光合细菌的分离、保存及其同化磷能力研究

为了研究光合细菌的保藏方法及其同化磷能力,采用液体种室内自然放置、液体种蜡封和穿刺物蜡封等方法对光合细菌进行保藏方法研究,结果表明,液体种蜡封和穿刺物蜡封可作为该菌种的长期保存方法;对两株菌的磷同化能力进行了比较,降解率分别为22%和15%。本研究为获得光合细菌的长期保存方法及其在污水净化中的应用提供参考。     

光合细菌的分离、保存及其同化磷能力试验研究

为了研究光合细菌的保藏方法及其同化磷能力,采用液体种室内自然放置、液体种蜡封和穿刺物蜡封等方法对光合细菌进行保藏方法研究,结果表明,液体种蜡封和穿刺物蜡封可作为该菌种的长期保存方法;对两株菌的磷同化能力进行了比较,降解率分别为22%和15%。本研究为获得光合细菌的长期保存方法及其在污水净化中的应用提供参考。     

PAHs污染土壤的物理强化修复过程中土壤细菌的响应

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳和荧光定量real-time PCR方法,研究了切换电场对多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤进行物理强化修复时土壤中细菌群落的响应。结果表明:施加切换电场有利于土壤PAHs的降解,电极周围的土壤中PAHs的降解率均在50%以上,且电场中心的效果更好。修复过程中土壤中细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数和多样性指数在电极附近和电极中心土壤之间差异不明显,与对照亦没有显著差异;但细菌种群结构在电极附近和电极中心土壤之间却有明显差异,与对照之间差异尤为显著。施加电场后土壤细菌种群结构的改变可能是这一过程的微生物学机制之一。     

100～700 mL液体培养基的微波灭菌效果观察

为研究家用微波炉对少量液体培养基的灭菌效果,对100 -700 mL液体培养基采取微波分别进行灭菌,测定其灭菌时间,并对达到灭菌效果的培养基通过接种不同细菌进行质检.结果显示100、200、300、400、500、600、700 mL液体培养基分别在4.5、5.0、7.0、9.0、12.0、19.0、25.0 min达到最有效的灭菌效果.室温保存15 d仍无细菌生长.枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞菌测试无菌生长.金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及普通变形杆菌在液体培养基里的生长现象、特种后细菌的菌落和形态染色特征及其生化反应均无明显差异.实验表明2 450 MHz,700 W的微波炉对100 - 700 mL的液体培养基不但能快速达到有效的灭菌效果,且营养成分不会被破坏.     

溶藻细菌筛选及溶藻活性物质对铜绿微囊藻生理活性的影响

从太湖水华水体中分离纯化细菌, 再将细菌的LB液体和固体斜面纯培养物分别收集后感染铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)细胞, 从中筛选出7株具有溶藻活性的细菌, 并对其中一株溶藻细菌THW7的溶藻方式及溶藻活性物质对铜绿微囊藻生理活性的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明: 仅采用细菌的LB液体纯培养物进行溶藻细菌筛选会存在误筛或高估溶藻效率的风险, 而采用细菌的固体斜面纯培养物进行筛选则可避免以上风险; 溶藻细菌THW7通过分泌胞外活性物质的方式间接溶藻; 在THW7无菌滤液胁迫下, 铜绿微囊藻的生长受到显著抑制(P<0.01), 10d溶藻效率可达94.38%, 光合系统活性也显著降低(P<0.01), MDA含量积累, SOD、POD、CAT活性整体呈现先升高后降低的趋势且显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。推测菌株THW7分泌的溶藻活性物质可能作用于铜绿微囊藻细胞的光合系统Ⅱ, 阻碍电子传递, 抑制其光合作用过程, 并对藻细胞产生氧化损伤, 破坏藻细胞细胞膜的完整性, 从而实现溶藻作用。     

纳米细菌及其诱发肾结石形成的研究进展

纳米细菌是近年来新发现的一种直径为纳米级且具有矿化能力的细菌。在肾结石形成过程中,纳米细菌可以作为结晶的活性中心,黏附、侵入并破坏肾集合管的上皮细胞和肾乳头细胞,形成磷灰石晶核,从而诱发肾结石形成。综述了肾结石中的纳米细菌及其诱发肾结石形成的体外模拟和动物学模型,讨论了纳米细菌与肾结石形成的关系。     

纳米细菌及其诱发肾结石形成的研究进展*

纳米细菌是近年来新发现的一种直径为纳米级且具有矿化能力的细菌。在肾结石形成过程中,纳米细菌可以作为结晶的活性中心,黏附、侵入并破坏肾集合管的上皮细胞和肾乳头细胞,形成磷灰石晶核,从而诱发肾结石形成。综述了肾结石中的纳米细菌及其诱发肾结石形成的体外模拟和动物学模型,讨论了纳米细菌与肾结石形成的关系。     

银杏外种皮提取物对芽孢杆菌生长的影响

用萃取法将银杏外种皮中的银杏酚酸成分提取出来,制成提取液。再用部分提取液乳化成乳化剂。采用液体生长抑制法和平皿培养抑制法分别对土壤中的细菌总量和芽孢杆菌进行抑菌试验。结果显示,在药浓度不断上升的情况下,相对应的细菌的存活率就越低。在液体生长抑制法中,芽孢杆菌菌悬液的OD值随药浓度的升高降低。在平皿培养法中,在药液浓度升高的情况下,土壤中细菌总量及芽孢杆菌总量受抑制程度加强。平皿培养法中用平皿表面涂布法要优于药敏纸片法。     

细菌耐药影响肠道菌群及其宿主免疫调控

抗生素在养殖业、医疗业及制药业的广泛应用导致环境中的细菌耐药性日益严重,环境中的抗生素及耐药细菌一旦进入人体肠道,将破坏肠道菌群稳态,对人体健康造成威胁,而残存于饮食中的环境污染物则加剧了细菌耐药造成的人体健康影响。文中在总结大量文献的基础上,阐述了细菌耐药对人体和动物肠道菌群的影响机制及其相关的机体免疫调控,以环境中影响人体肠道菌群获得耐药性的来源作为切入点,阐述抗生素和耐药细菌进入人体肠道后对人体肠道菌群结构和耐药基因组成的影响,以及与人体免疫和免疫调节相关疾病之间的相关机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

电场中的蛋白质结晶

人们一直致力于寻求提高蛋白质晶体质量的方法,利用电场诱导蛋白质结晶即是诸多方法中的一种。已有文献报道显示,电场对蛋白质结晶的影响是积极的。我们从直流电场、交流电场、内置电场、外置电场对蛋白质结晶的影响及相关结晶设备,电场中生长的蛋白质晶体质量的评估,电场中蛋白质结晶的原理及影响因素等方面,对已报道的电场中的蛋白质结晶研究工作进行了总结。     

Ionic Liquid Redox Catholyte for High Energy Efficiency,Low‐Cost Energy Storage

An approach to energy storage using ionic liquids as joint ion‐conducting medium and redox active catholyte material is described. The earth‐abundant ferric ion is incorporated as an oxidizing agent in the form of the low‐melting NaFeCl₄ in a 1:1 mixture with ethylmethylimidazolium tetrachloraluminate, an ambient temperature ionic liquid. Different possible anode types are considered, and the most obvious one involving liquid sodium (with special wetting of a sodium ion‐conducting ceramic separator) is tested. The high voltage >3.2 V predicted for this cell is verified, and its cyclability is confirmed. Operating at 180 °C, an unexpectedly high energy efficiency >96%, is recorded. This establishes this type of cell as an attractive candidate for energy storage. For optimum energy storage, high energy efficiency is mandated for thermal management, as well as economic reasons. The theoretical capacity of the cell is 288 Wh kg^?1 (418 Wh L^?1) of which 73% is realized. The cell is shown to be fail‐safe against internal shorts. As there are many degrees of freedom for developing this type of cell, it is suggested as a promising area of future research effort in the energy storage area.     

Microfluidic components and bio-reactors for miniaturized bio-chip applications

In this paper miniaturized disposable micro/nanofluidic components applicable to bio chip, chemical analyzer and biomedical monitoring system, such as blood analysis, micro dosing system and cell experiment, etc are reported. This system includes various microfluidic components including a micropump, micromixer, DNA purification chip and single-cell assay chip. For low voltage and low power operation, a surface tension-driven micropump is presented, as well as a micromixer, which was implemented using MEMS technology, for efficient liquid mixing is also introduced. As bio-reactors, DNA purification and single-cell assay devices, for the extraction of pure DNA from liquid mixture or blood and for cellular engineering or high-throughput screening, respectively, are presented.     

Biofuel cell as a power source for electronic contact lenses

Here we present unequivocal experimental proof that microscale cofactor- and membrane-less, direct electron transfer based enzymatic fuel cells do produce significant amounts of electrical energy in human lachrymal liquid (tears). 100 μm diameter gold wires, covered with 17 nm gold nanoparticles, were used to fashion three-dimensional nanostructured microelectrodes, which were biomodified with Corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase and Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase as anodic and cathodic bioelements, respectively. The following characteristics of miniature glucose/oxygen biodevices operating in human tears were registered: 0.57 V open-circuit voltage, about 1 μW cm(-2) maximum power density at a cell voltage of 0.5 V, and more than 20 h operational half-life. Theoretical calculations regarding the maximum recoverable electrical energy can be extracted from the biofuel and the biooxidant, glucose and molecular oxygen, each readily available in human lachrymal liquid, fully support our belief that biofuel cells can be used as electrical power sources for so called smart contact lenses.     

Ultrahigh‐Energy‐Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries Based on a High‐Capacity Anode and a High‐Voltage Cathode with an Electroconductive Nanoparticle Shell

The combination of high‐capacity anodes and high‐voltage cathodes has garnered a great deal of attention in the pursuit of high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. As a facile and scalable electrode‐architecture strategy to achieve this goal, a direct one‐pot decoration of high‐capacity silicon (Si) anode materials and of high‐voltage LiCoO₂ (LCO) cathode materials is demonstrated with colloidal nanoparticles composed of electroconductive antimony‐doped tin oxide (ATO). The unusual ATO nanoparticle shells enhance electronic conduction in the LCO and Si electrode materials and mitigate unwanted interfacial side reactions between the electrode materials and liquid electrolytes. The ATO‐coated LCO materials (ATO‐LCO) enable the construction of a high‐mass‐loading cathode and suppress the dissolution of cobalt and the generation of by‐products during high‐voltage cycling. In addition, the ATO‐coated Si (ATO‐Si) anodes exhibit highly stable capacity retention upon cycling. Integration of the high‐voltage ATO‐LCO cathode and high‐capacity ATO‐Si anode into a full cell configuration brings unprecedented improvements in the volumetric energy density and in the cycling performance compared to a commercialized cell system composed of LCO/graphite.     

Characteristic response to taste stimuli of the intensities of higher harmonics in an electrochemical oscillatory system

In general, the electrochemical characteristics of solid/liquid or liquid/liquid interfaces are highly nonlinear, i.e., the capacitance changes markedly according to the applied voltage. In this paper, we propose a novel method for evaluating these nonlinear characteristics quantitatively. That is, a sinusoidal voltage source is applied to a test solution and the waveform of the output current is analyzed by Fourier transformation. It is shown theoretically that higher harmonic components in the Fourier transformation afford us useful information on nonlinear behavior. It is stressed that our technique is entirely different from the classical impedance method, i.e., nonlinear components of the impedance can be evaluated in our method, having been ignored previously in the classical impedance measurement. As an application of this method, we have studied the effect of taste compounds on the intensities of the higher harmonics, using an electrochemical cell containing an aqueous solution of sodium oleate. It has been found that the intensities of the higher harmonics exhibit characteristic changes upon the addition of taste compounds, the change being dependent upon the taste category. The characteristic response to taste compounds in the electrochemical nonlinearity is discussed in relation to the experimental trend of the dynamic isotherm for oleic acid at an air/water interface.     

Inactivation of E. coli in Cranberry Juice by a High Voltage Pulsed Electric Field

The aim of this work was to study the effect of a high voltage pulsed electric field (PEF) on the inactivation of E. coli in cranberry juice to achieve the regulatory requirement of a 5‐log reduction in the microbial count. PEF processing involved the application of high voltage pulses to liquid or semi‐solid materials, placed between two electrodes at ambient, sub‐ambient, or supra‐ambient temperature. In this work, cranberry juice, inoculated with E. coli was subjected to 60 pulses in the voltage range of 5 to 40 kV/cm. The experiments were carried out at 20 °C. The temperature rise was less than 2 °C at the average treatment time of 80 s. PEF is an emerging non‐thermal technology for food preservation that retains the natural taste of food. It has mainly been applied to improve the shelf life of such foods as milk, liquid eggs and fruit juices.     

A Metal‐Free and Biotically Degradable Battery for Portable Single‐Use Applications

This article presents a new approach for environmentally benign, low‐cost batteries intended for single‐use applications. The proposed battery is designed and fabricated using exclusively organic materials such as cellulose, carbon, and wax and features an integrated quinone‐based redox chemistry to generate electricity within a compact form factor. This primary capillary flow battery is activated by the addition of a liquid sample and has shown continuous operation up to 100 min with an output voltage that can be conveniently scaled to match the voltage needs of portable electronic devices (1.5–3.0 V). Once depleted, the battery can be disposed of without the need for any recycling facility, as its components are nontoxic and shown to be biotically degradable in a standardized test. The practical utility of the battery is demonstrated by direct substitution of a lithium ion coin cell in a diagnostic application.     

Axon voltage-clamp simulations. II. Double sucrose-gap method.

This is the second in a series of four papers on the simulation of the voltage clamp of cylindrical excitable cells. In this paper we evaluate the double sucrose-gap voltage-clamp technique for the squid and lobster giant axons. Using the Crank-Nicolson method of solution of the cable equations and differential equations representing the voltage clamp circuit we studied the effect of length of the sucrose gap "node" on the voltage profile along an excitable cell during a simulated voltage clamp. The voltage gradients along the region of the cell within the node produce "notches" in the current recording as well as changes in the magnitude of the sodium and potassium current for a given voltage step. Our results show that good voltage clamp control requires node lengths less than one-half the axon diameter.     

Electroporation: parameters affecting transfer of DNA into mammalian cells

Electroporation, the reversible breakdown of cell membranes caused by a high-voltage discharge, is a rapid, simple, and efficient method for introducing DNA into mammalian cells. An instrument for electroporation which permits the high-voltage discharge waveform to be varied with respect to rise time, peak voltage, and fall time is described. The uptake and expression of SV40 DNA following electroporation of two cell types, a human carcinoma-derived cell line, HEp-2, and a human lymphoblastoid cell line, 721, depended on the peak voltage and the fall time of the voltage discharge. The electronic parameters which produced optimum DNA transfer, however, differed for the two cell types. DNA as large as 150 kb was introduced into cells by electroporation. Cells can be electroporated in either phosphate-buffered saline or culture medium containing fetal bovine serum, and the efficiency of DNA transfer does not vary with cell densities from 10(6) to 2 X 10(7)/0.5 ml. Exposing the cells to multiple voltage discharges did not improve DNA transfer. DNA has been introduced by electroporation into all cell types tested, including human carcinoma-derived cell lines, human lymphoblastoid cell lines, human fibroblast strains, and primary human lymphocytes. To obtain maximal DNA transfer by this method, however, one must optimize the peak voltage and fall time of the discharge waveform for each cell type.     

Chemical modification of the polymer surface and consequences on electrooptical properties of liquid crystal—polymer composites

In order to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the electrooptical effects of liquid crystal—polymer composites, and to identify the relevant parameters of these complex systems, we have investigated the influence of the chemical nature of the polymer surface on the anchoring of the liquid crystal. Our method consists in removing the liquid crystal from the composite by dissolution followed by supercritical drying of the solvent. The surface of the polymer is then modified by different reagents and the liquid crystal is reintroduced to the cell.Comparison of the results shows that for a cyanobiphenyl liquid crystal, fluorinated or hydroxylated chemical moieties on the surface of the polymer induce a stronger anchoring than alkyl moieties. This phenomenon seems to be due to the enhanced chemical compatibility between the liquid crystal and the surface of the polymer in the case of alkyl moieties. Finally, the study has shown that a reduction of anchoring of the liquid crystal is responsible for a decrease in driving voltage, rise time and hysteresis and an increase in decay time and off-state transmission.