p38MAPK介导的胶质细胞iNOS的转录激活机制

丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)酶级联反应系统参与胶质细胞中iNOS的合成.通过瞬时转染p38MAPK途径中上游激酶,MAPK激酶3(MKK3)和MAPK激酶6 (MKK6 )表达质粒,进一步了解p38MAPK级联传导信号系统调节iNOS基因在胶质细胞中的转录激活机制.MKK3或MKK6表达质粒与接有荧光素酶(luciferase ,Luc)的大鼠iNOS启动基因质粒(iNOS Luc)联合转染C6星形胶质细胞株引起iNOS Luc的激活,并且使细胞因子诱导的iNOSmRNA的表达增强.这两种效应都能够被p38MAPK抑制剂SB2 0 35 80所抑制.MKK3 6也可以诱导核因子κB(NFκB Luc)依赖的转录活性.这些分子水平的研究结果为p38MAPK信号级联传导途径在调节大鼠胶质细胞中iNOS基因转录激活中的重要作用,包括转录因子NFκB的作用提供了证据.通过阻断iNOS表达或NO的生成,抑制细胞炎症发生,为防治神经细胞炎症反应性疾病提供实验依据.     

ATP敏感性钾通道、酪氨酸激酶和NF-κB参与高铁血红素诱导的大鼠心肌保护作用

通过诱导血红素氧化酶1(Hemeoxygenase1,HO1)可增强大鼠对抗心肌缺血复灌损伤。本文探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(MitochondrialATPsensitivepotassiumchannel,mitoKATP)、酪氨酸激酶(Proteintyrosinekinases,PTK)和核因子κB(NuclearfactorkappaB,NFκB)是否参与其中。SD大鼠腹腔注射HO1的诱导剂高铁血红素(hemin)50mg/kg,24h后取离体心脏给予30min缺血和120min复灌。结果发现,hemin可改善缺血-复灌(Ischemiareperfusion,IS)心脏的收缩功能,缩小心肌梗死面积;而HO1的抑制剂ZnPP可抑制hemin引起的HO1活性增加,并抵消hemin诱导的心肌保护作用。在腹腔注射hemin前给予mitoKATP通道阻断剂5HD(5mg/kg),与hemin IS组相比,心脏的收缩功能明显下降,心肌梗死面积增大,LDH和CK释放增加。而在hemin预处理后24h,30min缺血前给予5HD灌流(100μmol/L)同样可阻断hemin诱导的心肌保护作用。hemin诱导的心肌保护作用亦可被PTK抑制剂genistein(10μmol/L)或NFκB抑制剂PDTC(100μmol/L)所取消。结果提示:hemin可诱导心肌HO1增加,保护心肌缺血-复灌性损伤,其作用可能与PTK和NFκB的激活有关,而mitoKATP通道在hemin诱导的心肌保护作用中可能扮演了启动因子和终末效应器双重角色。     

脂多糖激活靶细胞NF-κB的机制与途径的研究进展

真核细胞核转录因子Rel/NF-κB是近年来发现的一类具有多向性转录调控作用的蛋白质因子,广泛调控着自昆虫至人类的免疫和炎症反应中一系列基因的表达,静息时,Rel/NF-κB二聚体与其抑制蛋白IκB结合成三聚体存在于胞质中,胞外刺激通过不同的信号转导途径使IκB降,解,活化的NF-κB进入核内发挥功能,本文主要介绍了脂多糖激活靶细胞NF-κB的分子机制及酷氨酸蛋白激酶,丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶,蛋白激酶C等相关胞内信号转导途径的研究进展。     

低氧对巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-6的影响及其机制

目的:观察低氧对巨噬细胞(Mφ)前炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6分泌的影响及其机制.方法:收集分离小鼠腹腔Mφ,建立Mφ的低氧(1% O2,5%CO2)培养模型,并用非特异性酯酶染色法进行鉴定;ELISA法检测上清液中TNF-α和IL-6的含量;RT-PCR法检测TNF-α和IL-6的转录物水平;用Western blot法检测Mφ核内NF-κB的激活量;通过在培养液中加入氢化可的松(5 mg/L),观察低氧时TNF-α和IL-6分泌量的变化.结果:TNF-α和IL-6分泌量在低氧12 h时明显增加(P＜0.01);低氧6 h时,TNF-α mRNA和IL-6 mRNA表达量明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);M中核内NF-κB的激活量在低氧2 h时明显增高(P＜0.05),低氧5 h内持续存在;而当培养液中加入氢化可的松抑制NF-κB活性后,TNF-α和IL-6的分泌水平无明显变化.结论:低氧可通过核转录因子NF-κB途径促进细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6基因的表达和分泌.     

绿脓菌素激活MAPKs、NF-KB信号通路诱导呼吸道上皮细胞IL-8表达

采用绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素刺激人呼吸道上皮细胞株A549和SPC-A-1,用ELISA方法检测细胞IL-8分泌水平,并使用免疫印迹(Western blot)方法观察绿脓菌素对细胞内重要的炎症信号传导途径NF—κB及丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPKs)的激活作用。实验发现,绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素可诱导呼吸道上皮细胞株IL-8分泌增加,且具有剂量依赖效应。绿脓菌素刺激细胞可使细胞内IκB—α发生降解,同时使MAPK家族蛋白分子(ERK1／2、p38、JNK)发生磷酸化。MEK1／2(ERK1／2激酶)抑制剂U0126(10μmol／L)和p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580(10μmol／L)可降低绿脓菌素诱导A549细胞IL-8的合成。以上结果显示绿脓菌素通过MAPK信号传导通路增强呼吸道上皮细胞IL-8的表达;NF-κB通路也参与了绿脓菌素调控细胞IL-8表达的过程。     

解脲脲原体脂质相关膜蛋白通过激活核因子κB调控诱导性一氧化氮合酶在小鼠巨噬细胞中的表达

为探讨解脲脲原体(Uu)的脂质相关膜蛋白(LAMPs)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞表达诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的分子机制,从解脲脲原体提取的脂质相关膜蛋白,刺激小鼠巨噬细胞,以RT_PCR、Western blot等方法分析iNOS的表达及NO的产生;用细胞免疫化学、间接免疫荧光及Western blot等方法检测核因子κB(NF_κB)的激活,另外检测了NF_κB的特异性抑制剂二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(PDTC)和蛋白酶抑制剂放线菌酮(CHX)对iNOS的表达及NF_κB激活的影响。结果表明,解脲脲原体的LAMPs通过激活NF_κB诱导小鼠巨噬细胞表达iNOS的mRNA和蛋白,且能以时间和剂量依赖方式刺激小鼠巨噬细胞产生NO,NF_κB的抑制剂PDTC或蛋白酶抑制剂放线菌酮(CHX),可抑制NF_κB的激活及iNOS的表达。由于解脲脲原体的脂质相关膜蛋白通过激活NF_κB诱导小鼠巨噬细胞表达iNOS和产生NO,因而可能是一个重要的致病因素。     

AMPK激活剂下调爆发性肝炎小鼠肝内组织因子表达北大核心CSCD

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK)是重要的代谢调节酶及炎症调控新靶点。以往研究显示,AMPK激活剂5-氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺核苷酸转甲酰酶(5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside,AICAR)可通过抑制炎症反应减轻脂多糖/右旋半乳糖胺(lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine,LPS/D-gal)诱导的爆发性肝炎。由于炎症可通过激活凝血反应加重组织损伤,本研究旨在以炎症诱导凝血反应为切入点探讨AICAR保肝效应的机制。腹腔注射LPS/D-gal建立爆发性肝炎小鼠模型,用Western blot检测肝内组织因子(tissue factor,TF)、缺氧诱导因子1-α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)以及细胞核内核因子kappa B(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)p65蛋白表达,用实时定量PCR检测肝细胞促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)m RNA表达,用试剂盒检测肝组织乳酸(lactic acid,LA)水平。结果显示,LPS/D-gal可促进小鼠肝细胞内TF蛋白表达,提高细胞核内NF-κB p65水平,上调HIF-1α蛋白及EPO m RNA表达,并提高肝组织LA水平;而AICAR干预后,以上指标均明显下调。以上结果提示,AICAR可通过抑制NF-κB活性下调TF表达及凝血活性,从而减轻肝组织缺氧及代谢紊乱,这可能是AICAR减轻LPS/D-gal诱导的爆发性肝炎的新机制。     

TRAF6 与NF-κB 在特发性炎症性肌病小鼠肌肉中的表达及意义

目的:研究肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)与核转录因子κB(NF-κB)在特发性炎症性肌病(IIMs)中的表达情况,探讨TRAF6在IIMs发病中的作用及机制。方法:30只雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为5组(每组6只),A:正常对照组;B~E:IIMs模型自第一次免疫后分别在1周、2周、3周、4周末处理组;采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测各组小鼠肌肉组织中TRAF6与NF-κB m RNA表达水平。结果:(1)IIMs各组小鼠肌肉中TRAF6与NF-κB m RNA与正常对照组相比表达均有不同程度升高(P0.01),第2周末时升高最为显著(P0.01),第3周、4周呈下降趋势(P0.01);(2)IIMs小鼠各组肌肉组织中TRAF6与NF-κB m RNA表达水平与肌肉炎症程度呈正相关(r=0.940,r=0.908,P0.01),前二者之间也呈显著正相关(r=0.944,P0.01)。结论:TRAF6、NF-κB m RNA表达在IIMs小鼠肌肉中上调,TRAF6可能通过NF-κB的激活在IIMs发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。     

人骨髓瘤细胞中两条IL-6信号转导途径的相互调控方式

首先利用凝胶阻滞电泳 ( electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA )和免疫沉淀( immunoprecipitation,IP)方法观察两条 IL- 6信号转导途径—— JAK/STAT和 Ras/NF- IL- 6在人骨髓瘤细胞系 Sko- 0 0 7中的诱导激活状态 ;继而采用分别作用于两条途径的蛋白激酶抑制剂或激动剂以及转录因子的反义核酸与 IL- 6共同作用 Sko- 0 0 7细胞 ,观察一条途径激活信号上调 (或下调 )时 ,另外一条途径活化状态的变化 .结果显示 :1 .JAK/STAT和 Ras/NF- IL- 6信号转导途径都能够在 Sko- 0 0 7细胞中诱导激活 ;2 .与 JAK/STAT途径活化相关的某个酪氨酸磷酸化作用参与了Ras途径的诱导激活 ;Ras途径可通过蛋白激酶 MAPK( motigen- activated protein kinase)对 JAK/STAT途径的激活起正调控作用 .这说明在人骨髓瘤细胞 Sko- 0 0 7中两条 IL- 6信号途径可相互调控彼此的活化 .     

LIGHT regulates CD86 expression on dendritic cells through NF-kappaB, but not JNK/AP-1 signal transduction pathway

The members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family play pivotal roles in the regulation of the immune system. LIGHT is a type II transmembrane protein belonging to the TNF family that was originally identified as a weak inducer of apoptosis. This cytokine has been extensively studied for its role in T cell regulation. Recently, we identified its role in inducing maturation of dendritic cells, such as LIGHT upregulated CD86 expression on dendritic cells in our previous report. However, the signal transduction pathway on this regulation remains unknown. In this study, we found that LIGHT activated NF-kappaB, p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK. LIGHT upregulates CD86 expression on DCs through activation of NF-kappaB, but not p44/42 signal pathway, because inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by its inhibitor could blunt the effect of LIGHT in up-regulation of CD86 expression, but neither inhibitor of p44/42 MAPK nor JNK inhibitor has this effect. Thus we demonstrate that LIGHT regulates CD86 expression through NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway but neither p44/42 MAPK nor JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway. We conclude that NF-kappaB signal plays a key role in LIGHT-mediated upregulation of CD86 expression.     

Apoptosis induced by NO via phosphorylation of p38 MAPK that stimulates NF-kappaB, p53 and caspase-3 activation in rabbit articular chondrocytes

Nitric oxide (NO), reported as an important inducer of apoptosis, plays a considerable role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of articular diseases. This research aimed at investigating the role of p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway on apoptosis induced by NO in rabbit articular chondrocytes. In the present study, NO was produced by a novel NO donor NOC-18. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured as monolayer, and the first passage cells were used for the experiments. We detected apoptosis induced by NO using Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. Measurement of caspase-3 has reflected its activity level. Western blotting was performed to show the protein expressions of p38, NF-kappaB, p53 and caspase-3. Furthermore, we examined the inhibitory effects in the NO pathway with p38-specific inhibitor SB203580. Treatment with NOC-18 caused accelerated apoptosis in a concentration dependent manner. This acceleration was able to be reduced when added to SB203580. Besides, the inhibitor could significantly decrease NO-induced p38, NF-kappaB, p53 and caspase-3 protein expressions, as well as caspase-3 intracellular activity (P<0.05). These results suggest that p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway is critical to NO-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, and p38 plays a role by way of stimulating NF-kappaB, p53 and caspase-3 activation.     

Cutting edge: IL-4 induces suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression in B cells by a mechanism dependent on activation of p38 MAPK

The signaling cascade initiated by IL-4 is classically divisible into two major pathways: one mediated by STAT6, and the other by insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2 via activation of PI3K. In murine splenic B cells, the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3 is inducible by IL-4 via a mechanism independent of STAT6 and PI3K. SOCS3 expression increases 9-fold within 5 h of IL-4 treatment. This induction occurs normally in B cells deficient in STAT6 and is unaffected by pretreatment with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, or with the ERK pathway inhibitor, PD98059. However, the IL-4 induction of SOCS3 is blocked by inhibitors of either the JNK or p38 MAPK pathways (SP600125 and SB203580, respectively). Direct examination of these pathways reveals rapid, IL-4-directed activation of p38 MAPK, uncovering a previously unappreciated pathway mediating IL-4 signal transduction.     

NF-kappaB activation mechanism of 4-hydroxyhexenal via NIK/IKK and p38 MAPK pathway

4-Hydroxyhexenal (HHE) is known to affect redox balance during aging, included are vascular dysfunctions. To better understand vascular abnormality through the molecular alterations resulting from HHE accumulation in aging processes, we set out to determine whether up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by HHE is mediated through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in endothelial cells. HHE induced NF-kappaB activation by inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) phosphorylation via the IkappaB kinase (IKK)/NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK) pathway. HHE increased the activity of p38 MAPK and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), but not c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, indicating that p38 MAPK and ERK are closely involved in HHE-induced NF-kappaB transactivation. Pretreatment with ERK inhibitor PD98059, and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, attenuated the induction of p65 translocation, IkappaB phosphorylation, and NF-kappaB luciferase activity. These findings strongly suggest that HHE induces NF-kappaB activation through IKK/NIK pathway and/or p38 MAPK and ERK activation associated with oxidative stress in endothelial cells.