不同水分条件下坚韧胶衣固氮活性对冻融的响应

坚韧胶衣Collema tenax是干旱和半干旱生态系统中生物土壤结皮的重要组分,其固氮作用对生态系统氮素循环具有重要影响。该地衣生长于温度和水分条件变化剧烈的土壤表面,但在我国北方其固氮活性对冻融的响应尚不清楚。采用乙炔还原法研究了坚韧胶衣固氮活性在不同水分条件下(湿冻组:地衣体含水量200%干重;干冻组:地衣体含水量20%干重)和4次冻融处理之间的差异。坚韧胶衣固氮活性为2,371.0-8,701.8nmolC2H4/m2·h,湿冻组固氮活性低于干冻组,对照组固氮活性最高,湿冻组和干冻组的固氮活性(对照的百分比)均与冻融次数呈显著的线性负相关关系(干冻组:R2=0.916,p0.001;湿冻组:R2=0.965,p0.001),但湿冻组的斜率绝对值(25.05)明显高于干冻组斜率绝对值(7.60)。结果表明低温对坚韧胶衣固氮活性具有显著抑制作用,干燥条件下坚韧胶衣固氮活性对于低温胁迫的敏感性比地衣体湿润条件下更低,这种较低的敏感性可能是该地衣对我国北方干燥和冷热变化剧烈的气候特点的生理适应策略。     

三种地卷响应Cu~(2+)胁迫的差异分析

基于谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)含量变化和铜吸附性分析地卷、平盘软地卷和犬地卷响应Cu~(2+)胁迫的差异,以了解谷胱甘肽在低等生物地衣抗重金属胁迫中的作用。分光光度法和火焰原子吸收方法分别测定地衣体的GSH与细胞内、外的铜含量。结果显示,低浓度Cu~(2+)胁迫下,3种地卷GSH均呈上升趋势,4 mmol/L时达最高;5-8 mmol/L时,地卷和犬地卷的GSH逐步下降较明显,但仍显著高于对照组,而平盘软地卷GSH在3-5 mmol/L Cu~(2+)范围差异不显著,Cu~(2+)5 mmol/L时才出现较明显的下降(P0.05)。4 mmol/L Cu~(2+)处理时间不同时,犬地卷的GSH变化与处理时间正相关,而地卷和平盘软地卷的GSH出现波动式变化(6 h增加,12 h下降,18-24 h上升)。3种地卷胞外铜与Cu~(2+)浓度和处理时间呈正相关并显著高于胞内铜(P0.01),而胞内富集的铜与地衣GSH变化相对应呈高-低-高的变化趋势。菌藻共生的特殊生物-地卷类似于高等植物可诱导合成GSH缓解胁迫产生的伤害,3种地卷的铜耐受性差异与其铜吸附性和GSH合成能力密切相关。     

抗、 感蓟马苜蓿无性系对蓟马危害的补偿光合生理反应比较

为了揭示苜蓿的补偿生长相关的光合生理补偿机制, 以大田单株筛选、 扦插扩繁的抗蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1和感蓟马苜蓿无性系I-1为材料, 以相邻老苜蓿田自然发生的蓟马作为虫源, 任其持续危害, 于现蕾期和初花期通过模拟有效光辐射和固定CO₂浓度, 测定R-1和I-1的光合特性和水分利用特性。结果表明： (1) 在现蕾期, R-1受害后叶片叶绿素含量显著增加, 净光合速率 (net photosynthetic rate, Pn) 显著增大, 光补偿点 (light compensation point, Lcp) 和暗呼吸速率 (dark respiration rate, Rd) 均显著降低 (P<0.05) ; 而I-1叶片叶绿素含量显著降低 (P<0.05) , 植株净光合速率 (Pn) 与对照差异不显著 (P＞0.05) , 且在低于正常光照强度时, 受害I-1植株Pn相对健株下降, 同时, 其光补偿点 (Lcp) 和暗呼吸速率 (Rd) 均显著升高 (P<0.05) ; R 1和I 1受害后植株胞间CO2浓度 (intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci) 、 蒸腾速率 (transpiration rate, Tr) 和气孔导度 (stomatal conductance, Gs) 均显著升高 (P<0.05) , 水分利用效率 (water use efficiency, WUE) 均显著降低。 (2) 在初花期, 在较强的光照条件下, 受害I-1植株Pn显著增大 (P<0.05) ; 在弱光下受害R-1植株Pn增大, 而受害I-1植株Pn显著降低 (P<0.05) , 其他指标变化同现蕾期。结果说明, 抗蓟马无性系R-1对蓟马的危害具有显著的补偿光合作用; 而感蓟马无性系的补偿光合作用滞后于初花期发生, 且需要较高的光强条件, 这种滞后发生的补偿光合作用对于苜蓿产量的补偿贡献意义不大。     

4种湿地植物光合作用特性的比较研究

以4种湿地植物鸢尾、菖蒲、水葱和千屈菜为材料,在水平潜流人工湿地处理单元中,采用便携式LI-6400光合作用测定仪在晴朗天气下测定了各材料成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞问CO2浓度(CI)、叶温(Tl)、叶周围气温(Ta)和蒸腾速率(Tr),以探讨其光合生理生态特性.结果表明:(1)4种湿地植物叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈不对称的双峰曲线,光合"午休"现象明显,它们的净光合速率日均值表现为水葱>菖蒲>鸢尾>千屈菜,但种间差异不显著.(2)Gs、PAR、CI和Tr与湿地植物Pn的日变化有着极显著或显著的相关关系,其中Gs、PAR、CI是影响鸢尾Pn的主要因子,影响大小的顺序为GI>PAR>CI >;Gs和Tr是影响菖蒲和千屈菜Pn的主要因子,影响大小的顺序为Gs>Tr;而Gs是影响水葱Pn的主要因子.(3)4种湿地植物Pn-PFD响应曲线及Pn-CO2响应曲线都具有相似的二次方程曲线变化规律;光补偿点表现为千屈菜>水葱>鸢尾>菖蒲,光饱和点表现为水葱>菖蒲>千屈菜>鸢尾;CO2补偿点表现为水葱>鸢尾>菖蒲>千屈菜,CO2饱和点表现为菖蒲>千屈菜>鸢尾>水葱.(4)4种湿地植物的表观量子效率为0.019 8～0.038 3 mol·mol-1,羧化效率为0.042 6～0.064 8 mol·m-2·s-1.研究发现,4种湿地植物在给定条件下的日平均净光合速率、光能利用效率和CO2同化能力无显著差异,且气孔限制是产生光合"午休"的主要原因;影响它们光合速率的主要生理生态因子各不相同,但气孔导度均为主要因子.     

三峡库区消落带芦苇(Phragmites communis (reed))的光合生理响应和叶绿素荧光特性

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤含水量变化特征,设置了T1(淹水超过土壤表面2cm)、T2(土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～100%)、T3(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%～60%)3个不同处理组,用嘉陵江江水灌溉芦苇(Phragmites communis (reed)),研究了三峡库区不同消落带带位土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇穗期的光合生理生态响应机理和适应对策.结果表明,土壤不同含水量对芦苇植株光合色素、叶片气体交换参数、资源利用效率以及叶绿素荧光参数有不同影响.其中,T1的光合色素含量最低,T3的类胡萝卜素含量最高.在T1条件下,芦苇表现出较低的光能利用率(LUE)、CO2利用率(CUE)、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP),但与其它耐水淹植物相比,T1条件下的穗期芦苇仍具有较高的光合速率(17.067μmol·m-2·s-1),说明芦苇具有较强的耐水淹能力.在T2和T3条件下,芦苇具有较高的光能利用率(LUE)、CO2利用率(CUE)、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP).水分利用效率(WUE)大小顺序为T3>T1>T2.虽然T1的PSII有效光化学量子产量(F′v/F′m)最高,T2的光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)最大,而T3的电子传递效率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)最高,表明在高光强和高温条件下,T3具有较强的热耗散能力,能有效保护光合机构,因而光合速率最高(20.47μmol·m-2·s-1).研究证实芦苇不仅具有耐水湿的特点,还具有耐旱性,芦苇适合作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复建设禾本科先锋物种.     

2种地衣共生蓝藻的分离鉴定及其形成藻结皮条件的研究

以2种地衣——地卷(Peltigera rufescens)和平盘软地卷(Peltigera elisabethae)为研究材料,分离培养地衣共生藻,通过形态特征的观察结合rDNA ITS序列分析确定其分类地位,并对地衣共生藻在试验室模拟条件下形成人工藻结皮的优化条件进行分析,为地衣共生藻资源的开发和生产实际利用提供依据。结果表明：(1)从平盘软地卷和地卷分离的藻株I₁b和 L₂均属于蓝藻,基于ITS序列构建的系统树分析结果显示, I₁b与具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)的支持率高达100%,属于具鞘微鞘藻;L₂与念珠藻(Nostoc sp.)的支持率为93%,属于念珠藻属。(2)试验室模拟荒漠极端环境中形成人工结皮的优化条件为：沙土含水量10%、接种3∶1混合藻(具鞘微鞘藻:念珠藻)、藻接种量10 μg/cm²。     

新疆博格达山地面生地衣群落数量分类及物种多样性

根据对新疆博格达山地面生地衣群落27个样点(20 m×20 m)调查的数据,以各地衣种的盖度为指标结合双向指示种分析方法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对博格达山地面生地衣群落进行数量分类并分析了群落结构特征及其多样性和相似性。采用典范对应分析法(CCA)对各群落的物种分布格局与环境因子的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,TWINSPAN分析和DCA排序将分布在博格达山的37种地面生地衣分为以下5个群丛。群丛1:膜地卷(Peltigera membranacea)+伴藓大孢蜈蚣衣(Physconia muscigena)群丛;群丛2:地卷(Peltigera rufescens)+伴藓大孢蜈蚣衣(Physconia muscigena)群丛;群丛3:裂边地卷(Peltigera degenii)+平盘软地卷(Peltigera elisabethae)群丛;群丛4:喇叭石蕊(Cladonia pyxidata)+犬地卷(Peltigera canina)群丛;群丛5:盾鳞衣(Placidium squamulosum)+缠结茸枝衣(Seirophora contortuplicata)群丛。物种多样性以群丛4最大为3.427;群丛1最小为0.672;群丛1和群丛4间的相似性最高为0.889,群丛3和群丛4相似性系数最低为0.607。CCA排序结果反映,该地区地面生地衣的分布受到森林植被郁闭度、人为干扰、光照强度的影响,而地表植被盖度和土壤pH等因素的影响不大。     

不同水分条件下三种附生地衣的光合作用特性

附生地衣是哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林生态系统中重要的结构性组分。通过对该区域山地森林中3种典型附生地衣平滑牛皮叶 (Sticta nylanderiana)、网肺衣 (Lobaria retigera) 和橄榄斑叶 (Cetrelia olivetorum)在不同水分条件下的光合光响应及荧光参数的测定分析,结果显示,附生地衣光补偿点 (LCP)、光饱和点 (LSP)较高,对强光适应能力较强。在水分胁迫 (含水量5%~10%) 条件下,3种附生地衣的最大净光合速率 (Pmax) 仅为17~50nmol·g-1·s-1。随着含水量的增加,地衣的最大净光合速率 (Pmax) 与暗呼吸速率 (Rday) 逐渐增大,LCP降低,而LSP随之提高,这表明3种附生地衣具备“阳生植物”的某些特性,从而能够在一定程度上适应野外光照较强的灌丛、向阳林冠等生境。地衣叶绿素光反应中心初始荧光参数 (F0) 和最大光化学效率 (Fv/Fm) 随含水量下降而显著降低,暗示其光反应中心对水分有很强的敏感性。水分条件的改善有助于附生地衣的光反应中心进入到较高的生理活性状态。     

杨树无性系幼苗光合作用的光抑制

为更多地了解自然条件下活体叶片的光抑制, 以LI-6200 便携式光合系统测定了杨树无性系幼苗叶片叶的净光合速率(Pn)、表观量子产量(AQY)等, 比色法测定了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果表明, 中午Pn 降低, 出现光合"午休"现象, 此时Pn 受非气孔因素限制, Pn 的降低与气孔关闭关系不大。低湿、高温、强光条件下杨树无性系幼苗叶片AQY 降低, 发生了明显的光抑制。SOD 对光合作用具有保护作用, SOD 抑制剂使光抑制加剧, 抗氧化剂使光抑制得到缓解, 表明光抑制的发生可能与活性氧的积累有关。     

三种不同类型草甸生态系统下鹅绒委陵菜的光合特性

鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)是高寒草甸的广布种和典型的杂类草,随生境变化其无性繁殖能力、空间拓展性、形态可塑性等差异显著。为探明该种在不同高寒生境下的光合特性及其与环境因子的关系,同时寻找影响其繁殖拓展能力的主要环境诱因,在若尔盖高原选择沼泽湿地、湿草甸和干草甸三类样地对鹅绒委陵菜的光合日变化进行比较。结果表明:7月下旬,由于光辐射强、大气温度高,各生境中鹅绒委陵菜的叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、瞬时水分利用效率(IWUE)和光能利用效率(LUE)均显著高于8月下旬(P0.05);同一月份,干草甸环境下的P_n显著高于湿草甸和沼泽湿地(P0.05);相关性分析显示,各环境中光合有效辐射(PAR)与P_n均呈显著正相关(P0.05),干草甸环境下空气相对湿度(RH)、土壤质量含水量(SWC)与P_n亦呈显著正相关关系(P0.05);从沼泽湿地、湿草甸到干草甸,鹅绒委陵菜的净光合速率和水分利用效率增大;光补偿点(LCP)降低,光饱和点(LSP)升高,光合作用时间延长;表观量子效率(AQY)和羧化效率(CE)提高。这表明,在相对干旱的生境下,鹅绒委陵菜的光合能力得到增强,各光合生理参数朝着有利于其生长的方向发展。水分条件可能是影响鹅绒委陵菜繁殖能力和盖度的重要环境因子。     

Field photosynthetic activity of lichens in the Windmill Islands oasis, Wilkes Land, continental Antarctica

In order to ascertain whether the major species of continental antarctic macrolichens are photosynthetically active during summer conditions, the chlorophyll fluorescence of three lichen species [Umbilicarin decussata (Vill. Zahlbr., Pseudephebe minuscula (Ny-l. ex Arnold) Brodo and Hawksw. and Usnea sphacetala R. Br.] was monitored in the vicinity of Casey Station. Wilkes Land, continental Antarctica using a PAM-2000 modulated fluorescence system. Lichens were studied when in equilibrium with the atmosphere as well as when moistened by snow showers. Photochemical quantum yield was estimated as ΔF/F′_m and related to thallus water content as well as microclimatic conditions. Lichens were photosynthetically active only when moistened by snow fall or by run-off from snow melt. The levels of photosynthetic activity in the field for all species were influenced by microenvironmental conditions and patterns in response were site and species specific. Highest levels of photosynthetic efficiency occurred when thalli were at intermediate water contents. Photosynthetic activity was reduced by cold as well as warm, bright conditions. Highest thallus water contents occurred during the middle of the day after substantial “falls of snow. P. minuscula maintained highest thallus water contents at all sites and appears to have a high water compensation point which is related to its observed distribution patterns. Umbilicaria decussata studied in the laboratory did not become photosynthetically active even when exposed to 95% relative humidity (RH) for 51 h and. when dehydrating after artificial wetting, showed an optimum thallus water content for photosynthesis of ca 90% dry weight and a thallus water compensation point of about 35% dry weighl. In the field U. decussata did not become pholosynthetically active except when moistened by snow. Usnea sphacelata exposed to the atmosphere had low thallus water contents (ca 30%) which was not related to RH. The results indicate that the lichens are photosynthetically inactive for most of the summer period and are totally reliant on snow as a water supply. This i.s important when modelling carbon gain and growth rates of continental antarctic lichens.     

Water status related photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in species of the lichen genusPseudocyphellaria with green or blue-green photobionts and in photosymbiodemes

Summary Green lichens have been shown to attain positive net photosynthesis in the presence of water vapour while blue-green lichens require liquid water (Lange et al. 1986). This behaviour is confirmed not only for species with differing photobionts in the genusPseudocyphellaria but for green and blue-green photobionts in a single joined thallus (photosymbiodeme), with a single mycobiont, and also when adjacent as co-primary photobionts. The different response is therefore a property of the photobiont. The results are consistent with published photosynthesis/water content response curves. The minimum thallus water content for positive net photosynthesis appears to be much lower in green lichens (15% to 30%, related to dry weight) compared to blue-greens (85% to 100%). Since both types of lichen rehydrate to about 50% water content by water vapour uptake only green lichens will show positive net photosynthesis. It is proposed that the presence of sugar alcohols in green algae allow them to retain a liquid pool (concentrated solution) in their chloroplasts at low water potentials and even to reform it by water vapour uptake after being dried. The previously shown difference in δ¹³C values between blue-green and green lichens is also retained in a photosymbiodeme and must be photobiont determined. The wide range of δ¹³C values in lichens can be explained by a C₃ carboxylation system and the various effects of different limiting processes for photosynthetic CO₂ fixation. If carboxylation is rate limiting, there will be a strong discrimination of¹³CO₂, at high internal CO₂ partial pressure. The resulting very low δ¹³C values (-31 to-35‰) have been found only in green lichens which are able to photosynthesize at low thallus water content by equilibraiton with water vapour. When the liquid phase diffusion of CO₂ becomes more and more rate limiting and the internal CO₂ pressure decreases, the¹³C content of the photosynthates increases and less negative δ¹³C values results, as are found for blue-green lichens.     

Photosynthesis in chlorolichens: the influence of the habitat light regime

The hypothesis that CO₂ gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) of lichens vary according to the light regimes of their original habitat, as observed in vascular plants, was tested by analysing the photosynthetic performance of 12 populations of seven dorsoventral, foliose lichens collected from open, south-exposed rocks to densely shaded forests. Light response curves were induced at optimum thallus water content and ChlaF emission curves at the species-specific photon flux at which the quantum yield of CO₂ assimilation is the highest and is saturating the photosynthetic process. Photosynthetic pigments were quantified in crude extracts. The results confirm that the maximum rate of gross photosynthesis is correlated with the chlorophyll content of lichens, which is influenced by light as well as by nitrogen availability. Like leaves, shade tolerant lichens emit more ChlaF than sun-loving ones, whereas the photosynthetic quantum conversion is higher in the latter.     

Cyanolichens can have both cyanobacteria and green algae in a common layer as major contributors to photosynthesis

Background and Aims

Cyanolichens are usually stated to be bipartite (mycobiont plus cyanobacterial photobiont). Analyses revealed green algal carbohydrates in supposedly cyanobacterial lichens (in the genera Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta and Peltigera). Investigations were carried out to determine if both cyanobacteria and green algae were present in these lichens and, if so, what were their roles.

Methods

The types of photobiont present were determined by light and fluorescence microscopy. Small carbohydrates were analysed to detect the presence of green algal metabolites. Thalli were treated with selected strengths of Zn²⁺ solutions that stop cyanobacterial but not green algal photosynthesis. CO₂ exchange was measured before and after treatment to determine the contribution of each photobiont to total thallus photosynthesis. Heterocyst frequencies were determined to clarify whether the cyanobacteria were modified for increased nitrogen fixation (high heterocyst frequencies) or were normal, vegetative cells.

Key Results

Several cyanobacterial lichens had green algae present in the photosynthetic layer of the thallus. The presence of the green algal transfer carbohydrate (ribitol) and the incomplete inhibition of thallus photosynthesis upon treatment with Zn²⁺ solutions showed that both photobionts contributed to the photosynthesis of the lichen thallus. Low heterocyst frequencies showed that, despite the presence of adjacent green algae, the cyanobacteria were not altered to increase nitrogen fixation.

Conclusions

These cyanobacterial lichens are a tripartite lichen symbiont combination in which the mycobiont has two primarily photosynthetic photobionts, ‘co-primary photobionts’, a cyanobacterium (dominant) and a green alga. This demonstrates high flexibility in photobiont choice by the mycobiont in the Peltigerales. Overall thallus appearance does not change whether one or two photobionts are present in the cyanobacterial thallus. This suggests that, if there is a photobiont effect on thallus structure, it is not specific to one or the other photobiont.     

Photosynthesis of the cyanobacterial soil-crust lichen Collema tenax from arid lands in southern Utah, USA: role of water content on light and temperature responses of CO2 exchange

1. The gelatinous cyanobacterial Collema tenax is a dominant lichen of biotic soil crusts in the western United States. In laboratory experiments, we studied CO₂ exchange of this species as dependent on water content (WC), light and temperature. Results are compared with performance of green-algal lichens of the same site investigated earlier.
2. As compared with published data, photosynthetic capacity of C. tenax is higher than that of other cyanobacterial and green-algal soil-crust species studied. At all temperatures and photon flux densities of ecological relevance, net photosynthesis (NP) shows a strong depression at high degrees of hydration; maximal apparent quantum-use efficiency of CO₂ fixation is also reduced. Water requirements (moisture compensation point, WC for maximal NP) are higher than that of the green-algal lichens. Collema tenax exhibits extreme 'sun plant' features and is adapted to high thallus temperatures.
3. Erratic rain showers are the main source of moisture for soil crusts on the Colorado Plateau, quickly saturating the lichens with liquid water. High water-holding capacity of C. tenax ensures extended phases of favourable hydration at conditions of high light and temperature after the rain for substantial photosynthetic production. Under such conditions the cyanobacterial lichen appears superior over its green-algal competitors, which seem better adapted to habitats with high air humidity, dew or fog as prevailing source of moisture.     

Further evidence that activation of net photosynthesis by dry cyanobacterial lichens requires liquid water

Abstract: In contrast to green algal lichens, cyanobacterial species of different families, growth forms and habitats proved to be unable to attain positive net CO₂ assimilation when the dry thalli were treated with air of high relative humidity; they needed liquid water for the reactivation of their photosynthetic apparatus. Identical behaviour is shown by all of the 47 lichen species with cyanobacterial photobionts, from six different genera, studied so far. This suggests a widely distributed, if not general, characteristic of cyanobacterial lichens. The difference in performance between both groups of photobionts was maintained when the lichen thallus was macerated. Furthermore, cultures of Chroococcidiopsis were unable to make use of water vapour hydration for positive net photosynthesis, and were similar in this respect to some free-living aerophilic cyanohacteria tested earlier. Possible physiological implications as well as ecological consequences for water-relation-dependent habitat selection of green-algal and cyanobacterial lichens are discussed.     

Flechten. Der Erfolg einer Symbiose

The success of a symbiosis: Lichens Lichens are a unique group of organisms composed of one or two alga and a fungus. Together they form species specific thalli. Their common eco‐physiological properties allow colonizing almost all terrestrial habitats, even the most hostile climatic zones on earth. However, as poikilohydrous organisms they also suffer from disadvantages related with their nature. As water content cannot be actively controlled, many lichens experience water‐oversaturation, thus being not able to gain full photosynthetic rates, even though they have otherwise optimal conditions. These eco‐physiological properties set up the frame for which microclimatic situation the realized thallus construction might do best. As all optimizations regarding water uptake also count for water loss, lichens are always at the edge of having either too much or not enough water for optimal carbon gain. So each habitat has its own challenge for the lichen thallus construction and lichens have to fit well into a specific ecological niche.     

哀牢山山地森林不同附生地衣功能群的水分关系和光合生理特征

附生地衣是热带和亚热带山地森林生态系统中重要的结构性组分, 在生物多样性保护、环境监测、养分循环中发挥着重要作用。附生地衣按共生藻、生活型和繁殖策略的不同可划分为不同的功能群, 不同附生地衣功能群的分布格局存在较大的差异, 然而其生理生态机制仍不清楚。该研究以我国西南地区哀牢山亚热带山地森林中的附生地衣优势类群为研究对象, 对该地区蓝藻地衣、阔叶地衣、狭叶地衣及枝状地衣4种功能群的8种附生地衣的水分关系、光合生理特征等进行了测定分析, 结果显示: 不同功能群附生地衣的持水力和失水速率均存在差异, 其中蓝藻地衣具有较高的最大水分含量, 而枝状地衣的失水速率较快; 过高和过低的水分含量都会抑制附生地衣的光合作用, 但抑制程度有所差异; 蓝藻地衣的光合作用最适水分含量比较高, 表明它们的光合生理活动对水分条件要求较高, 所以它们偏好潮湿的生境, 同时蓝藻地衣的光补偿点比较低但光饱和点却不低, 反映出它们具有较宽的光强适应范围, 所以蓝藻地衣能够同时分布于强光和弱光生境中; 枝状地衣的光合最适水分含量较低, 表明它们的光合生理活动对水分条件要求不是很高, 能够适应较为干旱的环境, 同时枝状地衣的光补偿点和光饱和点都很高, 说明它们的光合生理活动对光照条件要求比较高, 所以它们广泛分布于强光生境中; 阔叶和狭叶地衣的光补偿点比较高, 说明它们更适应有充足光照条件的生境。     

Water relations and photosynthetic characteristics in different functional groups of epiphytic lichens in montane forest of Ailaoshan

Aims There are abundant epiphytic lichens in the tropical and subtropical montane forest ecosystems, which are important components of forest canopy and play a vital role in biodiversity conservation, environmental monitoring and nutrient cycling. In accordance with photobiont type, growth form and reproductive strategy, the epiphytic lichens can be divided into different functional groups, with different distribution patterns. In this study we aim to explain this phenomenon from the perspective of physiological ecology. Methods The maximum water content, water loss curves, photosynthetic water and light response curves were determined in four epiphytic lichen functional groups, including cyanolichens, fruticose lichens, broadly lobed foliose lichens and narrowly lobed foliose lichens. Important findings The functional characteristics of epiphytic lichens influence their maximum water-holding capacity and rate of water loss. The cyanolichens have higher maximum water content, while the fruticose lichens have a faster water loss. The cyanolichens that are widely distributed in the moist habitats require particularly high moisture for their photosynthetic activities; their optimal water content for photosynthesis is higher in comparison with other groups. They also have a low light compensation point and a high light saturation point, which explain the wide range of light intensity of the habitat. The fruticose lichens, widely distributed in the relatively arid habitats with high irradiance, have high light compensation point and light saturation point, and low optimum water content for photosynthesis. The broadly lobed foliose lichens and the narrowly lobed foliose lichens have a high light compensation point and light saturation point; they preferably occur in habitats with strong light.