共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Shigeru Suzuki David A. Hill David S. Sprague 《International journal of primatology》1998,19(4):703-722
We examined the interaction between intertroop transfer and male dominance ranks in a wild population of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in Yakushima using data collected over 15 years. Intertroop transfer tended to maintain a linear, stable, and age-graded dominance rank order among nonnatal males irrespective of variation in troop size or composition. All males that joined a troop at the top of the rank order were prime adults. Among males joining at lower ranks, entry at the most subordinate position in the hierarchy was common. Males joining at lower ranks tended to join troops in which all other resident males were the same age or older. Adult males tended to join troops with few or no males. Young males tended to join troops with many resident males, and in which a relatively large proportion of males was other young ones. Intertroop transfer was responsible for most rank changes of resident males. The most common cause of males rising in rank was the emigration or death of a higher-ranking male. Males fell in rank most frequently as a result of a new male joining the troop at the top of the hierarchy. Rank reversals among resident males were rare. The cumulative effects of male transfers produce sociodemographic variation within a troop over time and sociodemographic diversity among troops in a local population. A key feature of intertroop diversity is that larger troops have a significantly greater proportion of young males than smaller troops. This diversity also creates the potential for intertroop variation in the severity of male competition and provides a range of options for transferring males. 相似文献
2.
Social Relationships Among Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) in Two Free-Ranging Troops at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We observed two free-ranging troops of ring-tailed lemurs at the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Kinship affinities in these troops are known only for mothers and their offspring 4 years of age. We attempted to quantify social relationships. Almost all agonistic interactions were dyadic, and triadic agonistic interactions, such as alliances, were very rare. Dominance hierarchies in both sexes in the two troops were not linear. As in cercopithecine monkeys, mothers were dominant over their adult daughters. However, the daughters were not ranked immediately below their mothers. Close proximity and social grooming occurred more frequently between closely related females, such as mother–daughter and sister–sister dyads, than between unrelated females. Frequent-proximity relations also occurred between adult males that had emigrated from another troop and entered the present troop together, even though they did not rank closely to one another. Subordinates were likely to groom and to greet dominants more frequently than vice versa. During group encounters, particular females were involved in agonistic interactions with animals of other troops, regardless of dominance rank. Adult males, regardless of their dominance rank, but not adult females, constantly tried to drive solitary males away. 相似文献
3.
David S. Sprague Shigeru Suzuki Hiroyuki Takahashi Shizue Sato 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(3):351-363
This paper compares male life history parameters of two populations of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata
Blyth, 1875), studied without provisioning: Yakushima (M. f. yakui), a subtropical forest habitat in southwestern Japan, and Kinkazan (M. f. fuscata), a temperate, deciduous forest habitat in northeastern Japan. The males of the two sites experienced similar life histories
with respect to several traits. Age at natal dispersal was at about 5 years. Average troop residence was about three years.
Most males joined troops at the bottom of the rank order, although a few males joined troops at the top rank. Dominance ranks
of males tended to rise with the death or departure of higher ranking males. Visiting males accounted for about 41% of observed
mating at both sites. However, the two sites differed in the sex ratio of troops, partly because a larger proportion of males
apparently lived outside of troops in the Kinkazan site compared to Yakushima. In particular, non-natal young males were absent
from the main study troop at Kinkazan. Large within-species variation may exist in the degree to which males associate with
troops. 相似文献
4.
Toru Oi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(1):15-31
A field study on wild pig-tailed macaques was conducted in West Sumatra, Indonesia, during three periods from January 1985
to February 1987. During the nine months of the first two periods, unprovisioned monkeys were traced and observed. During
the eight months of the last period, monkeys were provisioned and observed mainly at baiting sites. Three troops and ten solitary
males appeared at the two baiting sites. Some males immigrated into and emigrated from the troops. The troops had a multi-male
multi-female composition. The size of the various troops was 74, 49, and 81 individuals, respectively, and the mean adult
sex ratio in the troops was 1:6.3; that is, markedly biased towards females. The home ranges of two of the troops overlapped
considerably. When the troops encountered each other at the baiting sites, a clear dominance relationship was recognized.
The troops differed in their integration as ranging units: two of the troops did not form subgroups (temporary fission and
fusion of each troop), while the other troop frequently split into subgroups. Recent field studies on pig-tailed macaques
have suggested a multi-leveled society with harem-type unit groups. However, in the present study, the troops observed had
neither a substructure similar to harem-type groups nor a superstructure that emerged as a result of fusion of the troops.
The unit group of the pig-tailed macaques appears to be a multi-male, matrilineal group. 相似文献
5.
Toru Oi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(1):1-19
During the period from June to July 1983, the Hanyama-A troop of wild non-provisioned Japanese monkeys on Yakushima Island
began to show signs of troop fission. Adult females together with their infants and juveniles subdivided into two groups,
the Hanyama-K group and Hanyama-M group. After the subdivision, all of the troop males were observed vacillating between these
two female groups. During the mating season, non-troop males were also observed moving around the two female groups. After
this mating season, one of these non-troop males was found to have entered and become the alpha male in one of the groups,
while higher-ranking adult males of the original troop settled into the other group. Each fissioned group was strongly considered
to be composed of either high-ranking matrilines or low-ranking matrilines as observed previously in provisioned troops. The
dominance relation between the two fissioned groups indicated that dominance rank reversal between these two female kin groups
must have occurred during the course of subdivision of the troop. However, different from most previous cases of troop fission,
there was no indication that males ever participated in the subdivision of the original female group. This was disrupted not
as a result of males' involvement, but only as a result of antagonism among females, which initiated the troop fission. The
main factor which appeared to determine when and in which fission group males eventually settled was the competition between
the troop males' coalition and non-troop males and their ability to monopolize females. The present process of troop fission
suggests a dual strategy between males and females (Wrangham, 1979, 1980) even in the society of Japanese macaques. 相似文献
6.
7.
Robert H. Horwich 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(2):222-230
Adulterous breeding between a female howling monkey (Alouatta pigra) of one troop with a male of an adjacent troop occurred despite territorial defense between the two troops. The specific behaviors are described as well as a synopsis of daily events which occurred between the female and two males from adjacent troops. A discussion of how this interaction and the behavior patterns relate to what is known about breeding in howler monkeys and related species follows. 相似文献
8.
In the present study, we recorded all births, immigrations, deaths, and emigrations for a population of ring-tailed lemurs
at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar, between September 1989 and August 1999. In September 1989, three troops (C, B, and T) inhabited
the study area of 14.2 ha. During the 10-year period, eight troop divisions, six evictions of females, and three troop takeovers
of ranges by other troops occurred in and around the study area. Consequently, in August 1999, the number of troops in the
same area increased to six (CX, C1, C2A, C2B, T1, and T2). The number of lemurs aged >1 year increased from 63 to 82, which
resulted from 204 births, 58 immigrations, 125 deaths, and 118 emigrations. Of the 204 newborn lemurs during the study period,
103 died, 44 emigrated outside the study area, and 57 remained within the study area. The total number of lemurs that emigrated
from natal troops was 69 (54 males and 15 females). Natal males left their troops around the age of 3. Non-natal males changed
troops after a tenure varying from 1 to 7 years. Survival curves showed a fall in survival rates of both sexes to < 0.5 between
the ages of 2 and 3. For females, the survival rate gradually decreased to < 0.2 at the age of 9. On the other hand, due to
emigration, the survival rate of males could not be determined after the age of 5 yr. Since some males attained high-rank
at the age of 6 – 10 yr, the prime age for male ring-tailed lemurs is thought to be around 7 – 10 yr. Ring-tailed lemurs are
essentially female philopatric, because all cases of females leaving natal troops resulted from troop divisions or forced
evictions. Such social changes may have resulted from competition among females. All cases of troop divisions or evictions
occurred in larger troops consisting of ≥20 lemurs, and only a few females could rejoin their troops. When males joined such
a female-group, a new troop was formed. Although promoted by an increase in population, frequent emigrations of females from
original troops are the characteristics of ring-tailed lemurs at Berenty. 相似文献
9.
Takeshi Furuichi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(3):219-237
Adult male association and its annual change were studied in a wild population of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Unlike many other Japanese macaque troops, adult troop males frequently maintained proximity
and exchanged grooming with one another in both the mating and non-mating seasons, and the dominance relationship rarely appeared
in such inter-male associations. The few cases of agonistic interactions occurred mostly when estrous females or food resources
were immediately concerned. Although troop males were very intolerant to newly appeared solitary males (new males) during
the mating season, close associations were formed between troop males and new males as soon as the mating season terminated.
The consort of new males and lower-ranking troop males with estrous females was frequently disturbed, but these males could
copulate no less frequently than higher-ranking males. A comparison among macaque species suggests the existence of two forms
of inter-male association: (1) the frequent association based on the symmetrical exchange of social behaviors; and (2) the
infrequent and asymmetrical association related to the dominance relationship. The form of inter-male association seems to
be influenced by whether or not males can keep close associations with females throughout the year. 相似文献
10.
11.
T. Weingrill J. E. Lycett & S. P. Henzi 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2000,106(11):1033-1044
Chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) show a lower consortship take‐over rate and longer consortship duration than the other savannah baboons ( Bulger 1993 ). It has been argued that researchers have focused on atypically small troops with few adult males, resulting in low competition for access to oestrous females. Consortship data from two mountain baboon troops containing seven and four males, respectively, were analysed to determine whether the troop with the greater number of males showed a weaker correlation between mating success and rank due to an expected higher consortship take‐over rate. No consort take‐overs were observed in either study troop and mating success in both troops was correlated strongly with male rank. The distribution of days spent in consortship amongst the males could be explained by the priority‐of‐access‐model. The degree of cycle overlap determined the number of males observed consorting oestrous females, whereas the number of males did not influence the relationship between rank and consorting activity. 相似文献
12.
Solitary and paired adult (nine) and subadult (one) male chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, were observed over a period of years living in part of a wooded desert canyon not used by adjacent troops. These extratroop males were silent when alone and gave only one alarm vocalization, the “wa-hoo” call, when paired. The space occupied by them is unsuitable for use by troops according to criteria for adequate sleeping sites and access to water. But the foods available to them, especially figs, but also other fruits and fresh acacia seeds, were abundant. These foods are more highly preferred by baboons than those foods available to troop members. Troop members deplete these resources and shift to less preferred foods with lower water content and longer processing times. All of the adult members of the troop adjacent to these isolated males were infected with a skin disease. Isolated males were not so afflicted and so cannot have originated from, or ever been a part of, this troop. They probably moved to the space where they were observed from other inland troops, traveling to their current home range along the narrow canyon river course. 相似文献
13.
Juichi Yamagiwa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(2):105-120
The troop fissions which occurred in a wild population of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) were observed from 1977 to 1979 on Yakushima Island. The fissions were initiated in the breeding season by non-troop males
who established a consort relation with estrous females. In order to analyze the socio-sexual factors which accelerated the
fissions, the male emigrations and immigrations before and after two successive fissions, and the copulation frequencies,
competition among males and preferences of mating partners in both sexes in the 1977–78 breeding season after the first fission
were examined. The results indicated that three factors (a large number of non-troop males, a shortage of troop males and
the females' choice of mating partners) effectively influenced on the establishment of consort relationships between non-troop
males and estrous females. It is suggested that these factors may exert different effects on the troop disorganization in
relation to troop size. In small-sized troops, a large number of non-troop males and a shortage of troop males may lead to
stronger competition between them, and the females' choice affected by prolonged intimate relations with the dominant TMs
may reduce their priority of access to estrous females. This situation possibly stimulates fission or male emigration in small-sized
troops under the natural conditions on Yakushima Island. In contrast, in large-sized troops under isolated conditions, a surplus
rather than a shortage of troop males may contribute to troop disorganization, as most former studies have suggested. A higher
socionomic sex ratio may decrease the mating activities of subordinate troop males and increase the competition among them.
This situation possibly accelerates the fission of large-sized troops through prolonged interactions between females and subordinate
or peripheral troop males. A lower ratio and the females' choice, however, raise the mating chances of subordinate troop males
and may not promote the fission of large-sized troops under isolated conditions.
This study was financed in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Special Project Research on Biological Aspects of Optimal Strategy and
Social Structure from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, and by the Cooperative Research Fund of the Primate
Research Institute, Kyoto University. 相似文献
14.
Kenji Kawanaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1973,14(2-3):113-159
Intertroop relationships among Japanese monkeys, which have been paid only scant attention for the past 20 years, are examined from several points of view. Japanese monkey troops are generally distributed in such a way as to concentrate locally, that is, to form a local concentration of troops (LCT). About 20% of the nomadic ranges of the troops within LCT's overlap; but in their natural state, they seldom approach but rather to avoid one another. From observations of intertroop encounters at Takasakiyama, where three troops are provisionized and use the same feeding place, it has been found that there exists a dominant-subordinate relationship among troops, that monkeys of each troop have a clear consciousness of belonging to their troop, and that monkeys of different troops rate one another on the basis of their capability. The frequency of male transfer between troops within LCT's is by far higher than between LCT's. In Japanese monkey society, a troop only is a social unit and a social order higher than a troop is not seen; however, it is not impossible to consider an LCT a consanguineally connected group by reason of the transfer of males among the troops within it. 相似文献
15.
Tamar Ron 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1996,102(1):128-133
The study troop of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) at Mkuzi Game Reserve, Zululand, South-Africa, comprised of about 76 members that split into two new troops. The events leading to this troop fission will be described and its possible causes will be discussed. Troop fission among baboons is generally attributed to the withdrawal of low-ranking females from the main group, as a result of the cost of food competition and its effect on their reproductive success. At Mkuzi, no evidence for food competition among females was recorded in terms of rank-related time spent feeding or other time—budget components, feeding-bout length, diet composition or context of female aggression. Moreover, no evidence for rank-related differential reproductive success was found in terms of inter-birth intervals or infant survival. Female mortality was, however, related to dominance rank, with circumstantial evidence suggesting that cause of mortality was predation by leopards. Rate of female disappearances, aggression levels among females, and the percentage of time they spent in proximity to other adult troop members increased after fission. Relatively short inter-birth intervals and extremely low infant mortality rate at Mkuzi resulted in a small number of receptive females at any one time, and therefore in high costs of male sexual competition as expressed in the high levels of male aggression and woundings, both reduced after fission. It is suggested that this troop fission may have been initiated by the resident males, triggered by the high cost of sexual competition, and forced on the females, who were, consequently, subjected to higher risk of predation. The troop fission was preceded by a long process of increasing tendency for sub-trooping. It was initiated by the four resident males who kept a large distance apart from each other, herded oestrous female associates away from others and were followed by other females. The females generally tended to stay close to associates, males and females. These parties were followed by the peripheral and immigrant males who had no female associates, and eventually two distinct daughter troops were formed. 相似文献
16.
A study on population dynamics of wild Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Kenting, southern Taiwan, was conducted from March 1985 to August 1990. At first, only one monkey troop was studied.
It fissioned in 1987 and both of the daughter troops have been observed since then. Total number of animals increased from
10 to 29 over the years, but the sizes of individual troops have never been more than 20. Seasonality in breeding has been
detected: copulations were concentrated in the period from November to January and 75% of all the 28 births occurred between
April and June. Time of birth by parous females without offspring from the preceding year was earlier than that of lactating
females. Young females gave their first births at 4 or 5 years of age. Total birth rate over the study period was 0.8 infant
per female per year. Hunting was the main cause of death while natural mortality rate was low for the animals. There was only
one adult male in each troop for most of the time. Troop males in the two daughter troops have been replaced two or three
times in the three years by some solitary males that moved around in the area. The reproductive parameters of Formosan macaques
in Kenting were found to be more similar to that of rhesus monkeys than to Japanese macaques. And a case of higher reproductive
success in a high-ranking matriline was reported. 相似文献
17.
Takeshi Furuichi 《Journal of Ethology》1984,2(2):109-119
Non-agonistic social interactions in an unprovisioned troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) were analyzed with the spacing between individuals, leading-following interactions, and exchange of social grooming. The
most frequent interactions were found between kin-related females. Unrelated females stayed with one another rather frequently,
but rarely exchanged social behaviors. Interactions between males and females were infrequent though they were occasionaly
observed between high-ranking males and high-ranking females. Very frequent exchange of grooming was observed between males,
and even high-ranking males exchanged grooming more frequently with males than with females. Most non-agonistic social interactions
in the study troop were based on bidirectional exchange of social behaviors, in which no clear tendency relevant to dominance
or sex was found; while in provisioned Japanese macaque troops, associations between males and females, between unrelated
females, and between males were formed mainly be subordinates' active roles in associative behaviors. This seems relevant
to the idea that dominance grealty influence social life in provisioned troops. The present study provides guidelines for
interspecific comparison of social interaction patterns of macaque species. 相似文献
18.
Secondary sex ratios (SSR) were calculated from 1,385 offspring delivered by 372 females in the Cayo Santiago population of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from 1976 through 1984. The SSR for the entire colony ranged from 0.86 to 1.46 males per female (combined total: 1.08), but no significant difference was observed (P > .05). SSR values were compared among the troops for each year. The SSR differed significantly among the six social groups (P < .05) only in 1978. The annual SSR of each troop was compared over 9 years. Significant variation was found only in group O. The annual SSR was significantly skewed (P < .05, males > females) for three troops in 3 separate years. The SSR did not vary according to troop rank. No significant difference was found among the 17 matrilines of the population, but comparison of matrilines within each social group revealed a significant difference in the SSR (P < .02) for the three matrilines in group I. This was due to the significantly skewed SSR (P = .0080, females > males) of the DM genealogy in that troop. SSR values were not related to matrilineal rank. Individual dominance rank did not bias the SSR. Complete reproductive histories for 266 females showed no evidence of significantly skewed SSR values. Age-related effects on the SSR were examined by using cross-sectional and cohort-based analyses. The SSR did not vary significantly (P > .05) with maternal age, but it was significantly skewed (P < .05) toward males at the ages of 5 and 9 years. Parity had no significant effect (P > .05) on SSR values. Wide variation occurred in the SSR of the Cayo Santiago population. Rank-related adjustment of the SSR at the level of the troop, matriline, or individual, as reported in short-term studies of other primate social groups, may reflect normal annual variation in the SSR evident only from longitudinal observations of large multigroup primate populations. 相似文献
19.
Habitat use by crop-raiding Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) was studied in western Japan from December 2005 to February 2006, a food-scarce season. To examine how different vegetation
types affect habitat use by monkeys, two crop-raiding troops were compared: the first troop inhabited a habitat involving
more wild food resources; the second troop inhabited a habitat providing fewer wild food resources. It was hypothesized that
monkeys living in the habitat with fewer wild food resources are more likely to utilize human settlements and areas around
them (i.e. adjacent zones), with a dependence on crop foods. Comparisons of observed and expected habitat use frequencies
showed that the first troop selected evergreen broad-leaved forests and conifer plantations, and avoided adjacent zones, rice
fields, and golf courses. The second troop selected adjacent zones and avoided conifer plantations, pine forests, and deciduous
broad-leaved forests. Both troops moved rapidly in avoided habitat types. These results suggest that monkeys living in the
habitat with fewer wild food resources are more likely to utilize areas around human settlements during a food-scarce season. 相似文献
20.
Observations of play behavior were made on a troop of Japanese monkeys for five months. The troop consisted of 125 animals
during the study period. Only 104 animals were observed playing with the troop members while the other 21 animals were never
observed playing with other individuals. Two-member play was the most frequent. On the average, a monkey played with 20.7
individuals. A total of 6,068 play bouts were observed. The frequency of play appeared to be affected by age, sex, and degree
of relatedness. One-year-old infant males played most with other members and the frequency of play decreased with age. Between
monkeys whose disparity of age was less than two years, 5,763 bouts (95.0% of the total) were observed. Moreover, among sameaged
monkeys who comprised 10.6% of the possible pair combinations, 2,739 play bouts (45.1%) were observed. Juvenile males played
with same-sexed peers more than with opposite-sexed peers, whereas older juvenile females appeared to play with infants of
both sexes. Individuals who were related and similarly-ranked tended to play together. There was no apparent preference for
animals to play with the offspring of the highest-ranking female. Dominance rank of infnats and juveniles was primarily affected
by rank of their mothers and to a lesser extent by play partners. Dominance rank of older juvenile males is more likely to
be affected by play partners than females. It may be a critical time for males when they leave their natal troop and join
a new troop. The timing of troop shifting by males seemed to be affected by the presence or absence of play-mates. For male
Japanese monkeys, play is very important in developing social bonds. Play may act to perpetuate social bonds, enhance the
chance of survival, and may contribute to their future reproductive success. 相似文献