Immunoglobulin allotypes in sardinia

1218 individuals from Sardinia island (Italy) were tested for Gm and Km markers; 10 were not tested for Gm and only 401 were typed for Am markers. The peculiar genetic makeup of the Sardinian population is confirmed by their Gm allotypes. Their differences from those found in a control population of continental Italy (Ferrara), suggest ancient contacts with the Middle East and Africa. An indication for such contacts may also be found in the striking presence of the haplotype Gm f;n;bsc5, a haplotype not previously found in a human population. A significant difference of G2m(n) allotype was observed between highland and lowland regions. If confirmed, it may suggest an adaptive pressure related to the CH2 region of the gamma2 chain, possibly due to endemic malaria in the past.     

Immunoglobulin allotypes in Jewish populations living in Israel and the United States

The ongoing interest in the interrelationships of Jewish populations justifies inclusion of the immunoglobulin allotypes in an ethnohistorical analysis. A total of 2,184 serum specimens obtained from unrelated Israeli Jewish and self-identified Milwaukee, WI, Jewish blood donors were classified as Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Asiatic, or North African and tested for G1m (a, x, z, and f), G3m (b0, b1, b3, b5, g), A2m (1 and 2), and Km (1). Selected sera were also tested for G3m (s, t, c3, c5). The estimated maximum likelihood Gm-Am haplotype frequencies were used in a heterogeneity chi-square analysis. The results indicate that there is less heterogeneity within Jewish populations from Europe, Middle East, and North Africa than in corresponding non-Jewish populations representing the same geographical areas. In order to avoid the hazards of a univariate focus, previously published data were incorporated into two additional analyses: 15 populations with information on 16 genetic loci and 24 populations with information on five genetic loci. Both sets of data were analyzed using principal-components and cluster analysis. In both sets of analyses, with the exception of the Yemenite Jews, Jewish populations grouped together. These analyses support the belief that Jewish populations appear to be derived from a common gene pool, and there has been some genetic drift and minimal gene flow with surrounding populations.     

Immunoglobulin allotypes in portugal.

The frequency of several immunoglobulin allotypes has been evaluated in a sample of 419 Portuguese subjects. It was found that the percentage of Gm (1) and of Gm (2) are among the highest in Europe, although Portugal is situated in the extreme southwest of Europe. A few cases of dissociation of Gm (1) and Gm (2) were noted and attributed to the probable presence of African admixture.     

Immunoglobulin (IgG) allotypes of the American mink with Aleutian disease

Mink Aleutian disease (AD) is characterized by intensive proliferation of B-lymphocytes and hypergammaglobulinemia. Populational distribution of five genetic immunoglobulin markers (light chain allotype L1 and C gamma-allotypes H2, H3, H6 and H8) in minks of different coat color (Sapphire, Standard and Topaz) was studied. The groups of infected minks differed significantly from healthy ones in the distribution of the H3 allotype: the frequencies of some phenotypes--H3, H6, H8 and L1, H3, H6, H8 (Sapphire, Standard). H2, H3, H6, H8 and L1, H2, H3, H6, H8 (Sapphire) were increased significantly. At the same time, the frequencies of H6, H8; L1, H6, H8 and H2, H6, H8; L1, H2, H6, H8 were decreased in the AD population. The preferential stimulation of proliferation of the H3 + B-lymphocyte clones is suggested.     

Immunoglobulin allotypes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Gm phenotypes and the Km(1) allotype were studied in Tunisian patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A highly significant association was found between the Km(1) allotype and the NPC disease. Two rare Gm haplotypes, Gm(1, 17; 11, 15, 21) and Gm(1, 3, 5, 11), were found to be significantly increased among the NPC patients.     

Immunoglobulin isoantigens (allotypes) in the mouse

Murine antisera raised against allogeneic lymphoid cells often contain antibodies to IgM allotypes. Rarely, allotypic antibodies to IgM have been found after immunization withB. pertussis anti-B. pertussis conjugates. Using both types of antibodies, we have defined a new constant-region locus for both secreted and membrane-bound chains. This locus,Ig-6, is closely linked to the previously described H-chain constant-region loci (Ig-1 throughIg-5) and is subject to allelic exclusion. We have identified three alleles and four antigenic specificities ofIg-6.Authors listed alphabetically     

Frontal sinus size in Eskimo populations

The frontal sinuses of 143 Eskimo skulls from two sites in the Hudson Bay region of Canada were examined radiographically. No between-site or sex differences were noted in the size of the sinuses. On average, the sinuses are small and often bilaterally absent. The Canadian samples have smaller sinuses than reported for Alaskan Eskimos or American Indian groups.     

Evaluation of several commercial biocontrol products on European and North American populations of Phytophthora ramorum

Five commercially available biological control products were tested in vitro with seven isolates of Phytophthora ramorum from North American (NA1, NA2), and European (EU1) populations. The in vitro tests included dual culture methods and detached leaf assays on wounded Rhododendron and Camellia leaves. Variability in response to biocontrol agents among isolates of P. ramorum from North American and European populations was examined. In dual culture tests, both Bacillus subtilis products (Companion® and Serenade®) resulted in better inhibition of the NA1 group than NA2 and EU1. Actinovate® (Streptomyces lydicus) was the least effective of the three bacterial biocontrol agents and there was no difference in percent inhibition among P. ramorum lineages. Two products containing Trichoderma spp. were tested: Plant Helper® (T. atroviride) caused 100% inhibition of all lineages of P. ramorum, while SoilGard? (T. virens) was only about 30% effective. There was great variability among P. ramorum isolates in their response to biocontrol agents. All treatments reduced P. ramorum lesion size on both Rhododendron and Camellia. Combined treatments of Actinovate® with one other BCA did not perform as well as either treatment used individually. Best results were obtained with Serenade® on Rhododendron and Camellia foliage, especially against the NA1 group. Lack of a linear relationship between percent inhibition of P. ramorum by BCAs in vitro and foliar treatments on detached Rhododendron and Camellia leaves indicates that in vitro testing is a poor predictor of BCA performance on plant material.     

Immunoglobulin Gm allotypes in apes: Comparison with man

Serum samples from 245 apes (184 Pan troglodytes, five Pan paniscus, 28 Gorilla gorilla, 23 Pongo pygmaeus abelei, and five Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) were tested for G1m (1,2,3,17), G2m (23), and G3m (5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical method of inhibition of hemagglutination. Some phenotypes are species specific while a few are shared by man and African apes.     

Immunoglobulin allotypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders.

Comparison of immunoglobulin allotypes were studied in a group of patients with pigeon breeder's disease and in similarly exposed by asymptomatic individuals. The study revealed that the disease is not correlated with immunoglobulin allotypes. Furthermore, the phenotype Gm(a;g) was not associated with high levels of serum antibodies to pigeon antigens.     

Microsatellite variation in North American populations of Drosophila melanogaster.

Computer database searching for microsatellites can be particularly effective for organisms like Drosophila melanogaster for which there are extensive sequence data. Here we demonstrate that 17 out of 18 such microsatellites are also highly polymorphic in natural populations of Drosophila, and that this variation is easily scorable with PCR followed by electrophoresis on high-resolution agarose. This form of variation is likely to be of great value in studies of the genomic distribution of polymorphism, population structure, the relation between intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence and the mutation rate and pattern of mutations of microsatellites. In this preliminary survey of 15 lines, we find that the variance in repeat count is most strongly correlated with the maximum count, that perfect repeats are significantly more variable than imperfect repeats and that repeats which are split by an imperfection have unexpectedly low variance given the size of the perfectly repeated portion.     

Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes in two North American indigenous populations

Haplotypes derived from five polymorphic restriction sites were determined in 50 Carrier-Sekani and 70 Mvskoke chromosomes, and the results were integrated with those previously obtained for 11 South American Indian populations. Eleven haplotypes were identified in the Mvskokes, while five were observed in the Carrier-Sekani. As in South American natives, haplotype 2 (+----) and 6 (-++ -+) were the most prevalent among the Mvskoke (46% and 30%, respectively). In the Carrier-Sekani, haplotype 2 was also the most common, but haplotype 5 (-+ -++) was somewhat more frequent (18%) than 6 (12%). High heterozygosities, as well as genetic differentiation, were observed among these two North American and two other South American groups (Mapuche and Xavante). They could be due to non-Indian admixture in the Mvskoke and Mapuche, but the findings in the other two populations require some other type of explanation.     

Immunoglobulin allotypes of European populations. II.Gm, Am and Km(Inv) allotypic markers in Czechoslovakians.

The distribution of G1m(f,z,a, and x), G2m(n), G3m(b0, b1, b3, b5, c3, c5, g, s, t, and v), A2m(1 and 2) and Km(1) (formerly Inv[1]) allotypic determinants has been examined in a series of Czechoslovakian blood donors. The results indicate that Gmza;-;gvA2m1, Gmzax;-;gvA2m1, Gmf;n;bvA2m1 and Gmf;-;bvA2m1 are present in polymorphic frequencies. Further, 9 idiomorphic phenotypes were observed; however, without family data it was not possible to exactly define the majority of these. The observed frequencies of Gmza;g, Gmzax;g and Gmf;b and Km1 are similar to those observed previously in Czechoslovakians and similar to those observed in adjacent populations, though different from those observed in Western Europeans, primarily due to a higher frequency of Gmf;b in Czechoslovakians.