共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Ivair Valmorbida Mariana Alejandra Cherman Clérison Régis Perini Lucas de Arruda Cavallin Jerson Vanderlei Carús Guedes 《Revista Brasileira de Entomologia》2018,62(4):275-282
The replacement of natural grassland by cultivated areas might favor the increase in abundance of some root-feeding species such as the white grubs, which may become a constraint for field crop production. This research aimed to assay the population density and geographical distribution of white grubs pest and other species in natural grassland and cultivated areas throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome. White grubs were sampled in 18 locations in both landscape use types and identified. Population density (number of larvae m?2) was calculated for each recorded species and sorted within two groups (pest species and other species), compared between natural grasslands and cultivated areas, as well as among locations. A dendrogram to evaluate species similarity among locations was built based on combined data obtained from both landscape use types throughout the region. In total, 31 species were found in the Brazilian Pampa, and four of them are considered as crop pests: Diloboderus abderus (Sturm, 1826), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister, 1847), Lyogenys fusca (Blanchard, 1830), and Phyllophaga triticophaga Morón & Salvadori, 1998. The average population density of pest species in cultivated areas was less than five larvae m?2, at most of locations. Some species had a wide geographical distribution (e.g. D. abderus and Cyclocephala modesta Burmeister), while other melolontids occurred at only one location. The knowledge of which white grub species are present in a field and its population densities assist farmers to take proper management decisions. 相似文献
2.
Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra Marcelo Chuei Matsudo Sunao Sato Attilio Converti João Carlos Monteiro de Carvalho 《Bioenergy Research》2013,6(3):1118-1125
To reduce CO2 emissions from alcoholic fermentation, Arthrospira platensis was cultivated in tubular photobioreactor using either urea or nitrate as nitrogen sources at different light intensities (60 μmol m?2 s?1?≤?I?≤?240 μmol m?2 s?1). The type of carbon source (pure CO2 or CO2 from fermentation) did not show any appreciable influence on the main cultivation parameters, whereas substitution of nitrate for urea increased the nitrogen-to-cell conversion factor (Y X/N ), and the maximum cell concentration (X m ) and productivity (P X ) increased with I. As a result, the best performance using gaseous emissions from alcoholic fermentation (X m ?=?2,960?±?35 g m?3, P X ?=?425?±?5.9 g m?3 day?1 and Y X/N ?=?15?±?0.2 g g?1) was obtained at I?=?120 μmol m?2 s?1 using urea as nitrogen source. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that the combined use of effluents rich in urea and carbon dioxide could be exploited in large-scale cyanobacteria cultivations to reduce not only the production costs of these photosynthetic microorganisms but also the environmental impact associated to the release of greenhouse emissions. 相似文献
3.
Comparing soil carbon sequestration in coastal freshwater wetlands with various geomorphic features and plant communities in Veracruz,Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
José Luis Marín-Muñiz María E. Hernández Patricia Moreno-Casasola 《Plant and Soil》2014,378(1-2):189-203
Background and aims
Wetlands are important carbon sinks across the planet. However, soil carbon sequestration in tropical freshwater wetlands has been studied less than its counterpart in temperate wetlands. We compared carbon stocks and carbon sequestration in freshwater wetlands with various geomorphic features (estuarine, perilacustrine and depressional) and various plant communities (marshes and swamps) on the tropical coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. These swamps are dominated by Ficus insipida, Pachira aquatic and Annona glabra and the marshes by Typha domingensis, Thalia geniculata, Cyperus giganteus, and Pontederia sagittata.Methods
The soil carbon concentration and bulk density were measured every 2 cm along 80 cm soil profiles in five swamps and five marshes. Short-term sediment accretion rates were measured during a year using horizontal makers in three of the five swamps and marshes, the carbon sequestration was calculated using the accretion rates, and the bulk density and the percentage of organic carbon in the surficial layer was measured.Results
The average carbon concentration ranged from 50 to 150 gC kg?1 in the marshes and 50 to 225 gC kg?1 in the swamps. When the wetlands were grouped according to their geomorphic features, no significant differences in the carbon stock (P?=?0.095) were found (estuarine (25.50?±?2.26 kgC m?2), perilacustrine (28.33?±?2.74 kgC m?2) and depressional wetlands (34.93?±?4.56 kgC m?2)). However, the carbon stock was significantly higher (P?=?0.030) in the swamps (34.96?±?1.3 kgC m?2) than in the marshes (25.85?±?1.19 kgC m?2). The average sediment accretion rates were 1.55?±?0.09 cm yr?1 in the swamps and 0.84?±?0.02 cm yr?1 in the marshes with significant differences (P?=?0.040). The rate of carbon sequestration was higher (P?=?0.001) in swamp soils (0.92?±?0.12 kgC m?2 yr?1) than marsh soils (0.31?±?0.08 kgC m?2 yr?1). Differences in the rates of carbon sequestration associated with geomorphic features were found between the swamp ecosystems (P?<?0.05); i.e., higher values were found in the swamps than in the marshes in perilacustrine and estuarine wetlands (P?<?0.05). However, no significant differences (P?=?0.324) in carbon sequestration rates were found between the marsh and swamp areas of the depressional site.Conclusions
Swamp soils are more important contributors to the carbon stock and sequestration than are marsh soils, resulting in a reduction in global warming, which suggests that the plant community is an important factor that needs to be considered in global carbon budgets and projects of restoration and conservation of wetlands. 相似文献4.
Walter Cañon-Mancisidor Evgenia Spodine Veronica Paredes-Garcia Diego Venegas-Yazigi 《Journal of molecular modeling》2013,19(7):2835-2844
A theoretical study of the magnetic properties, using density functional theory, of a family of trinuclear μ3-OH copper(II) complexes reported in the literature is presented. The reported X-ray crystal structures of [Cu3(μ3-OH)(aat)3(H2O)3](NO3)2·H2O (HUKDUM), where aat: 3-acetylamine-1,2,4-triazole; [Cu3(μ3-OH)(aaat)3(H2SO4)(HSO4)(H2O)] (HUKDOG), where aaat: 3-acetylamine-5-amine-1,2,4-triazole; [Cu3(μ3-OH)(PhPyCNO)3(tchlphac)2] (HOHQUR), where PhPyCNO: phenyl 2-pyridyl-ketoxime and tchlphac: acid 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic; [Cu3(μ3-OH)(PhPyCNO)3(NO3)2(CH3OH)] (ILEGEM); [Cu3(μ3-OH)(pz)3(Hpz)3(ClO4)2] (QOPJIP), where Hpz?=?pyrazole; [Cu3(μ3-OH)(pz)3(Hpz)(Me3CCOO)2]?2Me3CCOOH (DEFSEN) and [Cu3(μ3-OH)(8-amino-4-methyl-5-azaoct-3-en-2-one)3][CuI3] (RITXUO), were used in the calculations. The magnetic exchange constants were calculated using the broken-symmetry approach. The calculated J values are for HUKDUM J1?=??68.6 cm?1, J2?=??69.9 cm?1, J3?=??70.4 cm?1; for HUKDOG, J1?=??73.5 cm?1, J2?=??58.9 cm?1, J3?=??62.1 cm?1; for HOHQUR J1?=??128.3 cm?1, J2?=??134.1 cm?1, J3?=??120.4 cm?1; for ILEGEM J1?=??151.6 cm?1, J2?=??173.9 cm?1, J3?=??186.9 cm?1; for QOPJIP J1?=??118.3 cm?1, J2?=??106.0 cm?1, J3?=??120.6 cm?1; for DEFSEN J1?=??74.9 cm?1, J2?=??64.0 cm?1, J3?=??57.7 cm?1 and for RITXUO J1?=??10.9 cm?1, J2?=?+14.3 cm?1, J3?=??35.4 cm?1. The Kahn-Briat model was used to correlate the calculated magnetic properties with the overlap of the magnetic orbitals. Spin density surfaces show that the delocalization mechanism is predominant in all the studied compounds. Figure
The Kahn-briat model was used to correlate the calculated magnetic properties with the overlap of the magnetic orbitals. 相似文献
5.
Land use induced changes of organic carbon storage in soils of China 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
Using the data compiled from China's second national soil survey and an improved method of soil carbon bulk density, we have estimated the changes of soil organic carbon due to land use, and compared the spatial distribution and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cultivated soils and noncultivated soils in China. The results reveal that ~ 57% of the cultivated soil subgroups ( ~ 31% of the total soil surface) have experienced a significant carbon loss, ranging from 40% to 10% relative to their noncultivated counterparts. The most significant carbon loss is observed for the non‐irrigated soils (dry farmland) within a semiarid/semihumid belt from northeastern to southwestern China, with the maximum loss occurring in northeast China. On the contrary, SOC has increased in the paddy and irrigated soils in northwest China. No significant change is observed for forest soils in southern China, grassland and desert soils in northwest China, as well as irrigated soils in eastern China. The SOC storage and density under noncultivated conditions in China are estimated to ~ 77.4 Pg (1015 g) and ~ 8.8 kg C m?2, respectively, compared to a SOC storage of ~ 70.3 Pg and an average SOC density of ~ 8.0 kg C m?2 under the present‐day conditions. This suggests a loss of ~ 7.1 Pg SOC and a decrease of ~ 0.8 kg C m?2 SOC density due to increasing human activities, in which the loss in organic horizons has contributed to ~ 77%. This total loss of SOC in China induced by land use represents ~ 9.5% of the world's SOC decrease. This amount is equivalent to ~ 3.5 ppmv of the atmospheric CO2 increase. Since ~ 78% of the currently cultivated soils in China have been degraded to a low/medium productivities and are responsible for most of the SOC loss, an improved land management, such as the development of irrigated and paddy land uses, would have a considerable potential in restoring the SOC storage. Assuming a restoration of ~ 50% of the lost SOC during the next 20–50 years, the soils in China would absorb ~ 3.5 Pg of carbon from the atmosphere. 相似文献
6.
Causes and implications of spatial variability in postfire tree density and understory plant cover for patterns of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and leaf area index (LAI) were examined in ninety 11-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) stands across the landscape of Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, USA. Field studies and aerial photography were used to address three questions: (1) What is the range and spatial pattern of lodgepole pine sapling density across the burned Yellowstone landscape and what factors best explain this variability? (2) How do ANPP and LAI vary across the landscape and is their variation explained by abiotic factors, sapling density, or both? (3) What is the predicted spatial pattern of ANPP and LAI across the burned Yellowstone landscape? Stand density spanned six orders of magnitude, ranging from zero to 535,000 saplings ha?1, and it decreased with increasing elevation and with increasing distance from unburned forest (r 2?=?0.37). Postfire densities mapped from 1:30,000 aerial photography revealed that 66% of the burned area had densities less than 5000 saplings ha?1 and approximately 25% had densities greater than 10,000 saplings ha?1; stand density varied spatially in a fine-grained mosaic. New allometric equations were developed to predict aboveground biomass, ANPP, and LAI of lodgepole pine saplings and the 25 most common herbaceous and shrub species in the burned forests. These allometrics were then used with field data on sapling size, sapling density, and percent cover of graminoid, forb, and shrub species to compute stand-level ANPP and LAI. Total ANPP averaged 2.8 Mg ha?1y?1 but ranged from 0.04 to 15.12 Mg ha?1y?1. Total LAI averaged 0.80 m2 m?2 and ranged from 0.01 to 6.87 m2 m?2. Variation in ANPP and LAI was explained by both sapling density and abiotic factors (elevation and soil class) (ANOVA, r 2?=?0.80); abiotic variables explained 51%–54% of this variation. The proportion of total ANPP contributed by herbaceous plants and shrubs declined sharply with increasing sapling density (r 2?=?0.72) and increased with elevation (r 2?=?0.36). However, total herbaceous productivity was always less than 2.7 Mg ha?1 y?1, and herbaceous productivity did not compensate for tree production when trees were sparse. When extrapolated to the landscape, 68% of the burned landscape was characterized by ANPP values less than 2.0 Mg ha?1y?1, 22% by values ranging from 2 to 4 Mg ha?1y?1, and the remaining 10% by values greater than 4 Mg ha?1y?1. The spatial patterns of ANPP and LAI were less heterogeneous than patterns of sapling density but still showed fine-grained variation in rates. For some ecosystem processes, postfire spatial heterogeneity within a successional stage may be similar in magnitude to the temporal variation observed through succession. 相似文献
7.
Norio Arakaki Yasuhiro Hokama Ayako Yamaguchi Sadao Wakamura 《Applied Entomology and Zoology》2013,48(3):331-335
To examine the local distribution of Dasylepida ishigakiensis Niijima et Kinoshita larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on Miyako Island and Ishigaki Island, a survey was conducted in hayfields on the two Islands in February and March 2011. Symptoms of white grub infestation, such as patches of wilted grass and thin, yellow grass stands, were observed in some of the 20 hayfields surveyed on Miyako Island. Three species of white grub were observed there: D. ishigakiensis, Anomala cpustulata cpustulata Matsumura in Hirayama, and Anomala albopilosa (Hope), in the ratio 92:7:1, respectively. The mean population density of D. ishigakiensis in the hayfields was 54.3 m?2 and the maximum was 225 m?2. No significant relationship was found between the damage levels of hay grass and the D. ishigakiensis larval densities. In contrast, no damage was observed in the 14 hayfields surveyed on Ishigaki Island, although some D. ishigakiensis larvae were found at a low density in 4 hayfields. In 2006, no D. ishigakiensis larvae were found in sugarcane fields on this island in a separately conducted intensive survey. These observations may suggest that D. ishigakiensis larvae are present in hayfields at a low density but that few individuals occur in sugarcane fields on Ishigaki Island. 相似文献
8.
Wang Jian M. Duangjinda C. Vajrabukka Suporn Katawatin 《International journal of biometeorology》2014,58(6):1087-1094
Cutaneous evaporation is the main avenue by which cattle dissipate heat via the involvement of sweat glands and other skin components. The difference in skin morphology between B. indicus and B. taurus has been recognized, as well as differences in their ability to tolerate heat. The objective of this study was to compare skin morphology between B. indicus, B. taurus, and their crossbreds. Skin samples of Sahiwal (B. indicus) (n?=?10, reddish brown skin) and Holstein Friesian (HF) (B. taurus) (n?=?10, black and white skin) and crossbred of HF75% (n?=?10, black and white skin) and HF87.5 % (n?=?10, black and white skin) were biopsied for histological study, followed by measurement of skin components. The results indicated that breed significantly affected sweat gland morphology. The shape of the sweat gland, as indicated by the ratio of length/diameter, in Sahiwal was baggier in shape compared to HF (5.99 and 9.52) while values for crossbreds were intermediate (7.82, 8.45). The density and volume of sweat glands in Sahiwal (1,058 glands/cm2; 1.60 μ3?×?10?6) were higher than in HF (920 glands/cm2; 0.51 μ3x10?6) and crossbreds, both HF 75 % (709 glands/cm2; 0.68 μ3?×?10?6) and HF 87.5 % (691 glands/cm2; 0.61 μ3?×?10?6) respectively. However, capillary surface area was greater for HF (2.07 cm2) compared to Sahiwal (1.79 cm2); accordingly, the lower genetic fraction of HF in crossbred cattle showed less capillary surface area (1.83 and 1.9 cm2 for HF75% and HF87.5 %) (P?<?0.01). Nerve density was not significantly different between Sahiwal and HF but was higher in the crossbred (P?<?0.01) cattle. Moreover, the effect of skin color (black and white) was evaluated and it was found that there was an interaction (P?<?0.01) between breed and skin color on the skin components. This study reveals that there are differences in skin morphology among B. indicus, B. taurus and their crossbreds, with these differences being more or less related to the genetic fraction of HF. This may imply that capability for cutaneous evaporative heat loss and tolerance to heat in crossbred cattle could be related to skin morphology. 相似文献
9.
Above- and belowground dynamics of plant community succession following abandonment of farmland on the Loess Plateau, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Aboveground and belowground changes during vegetation restoration and vegetation successions need to be characterized in relation to their individual responses to changes in soil resources. We examined above- and belowground vegetation characteristics, soil moisture, and nutrient status at the end of the growing season in 2006 in plots with vegetation succession ages of 2, 4, 6, and 8 years (two replicates each) that had been established on abandoned cropland, where potatoes had been grown for 3 years, using hoe and plow cultivation, immediately prior to vegetation clearance and subsequent natural plant colonization. A plant community comprising pioneer species [e.g., Artemisia capillaries, (subshrub)] was characterized by low levels of species richness (7.5?±?1.4 species m?2), plant density (35.7?±?4.2 stems m?2), fine root length density (940.1?±?90.1 m m?2), and root area density (2.3?±?0.3 m2 m?2) that increased rapidly with time. Aboveground and belowground characteristics of both A. capillaries and the later successional species, Stipa bungeana (C3 perennial grass), increased in the first 6 years, but in the following 2 years A. capillaries declined while S. bungeana thrived. Thus, the fine root length density of A. capillaries, 812.4 m m?2 after 2 years, changed by a factor of 1.7, 2.0, and 0.4 in the 4th, 6th, and 8th years, whereas that of S. bungeana changed from 278.4 m m?2, after 4 years, and by 1.7 and 23.3 times in the 6th and 8th years, respectively. Secondary vegetation succession resulted in reduced soil moisture contents. Soil available P and N mainly influenced aboveground characteristics, while soil moisture mainly influenced belowground characteristics. However, soil moisture had no significant affect on S. bungeana belowground characteristics at the population level in this semiarid region. 相似文献
10.
Rajesh Kondamudi K. N. Swamy Y. Venkateswara Rao T. Vishnu Kiran K. Suman D. Sanjeeva Rao P. Raghuveer Rao D. Subrahmanyam N. Sarla B. Ramana Kumari S. R. Voleti 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2016,38(6):160
Carbon balancing within the plant species is an important feature for climatic adaptability. Photosynthesis and respiration traits are directly linked with carbon balance. These features were studied in 20 wild rice accessions Oryza spp., and cultivars. Wide variation was observed within the wild rice accessions for photosynthetic oxygen evolution or photosynthetic rate (A), dark (R d), and light induced respiration (LIR) rates, as well as stomatal density and number. The mean rate of A varied from 10.49 μmol O2 m?2 s?1 in cultivated species and 13.09 μmol O2 m?2 s?1 in wild spp., The mean R d is 2.09 μmol O2 m?2 s?1 and 2.31 μmol O2 m?2 s?1 in cultivated and wild spp., respectively. Light induced Respiration (LIR) was found to be almost twice in wild rice spp., (16.75 μmol O2 m?2 s?1) compared to cultivated Oryza spp., Among the various parameters, this study reveals LIR and A as the key factors for positive carbon balance. Stomatal contribution towards carbon balance appears to be more dependent on abaxial surface where several number of stomata are situated. Correlation analysis indicates that R d and LIR increase with the increase in A. In this study, O. nivara (CR 100100, CR 100097), O. rufipogon (IR 103404) and O. glumaepatula (IR104387) were identified as potential donors which could be used in rice breeding program. Co-ordination between gas exchange and patchiness in stomatal behaviour appears to be important for carbon balance and environmental adaptation of wild rice accessions, therefore, survival under harsh environment. 相似文献
11.
In this study body temperature (BT, °C) and panting score (PS, 0–4.5; where 0?=?no panting/no stress and 4.5?=?catastrophic stress) data were obtained from 30 Angus steers housed outside over 120 days Steers were implanted with a BT transmitter on day ?31, BT was recorded at 30-min intervals to a data logger and downloaded each day to a database. The cattle were housed in ten outdoor un-shaded pens with an earthen floor, eight of which had a pen floor area of 144 m2 (three transmitter steers plus five non-transmitter steers; 18 m2/steer) and two had an area of 168 m2 (three transmitter steers and six non-transmitter steers; 18.7 m2/steer). Only data from the transmitter steers were used in this study. The PS of the steers was obtained daily (± 15 min) at 0600 hours (AM), 1200 hours (MD) and 1600 hours (PM). At the same times climate variables (ambient temperature, black globe temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and rainfall) were obtained from an on-site weather station. PS observations were made from outside the pens so as not to influence cattle responses. The two closest BT values to the time when PS was obtained were downloaded retrospectively from a logger and averaged. A total of 8,352 observations were used to generate second order polynomial response curves: (AM) y?=?39.08?+?0.009?x +?0.137x 2 (R 2?=?0.94; P?0.001) (MD) y?=?39.09?+?0.914x ? 0.080x 2 (R 2?=?0.89; P?0.001) and (PM) y?=?39.52?+?0.790x ? 0.068x 2 (R 2?=?0.83; P?0.001) where y?=?BT (°C) and ?x?PS. These data suggest that PS is a good indicator of body temperature. The BT at MD corresponded to slightly lower PS compared with PM, e.g., for PS 1; BT at MD?=?39.1?±?0.05 °C whereas BT at PM?=?39.5?±?0.05 °C. However during AM, BT was lower (P?0.05) at PS 1, 2 and 2.5 compared with MD and PM. For example, when PS was 2.5 the BT at AM was 40.2?±?0.04 °C, at MD it was 40.9?±?0.04 °C and at PM BT was 41.1?±?0.04 °C. When PS was 0 the BT at AM and MD were similar. The AM response curve suggests animals attempt to increase heat dissipation during the cooler AM period relative to MD and PM. Morning observation of cattle (before feeding) are crucial for effective heat load management especially on days when high heat load is expected. The MD and PM observations provide a good indication of the impact of high environmental heat load on cattle. Differences in PS between AM and PM observations suggest that more research is needed to determine the effect of night time conditions on BT, PS and overall respiratory dynamics of cattle during periods of hot weather. 相似文献
12.
The contribution of below ground plant root tissue to soil carbon (C) pools is attracting considerable interest in the context of greenhouse gas mitigation options. A field experiment was conducted on a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture in the Manawatu, New Zealand, to examine the effect of differing soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertility status on root dynamics. Root standing mass, shoot and root dry matter (DM) accumulation and root tissue decomposition were measured at 6–8 week intervals over one year at moderate (Olsen P?=?24, no added N) and high (Olsen P?=?49, 400 kgN ha?1y?1 added N) soil fertility levels. Shoot production was significantly greater in the high fertility treatment (2550 cf. 1890 gDM m?2y?1) but differences in root dynamics were confined to two periods in spring and winter. In late spring the pattern was for lower root mass (183 cf. 231 gDM m?2 between 0–80 mm depth) and higher root production (0.71 cf. 0.52 gDM m?2 d?1 between 0–120 mm depth) under higher fertility. In winter the reverse was observed. There is some evidence that the soil type used in the root in-growth cores underestimated root production values for this site by a factor of approx. one third. Short-term differences between the two fertiity treatments in standing root mass and root production did not lead to treatment differences in topsoil C and N changes over four years. This may reflect insufficient separation in the two soil fertility treatments and a low overall root tissue input to soil organic matter. 相似文献
13.
Le-Zheng Qin Wen-Tao Li Xiu-Mei Zhang Meng Nie Yong Li 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2014,22(6):671-682
The sexual reproduction of annual and perennial Zostera marina was investigated in Moon Lake, Shandong, China. Based on the disturbance and stress regimes, the Z. marina beds were classified into five types: intertidal annual (IA) and perennial (IP) eelgrass patches, subtidal patch area (PA), meadow margin (MM) and meadow center (MC). Seed dispersal was investigated using artificial seagrass units in the five areas and another two areas [adjacent bare area and Zostera japonica meadow (Zj)]. Total and flowering shoot density and aboveground biomass of flowering shoots per unit area were higher in PA and MM, and lower in IA and IP, whereas the total biomass per unit area in MC showed the highest value. Reproductive effort (RE) in IA showed negative response to intertidal stress, while in perennial IP, PA and MM it showed significantly positive response to anthropogenic or natural disturbances. The density-based RE in perennial IP, PA and MM was 1.1-, 5.1- and 5.1-fold higher than that in MC, while in annual IA it was 0.46-fold lower. Additionally, the biomass-based RE in IP, PA and MM was 1.8-, 3.5- and 3.8-fold higher than that in MC, while the RE in IA was 0.84-fold lower. The estimated seed production per unit area was much greater in PA (60,793 ± 9,843 seeds m?2) and MM (43,414 ± 8,718 seeds m?2) than in IA (416 ± 83 seeds m?2), IP (3,820 ± 1,470 seeds m?2) and MC (9,779 ± 631 seeds m?2), while the seed density ranged from 24 ± 6 to 584 ± 56 seeds m?2. Results suggested that in response to disturbances and stress, Z. marina in subtidal areas increased their RE and seed production and thus seeds were available to be dispersed into areas where seed production was limited. 相似文献
14.
Silvia Buono Antonella Colucci Antonella Angelini Antonio Luca Langellotti Marina Massa Anna Martello Vincenzo Fogliano Angela Dibenedetto 《Journal of applied phycology》2016,28(6):3179-3192
The present work evaluated biomass productivity, carbon dioxide fixation rate, and biochemical composition of two microalgal species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyta) and Tetradesmus obliquus (Chlorophyta), cultivated indoors in high-technology photobioreactors (HT-PBR) and outdoors both in pilot ponds and low-technology photobioreactors in a greenhouse in southern Italy. Microalgae were grown in standard media, under nitrogen starvation, and in two liquid digestates obtained from anaerobic digestion of agro-zootechnical and vegetable biomass. P. tricornutum, cultivated in semi-continuous mode in indoor HT-PBRs with standard medium, showed a biomass productivity of 21.0?±?2.3 g m?2 d?1. Applying nitrogen starvation, the lipid productivity increased from 2.3 up to 4.5?±?0.5 g m?2 d?1, with a 24 % decrease of biomass productivity. For T. obliquus, a biomass productivity of 9.1?±?0.9 g m?2 d?1 in indoor HT-PBR was obtained using standard medium. Applying liquid digestates as fertilizers in open ponds, T. obliquus gave a biomass productivity (10.8?±?2.0 g m?2 d?1) not statistically different from complete medium such as P. tricornutum (6.5?±?2.2 g m?2 d?1). The biochemical data showed that the fatty acid composition of the microalgal biomass was affected by the different cultivation conditions for both microalgae. In conclusion, it was found that the microalgal productivity in standard medium was about doubled in HT-PBR compared to open ponds for P. tricornutum and was about 20 % higher for T. obliquus. 相似文献
15.
Serena Moretti Wenke Smets Eline Oerlemans Ronny Blust Sarah Lebeer 《Aerobiologia》2018,34(4):487-496
Endotoxins are components of Gram-negative bacteria with inherently high pro-inflammatory potential. In an urban environment, airborne endotoxins may associate with pollutants such as particulate matter, increasing the severity of the immune response by acting as a natural adjuvant to augment inflammatory respiratory disease development. Here, we present a closer look at outdoor urban endotoxins by applying a microbial-targeted collection strategy. Results from 87 samples distributed throughout the city of Antwerp ranged from 0.45 to 93.71 EU/m3, with a geometric mean of 4.49 EU/m3 and 95% confidence interval of 3.53–5.71 EU/m3. Sample collection was also coupled with the use of a Coulter counter, for which the particle count (2.5–10 μm/m3) showed a significant correlation with endotoxin concentration (R2?=?0.24; p?<?0.0001; n?=?64). In addition, the analysis of the cultivable bacterial colony-forming units on Reasoner’s 2A agar (expressed CFU/m3) showed to be a good indicator for airborne endotoxins (R2?=?0.57; p?<?0.0001; n?=?58). Moreover, identification of dominant bacterial colonies on these culture plates gave some indications on potential sources of these urban outdoor bacteria and endotoxins. 相似文献
16.
By employing the Ehrenfest "phase space" trajectory method for studying quantum chaos, developed in our laboratory, the present study reveals that the H2 molecule under intense laser fields of three different intensities, I?=?1?×?1014 W/cm2, 5?×?1014 W/cm2, and 1?×?1015 W/cm2, does not show quantum chaos. A similar conclusion is also reached through the Loschmidt echo (also called quantum fidelity) calculations reported here for the first time for a real molecule under intense laser fields. Thus, a long-standing conjecture about the possible existence of quantum chaos in atoms and molecules under intense laser fields has finally been tested and not found to be valid in the present case. 相似文献
17.
Tae Gwan Kim Kyung-Eun Moon Jeonghee Yun Kyung-Suk Cho 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2013,97(7):3171-3181
Methanotrophs must become established and active in a landfill biocover for successful methane oxidation. A lab-scale biocover with a soil mixture was operated for removal of methane and nonmethane volatile organic compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS), benzene (B), and toluene (T). The methane elimination capacity was 211?±?40 g?m?2 d?1 at inlet loads of 330–516 g?m?2 d?1. DMS, B, and T were completely removed at the bottom layer (40–50 cm) with inlet loads of 221.6?±?92.2, 99.6?±?19.5, and 23.4?±?4.9 mg m?2 d?1, respectively. The bacterial community was examined based on DNA and RNA using ribosomal tag pyrosequencing. Interestingly, methanotrophs comprised 80 % of the active community (RNA) while 29 % of the counterpart (DNA). Types I and II methanotrophs equally contributed to methane oxidation, and Methylobacter, Methylocaldum, and Methylocystis were dominant in both communities. The DNA vs. RNA comparison suggests that DNA-based analysis alone can lead to a significant underestimation of active members. 相似文献
18.
Yang Bai Zhong-Jun Zhou Jia-Jun Wang Ying Li Di Wu Wei Chen Zhi-Ru Li Chia-Chung Sun 《Journal of molecular modeling》2013,19(9):3983-3991
How to generate a non-zero first hyperpolarizability for a centrosymmetric molecule is a challenging question. In this paper, an external (pump) electric field is used to make a centrosymmetric benzene molecule generate a non-zero value of the electric field induced first hyperpolarizability (β F ). This comes from the centrosymmetry breaking of electron cloud. Two interesting rules are exhibited. (1) β F is anisotropic for different directional fields (F i, i?=?X, Y, Z). (2) The field dependence of β F is a non-monotonic function, and an optimum external electric field causes the maximum value of β F . The largest first hyperpolarizability β F reaches the considerable level of 3.9?×?105 a.u. under F Y?=?330?×?10?4 a.u. for benzene. The external electric field effects on non-centrosymmetric edge-modified graphene ribbon H2N-(3,3)ZGNR-NO2 was also studied in this work. The first hyperpolarizability reaches as much as 2.1?×?107 a.u. under F X?=?600?×?10?4 a.u. for H2N-(3,3)ZGNR-NO2. We show that the external electric field can not only create a non-zero first hyperpolarizability for centrosymmetric molecule, but also remarkably enhance the first hyperpolarizability for a non-centrosymmetric molecule. 相似文献
19.
Yun-Yeong Lee Tae Gwan Kim Kyung-suk Cho 《Bioprocess and biosystems engineering》2016,39(6):1005-1014
A novel dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, Klebsiella sp. IR21, was isolated from the anode biofilm of an MFC reactor. Klebsiella sp. IR21 reduced 27.8 % of ferric iron to ferrous iron demonstrating that Klebsiella sp. IR21 has electron transfer ability. Additionally, Klebsiella sp. IR21 generated electricity forming a biofilm on the anode surface. When a pure culture of Klebsiella sp. IR21 was supplied into a single chamber, air–cathode MFC fed with a mixture of glucose and acetate (500 mg L?1 COD), 40–60 mV of voltage (17–26 mA m?2 of current density) was produced. Klebsiella sp. IR21 was also utilized as a biocatalyst to improve the electrical performance of a conventional MFC reactor. A single chamber, air–cathode MFC was fed with reject wastewater (10,000 mg L?1 COD) from a H2 fermentation reactor. The average voltage, current density, and power density were 142.9 ± 25.74 mV, 60.5 ± 11.61 mA m?2, and 8.9 ± 3.65 mW m?2, respectively, in the MFC without inoculation of Klebsiella sp. IR21. However, these electrical performances of the MFC were significantly increased to 204.7 ± 40.24 mV, 87.5 ± 17.20 mA m?2, and 18.6 ± 7.23 mW m?2, respectively, with inoculation of Klebsiella sp. IR21. The results indicate that Klebsiella sp. IR21 can be utilized as a biocatalyst for enhancement of electrical performance in MFC systems. 相似文献
20.
The B3LYP/6-31G (d) method of density functional theory (DFT) was used to study molecular geometry, electronic structure, infrared spectrum (IR) and thermodynamic properties. The heat of formation (HOF) and calculated density were estimated to evaluate the detonation properties using Kamlet–Jacobs equations. Thermal stability of 3,5,7,10,12,14,15,16-octanitro- 3,5,7,10,12,14,15,16-octaaza-heptacyclo[7.5.1.12,8.01,11.02,6.04,13.06,11]hexadecane (cage-tetranitrotetraazabicyclooctane) was investigated by calculating the bond dissociation energy (BDE) at unrestricted B3LYP/6-31G (d) level. The calculated results show that the N–NO2 bond is a trigger bond during thermolysis initiation process. The crystal structure obtained by molecular mechanics (MM) methods belongs to Pna21 space group, with cell parameters a?=?12.840 Å, b?=?9.129 Å, c?=?14.346 Å, Z?=?6 and ρ?=?2.292 g·cm?3. Both the detonation velocity of 9.96 km·s?1 and the detonation pressure of 47.47 GPa are better than those of CL-20. According to the quantitative standard of energetics and stability, as a high energy density compound (HEDC), cage-tetranitrotetraazabicyclooctane essentially satisfies this requirement. 相似文献