加或降低的幅度冬季均显著小于夏季,并且随土壤NaCl浓度的提高冬夏两季的差异逐渐加大,而丙二醛含量和叶绿素a／叶绿素 b变化规律在夏冬两季间完全相反,说明在高土壤盐分(3‰-5‰)条件下相同浓度、相同时间处理的四季竹在夏季的受伤害程度显著大于冬季,即高盐条件下四季竹在生理活跃期的夏季的耐盐能力较非生理活跃期的冬季弱。土壤盐分和环境温度对四季竹生长具有较强的交互作用。     

亚高寒草甸植物叶片生理指标对坡向的响应

研究了甘南亚高寒草甸不同坡向条件下矮嵩草、狼毒和棘豆叶片的叶绿素、游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,以及稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)的变化,分析干旱胁迫条件下,植物适应干旱胁迫的生理机制.结果表明: 随着坡向由北坡-西北坡-西坡-西南坡到南坡的变化,土壤含水量(北坡0.36 g·g^-1,南坡0.15 g·g^-1)呈降低趋势,土壤温度(北坡14.76 ℃,南坡24.85 ℃)和光照度(北坡540.34 lx,南坡744.12 lx)呈增加趋势;植物物种的组成也随之发生了变化,北坡主要有灌木金露梅及杂类草,而南坡主要有禾草类物种.3种植物叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、叶绿素含量及稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)随着坡向的变化均有不同程度的变化,且物种不同,各物种的生理指标变化幅度也有差异.在坡向梯度上,3种植物的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和稳定碳同位素与土壤含水量均呈显著负相关,与温度和光照强度呈显著正相关;植物叶片叶绿素与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与温度和光照强度呈显著负相关.其中,土壤含水量是坡向梯度上影响植物生长的关键因子.植物叶片生理指标(脯氨酸、可溶性糖及叶绿素等)可以作为衡量植物抗逆性的因素,3种植物的抗性大小顺序为:矮嵩草>狼毒>棘豆.     

土壤干旱对黄土高原3个常见树种幼苗水分代谢及生长的影响

应用盆栽试验,在人工控制土壤水分条件下对黄土高原3个常见树种丁香(Syringa oblata)、杠柳(Perip-loca sepium)和连翘(Forsythia suspensa)幼苗的生长及水分生理代谢进行了研究.结果表明,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,各树种耗水量明显减少;不同树种单株耗水量差异明显,表现为:连翘>杠柳>丁香.3树种新生枝条生长和叶面积扩展速率明显受土壤含水量影响,均表现为适宜水分>中度干旱>严重干旱,且在同一胁迫水平下,连翘>杠柳>丁香.随干旱胁迫程度的加剧和干旱时间的延长,丁香、杠柳和连翘叶片的含水量、游离脯氨酸以及叶绿素含量均有不同程度的变化,连翘和杠柳的叶片含水量在3种水分条件下均明显高于丁香,杠柳叶片游离脯氨酸含量明显高于丁香和连翘,连翘体内脯氨酸含量最低,丁香和连翘的叶绿素a/b值随土壤含水量的减少逐渐降低,杠柳则表现出相反趋势.不同树种对土壤干旱和高温的响应机制不同,但它们都具有较强的抗旱能力,适应黄土高原干旱的自然条件.     

夏蜡梅营养器官总鞣质含量的比较

对中国特有植物夏蜡梅营养器官的总鞣质含量进行测定,并分析了与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)夏蜡梅各营养器官均含有总鞣质,但以叶片的含量最高,根次之,一年生枝、二年生枝、茎等器官的含量很低。(2)夏蜡梅叶片的含量阳坡植株显著高于阴坡,根的含量则反之。(3)夏蜡梅7个样地叶片的总鞣质含量在1.1066%～2.0060%之间,平均为1.6906%,其中临安5个样地含量较低,大雷山2个样地较高,差异显著。(4)通径分析显示,夏蜡梅叶片总鞣质含量的主要影响因子为土壤氮含量和C/N比。     

万寿菊属不同品种初花期抗旱特性分析

以万寿菊属(Tagetes)9个品种为试验材料,研究了自然持续干旱胁迫对它们初花期的花最大直径、叶色、旱害指数等形态指标以及叶绿素含量(Chl a+b,Ch a/b)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶片保水力(WHC)、叶片和花的脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标的影响,以揭示其抗旱特性及其生理机制.结果显示:(1)持续6d干旱胁迫条件下,万寿菊9个品种花的最大直径显著降低,叶绿素含量和相对含水量均呈明显下降趋势.(2)万寿菊叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均呈上升趋势;而花的脯氨酸含量持续上升,可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,但可溶性糖含量变化趋势复杂.(3)万寿菊旱害指数与其叶片相对含水量、叶绿素总含量、叶片和花的脯氨酸含量、叶片可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著相关.研究表明,抗旱性强的品种可以通过调节自身的渗透调节物质含量减轻干旱伤害;9个品种初花期抗旱性强弱依次为:珍妮>金门>鸿运>拳王>巨人>发现>小英雄>大英雄>迪阿哥.     

干旱胁迫及复水对浙江润楠幼苗生长与生理特性的影响

采用温室盆栽和干旱胁迫的处理方法,研究不同程度干旱处理对浙江润楠Machilus chekiangensis生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,土壤自然含水量、叶片相对含水量、植株苗高净生长量和地径净生长量均呈下降趋势,SP含量、SOD活性和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b以及类胡萝卜素含量等指标总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,Pro含量和MDA含量则不断累积。复水后,干旱胁迫处理5 d的土壤自然含水量、苗高净生长量和SOD活性可恢复至对照组CK水平;干旱胁迫处理10~30 d的复水后幼苗SOD活性仍比CK高,叶片相对含水量、地径净生长量、SP含量、Pro含量基本可恢复至CK水平,MDA含量则降低,但各干旱胁迫处理的数值仍比CK高。各干旱胁迫处理的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b以及类胡萝卜素含量均变小,且各指标的最大值也都变小。综上分析可知,浙江润楠具有一定的抗旱性能。     

土壤水分和光照对西葫芦生长和生理特性的影响

以西葫芦"晶莹一号"为试材,采用盆栽和人工遮光的方法研究土壤水分和光照强度对西葫芦生长发育和生理特性的影响.结果表明:遮光30%条件下各处理的植株生长较好,其中遮光30%和土壤相对含水量为70%～80%的处理植株生长最好,产量最高.遮光70%条件下,各处理的植株生长受到严重抑制,只开花,不结果,没有经济产量形成.不同处理西葫芦的耗水趋势一致,日耗水量和总耗水量都随遮光程度的增加和土壤含水量的降低而减少.遮光30%和土壤相对含水量为70%～80%的处理水分利用效率和水分产出率最高,分别为2.36和1.57 kg.mm-1·hm-2.西葫芦叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及叶片叶绿素含量随着遮光程度的增加而减小,胞间CO2浓度随着遮光程度的增加而增加.叶片保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量随着遮光程度的增加而降低,丙二醛含量为遮光70%>自然光照>遮光30%.3种光照条件下,随着土壤含水量的增加,西葫芦叶片的光合特性、保护酶活性及脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的变化不同.     

四季竹对土壤水分胁迫的生理适应

以四季竹2年生竹苗为材料,采用每天补水控制土壤含水量的方法,设置土壤相对含水率为<30%(T1)、40%～50%(T2)、60%～70%(T3)、80%～90%(T4)和竹蔸部完全水淹(T5)5个土壤水分含量水平,研究四季竹叶片在水分胁迫下的生理活性变化,以探讨四季竹对土壤水分的适应能力。结果表明:(1)随处理时间的延长,T1处理叶片离子渗漏率、MDA含量、叶绿素a/b值、SOD和POD活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均迅速升高,叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值迅速下降。(2)T5处理14d后叶片各生理指标随处理时间的延长与T1处理表现出相同的变化规律(类胡萝卜素和脯氨酸除外),并且分别在T1处理14d和T5处理28d后四季竹叶片全部干枯脱落。(3)随处理时间的延长,T2、T3、T4处理的四季竹叶片各生理指标经过一段时间的适应后最终稳定在处理前水平,且处理间均无显著差异。研究发现,四季竹在土壤相对含水率小于30%的土壤中生长不良,甚至死亡,在相对含水率40%～90%的土壤中能正常生长;四季竹耐受水淹胁迫的时间阈值是28d。     

甘南高寒草甸植物元素含量与土壤因子对坡向梯度的响应

通过测定甘南高寒草甸不同坡向条件下25科86种植物叶片氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量、有机碳(C)含量、叶片含水量和相对叶绿素(SPAD)值,以及不同坡向的土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷含量等土壤指标,分析了不同坡向植物叶片元素含量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明,在南坡-北坡梯度上,随着土壤含水量的增加,植物叶片P含量、叶K含量和叶片含水量显著增加,而相对叶绿素显著降低。土壤养分含量与植物叶片P、叶K含量和叶含水量显著正相关,与叶片相对叶绿素显著负相关。说明不同坡向条件下叶片养分含量受土壤因子的影响显著,土壤的水分及养分状况对植物叶片元素含量的贡献不同。土壤含水量是坡向梯度上影响植物叶片特征的最主要因子。坡向梯度上土壤含水量对植物叶片各种元素含量的影响和植物叶片含水量对不同土壤因子的响应模式支持了生长在南坡的植物能以提高水分和养分利用效率而适应南坡较为干旱和贫瘠的生境。     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares

In order to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of acute endometritis in cows and mares, we established an in vivo model in both species. Based on the results of an in vitro transmigration system, human recombinant interleukin-8 (rhIL-8; 1.25 microg per mare and 5 microg per cow in 50 ml phosphate-buffered saline) was used to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) into the uteri. Peak numbers of uterine neutrophils were attracted after 6h, in both cows and mares. On average, mares responded more sensitively than cows, with 15 times higher numbers of rhIL-8-attracted uterine neutrophils (72+/-8 x 10(7)cells). In contrast to in vitro studies, in vivo migrated neutrophils (uterine neutrophils) of both species displayed a significantly reduced MHC class I expression. Expression of the CD11a molecule was significantly enhanced on equine uterine neutrophils but downregulated on bovine cells. Compared with untreated autologous peripheral neutrophils, both uterine and in vitro migrated neutrophils showed no alteration of phagocytic capacity. The ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly upregulated in bovine and equine uterine neutrophils. This was also observed after in vitro migration of equine neutrophils, whereas ROS generation by bovine neutrophils was significantly depressed. In summary, the concept of inducing endometritis directly by local application of human interleukin-8 has been reliably successful in cows and mares. The model permits the analysis of PMN migration into the uterus under defined and controlled conditions. The observed differences between cows and mares with respect to phenotypical and functional characteristics of in vivo attracted uterine cells point to species-related features of neutrophil migration. In vitro transmigrated bovine and equine cells partially differ in phenotype and function from uterine neutrophils. Therefore, the in vitro transmigration assay cannot completely represent the in vivo endometritis model described here.     

Interactions of cadmium and selenium in rat plasma in vivo and in vitro

⁷⁵Se and ¹⁰⁹Cd tracers were used to study the binding of Se and Cd to plasma proteins at various SeO₃^2? doses and times up to 24 h after the simultaneous subcutaneous administration of SeO₃^2? and CdCl₂ to adult male rats. The simultaneous injection of CdCl₂ and SeO₃^2? markedly increased both Se and Cd plasma levels over that in control animals. Gel permeation chromatography of plasma indicated that at all times up to 24 h Cd and Se were bound in an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1 in 330 000 and 130 000 dalton fractions. From 4 to 24 h, Cd and Se appeared in the 420 000 dalton fraction, also with an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1. The 330 000 dalton molecules appeared to have a maximal binding capacity for the Cd-Se complex at a concentration of approx. 30 μmol/ml of plasma, while the 130 000 and 420 000 dalton molecules show a higher binding capacity. Studies in vitro revealed that SeO₃^2? does not interact directly with Cd and plasma proteins. It is metabolized by erythrocytes to a form that interacts in an atomic ratio of 1 : 1 with Cd to form a protein-bound complex of 130 000 daltons.     

Activity of native and dextran-modified hyaluronidase in in vitro and in vivo systems

Modified hyaluronidase derivatives have been obtained. Covalent coupling of the enzyme with aldehyde dextran results in 65-85% protein binding to the carrier, residual catalytic activity accounting for 90-100% of the baseline. Modified hyaluronidase is more thermostable than the native enzyme. The data on intravenous drug distribution in the mouse organs are promising and ensure effective use of modified hyaluronidase for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.     

Importance of guanine nitration and hydroxylation in DNA in vitro and in vivo

Guanine (Gua) modification by nitrating and hydroxylating systems was investigated in DNA. In isolated calf thymus DNA, 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua were dose-dependently formed with peroxynitrite, and 8-NO(2)-Gua was released in substantial amounts. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) with H(2)O(2) and NO(2)(-) reacted with calf thymus DNA to form 8-NO(2)-Gua dose dependently without release of 8-NO(2)-Gua. The frequency of strand breaks was higher than the sum of 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua, particularly in the MPO-treated DNA, indicating the importance of other types of damage. The activation of human neutrophils and lymphocytes with phorbol ester did not induce 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua in their nuclear DNA. However, 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in calf thymus DNA co-incubated with activated neutrophils in the presence of NO(2)(-). No significant formation of 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in liver DNA from mice treated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The incubation of peroxynitrite or MPO-H(2)O(2)-NO(2)(-)-treated DNA with formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) released 8-oxo-Gua, but not 8-NO(2)-Gua, indicating that 8-NO(2)-Gua is not a substrate for Fpg. Although 8-NO(2)-Gua was generated in isolated DNA by different nitrating systems, other types of damage were formed in abundance, and the lesion could not be found reliably in nuclear DNA, suggesting that the biological importance is limited.     

Biosynthesis of beta-glucuronides of retinol and of retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro

After the intraportal injection of retinol-6,7-(14)C to rats, the O-ether derivative of retinol, retinyl -glucosiduronate, appears in the bile. Both retinoyl -glucuronide and retinyl -glucosiduronate are also synthesized in vitro when washed rat liver microsomes are incubated with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) and either retinoic acid or retinol, respectively. The synthesis of retinoyl -glucuronide was also demonstrated in microsomes of the kidney and in particulate fractions of the intestinal mucosa. The glucuronides were characterized by their UV absorption spectra, by their quenching of UV light or fluorescence under it, by their thin-layer chromatographic behavior in two solvent systems, and by the identification of products released during their hydrolysis by -glucuronidase. With retinoic acid as the substrate, the UDP glucuronyl transferase of rat liver microsomes had a pH optimum of 7.0, a temperature optimum of 38 degrees C, and a marked dependence on the concentrations of both retinoic acid and UDPGA, but was unaffected by a number of possible inhibitors, protective agents, and competitive substrates. The conversion of retinal to retinoic acid and the synthesis of retinoyl -glucuronide from retinoic acid could not be detected in whole homogenates, cell fractions, or outer segments of the bovine retina.