箭舌豌豆根瘤液泡中细菌周膜来源的研究

电镜观察结果表明,幼龄箭舌豌豆根瘤侵染细胞的细胞质较少,中央是一些体积较大的液泡。细胞质中侵入线经常可见,由侵入线释放出来的细菌均有细菌周膜。这些细菌只位于细胞质中,不出现在液泡里面。成熟根瘤中的侵染细胞与此不同,它们中有大量的成熟侵染细胞,细胞质丰富,里面充满大量细菌,中央常有一个大液泡。当中央液泡发育到一定程度时,位于其附近的细菌可通过液泡膜内吞、液泡膜与细菌周膜融合及液泡膜破裂3种途径进入液泡,后一种途径常伴有寄主细胞质。液泡中的细菌绝大部分裸露在外,只有个别细菌具有细菌周膜且多位于液泡膜的破损处附近,因此细菌周膜可能是原来就有的。     

箭舌豌豆根瘤细胞液泡中一种特殊内含物的研究

用透射电镜观察了箭舌豌豆根瘤侵染细胞。结果表明,有一些小泡出现在细胞质膜和侵入线附近,它们不断向中央液泡运动,并在运动中相互靠近形成小泡团。当其到达中央液泡时,附近的液泡膜产生内吞,形成突起。最后,这些突起脱离液泡膜,在中央液泡中形成一种由管状结构和小泡组成、表面具有一层被膜的特殊内含物。本文还讨论了此种内含物的起源及其与根瘤抗旱和细菌周膜扩增的关系。     

液泡膜H+ -PPase与植物耐盐性

文章介绍植物液泡膜H^＋-PPase的结构、功能及其分子生物学的研究进展,并着重阐述液泡膜H^＋-PPase在植物耐盐性中的作用。     

液泡膜H~+-PPase与植物耐盐性

文章介绍植物液泡膜H+-PPase的结构、功能及其分子生物学的研究进展,并着重阐述液泡膜H+-PPase在植物耐盐性中的作用。     

液泡膜苹果酸转运蛋白研究进展

液泡是植物细胞贮藏苹果酸重要的细胞器.苹果酸是三羧酸酸循环和乙醛酸循环的中介,是维持细胞渗透压与电荷平衡的关键代谢物,还参与调节植物气孔大小,故苹果酸在植物的生命活动中起着重要作用.液泡膜苹果酸转运蛋白直接或间接控制苹果酸进出液泡,介导液泡与细胞质问苹果酸的运输.液泡膜苹果酸转运蛋白属于钠连接的羧酸盐载体家族,本文重点介绍植物液泡膜苹果酸转运蛋白的性质和功能及其与植物细胞pH值动态平衡之间关系的研究进展.     

甜菊愈伤组织细胞中的液泡膜内突和液泡内囊泡

对生长在分化培养基上的甜菊愈伤组织分生区细胞的液泡膜内突和液泡内囊泡,进行了超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学研究。在不同液泡化时期的细胞中,都存在不同大小和形态的液泡膜内突,它们有的缺乏明显的内含物;有的含有许多小泡或复杂膜系;有的含有一个较大的具许多小泡或复杂膜系的膜束缚囊泡。在液泡内还存在一些游离的液泡内囊泡,它们通常具有两层紧贴的界膜或为多层同心膜,推测它们来自液泡膜内突。ＡｃＰａｓｅ定位结果显     

提取大麦叶片液泡膜微囊的两相法

介绍用两相法提取大麦叶片液泡膜微囊的技术,证明用此法获得的膜微囊制剂中叶绿素含量很低,基本直不影响液泡膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｈ＾＋－ＰＰｉ酶活性的测定。     

胁迫反应中的液泡膜H^＋—ATPase

在简要阐述植物细胞液泡膜上V型H＋-ATPase的基本结构和一般特性的基础上,介绍在胁迫应答中,该酶通过改变分子结构,调节其功能及其在植物细胞信号转导中可能存在的调节机制,以及液泡膜V型H＋-ATPase在植物抗逆生理行为中的重要作用。     

大麦根液泡膜微囊依赖ATP质子泵测定技术的改进

ImprovementofDeterminationofATP－DependentProtonPumpinTonoplastVesiclesfromBarleyRootsZHANGWen－Hua,LIUYou－Liang,YUBing－Jun（DepartmentofAgronomy,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095）HEPing－Qing（CentralLaboratory,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095）膜微囊是研究质子泵的有效工具,目前一般用不连续葡聚精（蔗糖）密度梯度获取液泡膜微囊「’,‘’。我们在实验中发现,液泡膜微囊提取及其质子泵的测定有一定难度,尤其是跨液泡膜质子梯度（APH）的测定值波动较大,有时甚至…     

玉米根尖细胞液泡膜结合的蛋白激酶的存在及其性质

为了解液泡膜蛋白在植物细胞信号途径中的功能,用新型的非放射性同位素方法从玉米根细胞的高纯度液泡膜上鉴定出一种膜内在的蛋白激酶.这种蛋白激酶具有Ca2+依赖、CaM和磷脂酰丝氨酸不依赖等特性,与已在多种植物中报道的含有类似钙调素结构域的蛋白激酶CDPK相似.离体实验表明其活性的最适pH值为6.5,最适Ca2+浓度为10 μmol/L.从最适pH值和去污剂的影响可以推测出其活性位点朝向胞质一侧.Zn2+对其活性没有明显的抑制作用,说明该激酶缺少某些哺乳动物的蛋白激酶常含有的锌指结构.当液泡膜蛋白在Ca2+和ATP存在的条件下被预磷酸化后,液泡膜H+-ATPase的ATP水解和质子转运过程均被激活.激活的活性可以被碱性磷酸酶逆转.以上结果说明玉米根尖细胞的液泡膜中存在一种可能是CDPK的蛋白激酶.由它造成的Ca2+依赖的磷酸化作用激活了液泡膜H+-ATPase的活性.这些结果将有助于深入研究CDPK在植物细胞信号转导中的功能.     

Cytoplasmic membrane systems involved in bacterium release into soybean nodule cells as studied with two Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant strains

Two Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Tn5-induced, mutant strains, ML126 and ML150, were studied. Both induce host cell division to form normal-sized nodules that do not fix nitrogen and whose cells have very few bacteroids (Bar-). Early-infection (15 days post infection) cells have much endoplasmic reticulum (ER), numerous Golgi bodies, and large vacuoles that are probably secondary lysosomes. Later the cytoplasm of the host cells of both are dominated by hundreds of vesicles containing only finely fibrous material and that appear to originate by the degradation of the cell walls of the infection threads; they have been named "infection-thread wall degradation vesicles" (IWDV). Phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid (PACA) staining of thin sections shows that IWDV membranes and the plasma membranes of both the cells and infection threads usually stain quite intensely, while the membranes of other cell organelles do not. The membranes of the few symbiosomes present in the mutants also stain with PACA. This evidence suggests that largely the host-cell plasma membrane gives rise to both the vesicle and symbiosome membranes in these mutants. In cells induced by both mutants, ER appears to be deficient, a finding suggesting that an ER-synthesis signal is involved in the normal release process, that ER synthesis is prerequisite to a normal volume of release, and that insufficient ER can impair symbiosome formation. In the mutant-induced infections, normal lysosomes develop and engulf both symbiosomes and cytoplasmic vesicles, but the retardation of this activity is the probable cause of the cytoplasm becoming overloaded with vesicles.     

Differentiation of nodules of Glycine max

Plants of Glycine max var. Caloria, infected as 14 d old seedlings with a defined titre of Rhizobium japonicum 3Il b85 in a 10 min inoculation test, develop a sharp maximum of nitrogenase activity between 17 and 25 d after infection. This maximum (14±3 nmol C₂H₄ h^-1 mg nodule fresh weight^-1), expressed as per mg nodule or per plant is followed by a 15 d period of reduced nitrogen fixation (20–30% of peak activity). 11 d after infection the first bacteroids develop as single cells inside infection vacuoles in the plant cells, close to the cell wall and infection threads. As a cytological marker for peak multiplication of bacteroids and for peak N₂-fixation a few days later the association of a special type of nodule mitochondria with amyloplasts is described. 20 d after inoculation, more than 80% of the volume of infected plant cells is occupied by infection vacuoles, mostly containing only one bacteroid. The storage of poly--hydroxybutyrate starts to accumulate at both ends of the bacteroids. Non infected plant cells are squeezed between infected cells (25d), with infection vacuoles containing now more than two (up to five) bacteroids per section. Bacteroid development including a membrane envelope is also observed in the intercellular space between plant cells. 35 d after infection, more than 50% of the bacteroid volume is occupied by poly--hydroxybutyrate. The ultrastructural differentiation is discussed in relation to some enzymatic data in bacteroids and plant cell cytoplasm during nodule development.     

Isolation and characterization of the membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules

The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, Rhizobium becomes surrounded by the host cell wall and plasma membrane, forming the infection thread. The cell wall of the infection thread is degraded by cellulolytic enzyme(s), leaving behind the enclosed plasma membrane, the membrane envelope. Cellulase activity in young nodules increases two- to threefold as compared to uninfected roots, and this activity is localized in the cell wall matrix of the infection threads. Membrane envelopes were isolated by first preparing bacteroids enclosed in the envelopes on a discontinuous sucrose gradient followed by passage through a hypodermic needle, which released the bacteroids from the membranes. This membrane then sedimented at the interface of 34--45% sucrose (mean density of 1.14 g/cm3). Membranes were characterized by phosphotungstic acid (PTA)-chromic acid staining. ATPase activity, and localization, sensitivity to nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. These analyses revealed a close similarity between plasma membrane and the membrane envelope. Incorporation of radioactive amino acids into the membrane envelope proteins was sensitive to cycloheximide, suggesting that the biosynthesis of these proteins is primarily under host-cell control. No immunoreactive material to leghemoglobin antibodies was found inside or associated with the isolated bacteroids enclosed in the membrane envelope, and its location is confined to the host cell cytoplasmic matrix.     

侵染细胞质膜附近小泡的来源及其作用

箭舌豌豆根瘤幼龄侵染细胞的壁和质膜比较光滑,成熟侵染细胞与此不同,不仅细胞壁厚薄均,有较多的胞间连丝,而且质膜常常内陷形成各种突起,然后离质膜形成小泡。这些位于质膜附近的小泡体积较小,多呈圆形,既可单独存在,也可多个聚在一起。在向细胞中央移动中,有的小泡靠近细胞质膜,甚至与细菌周期融合,有的小泡不民附近的小液泡融合变为较大液泡,并常用降解程度不同的细菌位于其中,在衰老侵染细胞中,细胞壁附近有小泡,     

Ultrastructure of Free-Living and Nitrogen-Fixing Forms of Rhizobium meliloti as Revealed by Freeze-Etching

Freeze-etching of Rhizobium meliloti provided considerable insight into the ultrastructure of this bacterium and into the changes accompanying the transformation from the free-living rod forms to the nitrogen-fixing bacteroid forms. In the small rods, one cleavage plane was revealed at the level of the cell wall and a second at the level of the plasma membrane. Very little structure was evident at the cell wall level, but distinctly different convex and concave fracture faces were exposed at the cell membrane cleavage plane. During the transformation into the bacteroidal state the wall decreased in thickness, became less rigid, and developed a particulate surface. In addition, changes in particle density were observed in the plasma membrane. The fine structure of the plant membranes, the infection threads, and the arrangement of the bacteroids within the plant cells also were revealed.     

PHB颗粒在红豆草根瘤细菌发育中的动态变化

红豆草根瘤胞间隙和侵入线中另有个别细菌含有PHB颗粒,而且数量很少,一个细菌通常仅有一个。随着细菌被从侵入线中释放到寄主细胞中,这些PHB颗粒立即消失。幼龄细菌不含PHB颗粒,成熟细菌一般也不含这种内含物。当细菌衰老时,它们又再度出现,并大量增加,而后很快减少,直至完全消失。从未发现这种颗粒存在于解体细菌中,尽管它们处于各种不同的解体状态。PHB颗粒在细菌发育中的变化表明,它的多少不仅与根瘤细菌发育密切有关,而且也受制于根瘤品种。     

拟菌体包囊膜的动态变化和宿主细胞与细菌的相互关系

本文初次报道紫云英根瘤的超微结构。用根瘤中段的中心组织作实验材料,以显示受根瘤菌侵染的宿主细胞的一般结构。细菌借助于侵入线进入宿主细胞,发育成拟菌体,为包囊膜所裹。一个包囊膜内一般只有一个拟菌体。包囊膜可以与细胞质内的囊泡和小液泡融合而扩增,导致膜对拟菌体的包裹由紧密到疏松的变化。包囊膜和拟菌体表面都有突起,两者的突起相对接触和融合。对拟菌体包囊膜的动态变化与衰老的关系以及宿主细胞和拟菌体之间物质交换的关系进行了讨论。作者指出包囊膜的扩增和电子透明区域的存在,是拟菌体发育成熟的一个阶段,包囊膜和拟菌体通过互相突起、融合沟通的结构,可能是宿主细胞和细菌之间物质交换功能的一种表现。     

Relationship Between the Membrane Envelope of Rhizobial Bacteroids and the Plasma Membrane of the Host Cell as Demonstrated by Histochemical Localization of Adenyl Cyclase

By using adenyl cyclase as a marker enzyme, the relationship between the membrane envelope of the bacteroids of rhizobia and the plasma membrane of the host cell was demonstrated histochemically. Electron-dense deposits were found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the host cell and on the inner surface of the membrane envelopes of the bacteroids, but not in vacuole membranes, endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondrial membranes. The results suggest that the membrane envelopes of the bacteroids are closely related to the host plasma membrane, and that entry of the bacteroids into the cytoplasm is in a manner similar to endocytosis.     

Pseudonodules formation on barley roots induced by Rhizobium astragali

Abstract Symbiotic association Rhizobium astragali with barley roots was induced by a permanent magnetic field. Initially root hairs were deformed. Later, pseudonodules were formed, showing infected cells with infection threads, and bacteroids each enclosed within a peribacteroid membrane. The overall picture is similar to that of legume root nodules. No acetylene reduction activity could be detected in pseudonodules.