Nasal mites (Gamasida: Rhinonyssidae) of Paroaria coronata (Miller) (Passeriformes: Emberezidae)

With the aim of identifying the species of nasal mites of Paroaria coronata (red-crested cardinal), the nasal cavity of 40 birds were examined. The nasal mites were identified as Ptilonyssus sairae de Castro and Sternostoma pirangae Pence, with 50% and 7.5% of prevalence, respectively. This is the first record of these mite species parasitizing P. coronata. This report also amplifies the area of occurrence of S. pirangae for Brazil and that of P. sairae for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.     

Characteristics of Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) and Nasal Absorption Capacity in Chicken

As the main mucosal immune inductive site of nasal cavity, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) plays an important role in both antigen recognition and immune activation after intranasal immunization. However, the efficiency of intranasal vaccines is commonly restricted by the insufficient intake of antigen by the nasal mucosa, resulting from the nasal mucosal barrier and the nasal mucociliary clearance. The distribution of NALT and the characteristic of nasal cavity have already been described in humans and many laboratory rodents, while data about poultry are scarce. For this purpose, histological sections of the chicken nasal cavities were used to examine the anatomical structure and histological characteristics of nasal cavity. Besides, the absorptive capacity of chicken nasal mucosa was also studied using the materials with different particle size. Results showed that the NALT of chicken was located on the bottom of nasal septum and both sides of choanal cleft, which mainly consisted of second lymphoid follicle. A large number of lymphocytes were distributed under the mucosal epithelium of inferior nasal meatus. In addition, there were also diffuse lymphoid tissues located under the epithelium of the concha nasalis media and the walls of nasal cavity. The results of absorption experiment showed that the chicken nasal mucosa was capable to absorb trypan blue, OVA, and fluorescent latex particles. Inactivated avian influenza virus (IAIV) could be taken up by chicken nasal mucosa except for the stratified squamous epithelium sites located on the forepart of nasal cavity. The intake of IAIV by NALT was greater than that of the nasal mucosa covering on non-lymphoid tissue, which could be further enhanced after intranasal inoculation combined with sodium cholate or CpG DNA. The study on NALT and nasal absorptive capacity will be benefit for further understanding of immune mechanisms after nasal vaccination and development of nasal vaccines for poultry.     

Morphology of the nasal fossae and associated structures of the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

The hamster nasal cavity consists of vestibular, non-olfactory and olfactory portions. Much of the non-olfactory nasal cavity surface is lined by cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, and low columnar epithelia, devoid of cilia. Goblet cells and ciliated respiratory epithelium are present over only a small portion of the nasal cavity surface. The largest glandular masses in the hamster nose are the maxillary recess glands, the vomeronasal glands and the lateral nasal gland 1; these three glands contain neutral mucopolysaccharides (PAS-positive). Other nasal glands contain both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides; the staining reaction for acidic mucopolysaccharide is stronger in goblet cells and olfactory glands than in the other nasal glands. The ducts which open into the nasal vestibule are the excretory ducts of compound tubuloacinar serous glands. The one major PAS-positive gland whose duct opens into the nasal vestibule is the lateral nasal gland 1. The ducts of the compound tubuloacinar vomeronasal glands open into the lumen of the vomeronasal organ, which is connected to the ventral nasal meatus by means of the vomeronasal duct. The ducts of the branched tubuloacinar maxillary recess glands open into the maxillary recess. Few ducts open into the caudal half of the nasal cavity.     

Histological analysis of the nasal roof cartilage in a neonate sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus – Mammalia, Odontoceti)

The nasal roof cartilage of a neonate sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) was examined by gross dissection and routine histology. This cartilage is part of the embryonic Tectum nasi and is a critical feature in the formation of the massive sperm whale forehead. In neonates as well as in adults, the blade-like nasal roof cartilage extends diagonally through the huge nasal complex from the bony nares to the blowhole on the left side of the rostral apex of the head. It accompanies the left nasal passage along its entire length, which may reach several meters in adult males. The tissue of the nasal roof cartilage in the neonate whale shows an intermediate state of development. For example, in embryos and fetuses, the nasal roof cartilage consists of hyaline cartilage, but in adult sperm whales, it also includes elastic fibers. In our neonate sperm whale, the nasal roof cartilage already consisted of adult-like elastic cartilage. In addition, the active or growing, layer of the perichondrium was relatively thick compared to that of fetuses, and a large number of straight elastic fibers that were arranged perpendicularly to the long axis of the nasal roof cartilage were present. These neonatal features can be interpreted as characteristics of immature and growing cartilaginous tissue. An important function of the nasal roof cartilage may be the stabilization of the left nasal passage, which is embedded within the soft tissue of the nasal complex. The nasal roof cartilage with its elastic fibers may keep the nasal passage open and prevent its collapse from Bernoulli forces during inhalation. Additionally, the intrinsic tension of the massive nasal musculature may be a source of compression on the nasal roof cartilage and could explain its hyaline character in the adult. In our neonate specimen, in contrast, the cartilaginous rostrum (i.e., mesorostral cartilage) consisted of hyaline cartilage with an ample blood supply. The cartilaginous rostrum does not change its histological characteristics during development, but its function in adults is still not understood.     

Distribution of human PLUNC/BPI fold-containing (BPIF) proteins

Although gene expression studies have shown that human PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) proteins are predominantly expressed in the upper airways, nose and mouth, and proteomic studies have indicated they are secreted into airway and nasal lining fluids and saliva, there is currently little information concerning the localization of human PLUNC proteins. Our studies have focused on the localization of three members of this protein family, namely SPLUNC1 (short PLUNC1), SPLUNC2 and LPLUNC1 (long PLUNC1). Western blotting has indicated that PLUNC proteins are highly glycosylated, whereas immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated distinct patterns of expression. For example, SPLUNC2 is expressed in serous cells of the major salivary glands and in minor mucosal glands, whereas SPLUNC1 is expressed in the mucous cells of these glands. LPLUNC1 is a product of a population of goblet cells in the airway epithelium and nasal passages and expressed in airway submucosal glands and minor glands of the oral and nasal cavities. SPLUNC1 is also found in the epithelium of the upper airways and nasal passages and in airway submucosal glands, but is not co-expressed with LPLUNC1. We suggest that this differential expression may be reflected in the function of individual PLUNC proteins.     

Surgical correction of the nose and midface in maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome)

In 48 patients with maxillonasal dysplasia the retruded nasal base was corrected with onlay cancellous bone grafts after subperiosteal dissection using an oral vestibular approach. Support for the nasal dorsum was achieved in 39 patients with an L-shaped bone graft from the iliac crest introduced through the same approach. The advancement of the nose was found stable on lateral cephalograms; i.e., resorption did not occur. However, the grafts showed considerable remodeling. Half the patients found the stiffness of the nose to be disturbing. In nine patients, the cartilaginous septum was used instead as a support for the nasal dorsum and tip. At operation, the entire cartilaginous septum was mobilized after subperichondrial dissection and rotated forward either pedicled at the nasal dorsum or completely released. Cartilage regenerated in the periochondrial pocket left behind the advanced septum. The anterior transfer of the nose was 6 to 10 mm. The use of septal advancement is preferred over bone implants in the correction of maxillonasal dysplasia in patients in whom the bony nasal dorsum is of adequate height because it results in a soft and flexible nose and the risk of traumatic fracture and resorption is eliminated. The technique has been used in adolescents with promising results.     

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevalence in Nasal and Antrochoanal Polyps and Association with Clinical Data

Objectives

The pathogenesis of sinonasal polyposis remains unclear, in spite of several investigative approaches. Antrochoanal polyps, a subgroup of sinonasal polyposis along with allergic- and chronic-inflammatory nasal polyps, mostly originate from the maxillary sinus and develop as a unilateral, pedunculated mass towards the nasopharynx. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is discussed as a possible causative and influencing factor in development and progression of sinonasal polyposis. This study aims to elucidate HPV frequency in nasal polyps and antrochoanal polyps.

Materials and Methods

Genomic DNA from 257 tissue specimens (166 nasal polyps, 39 antrochoanal polyps and 52 nasal turbinates) was subjected to three different established HPV- polymerase chain reaction assays, testing for 37 low- and high-risk HPV. In addition, immunohistochemical analyses for HPV16 were carried out, as well as immunohistochemistry and western blots of p16, a biomarker for HPV induced cancer.

Results

HPV-DNA was detected in 53.8% of antrochoanal polyps, 15.1% of nasal polyps, and 5.8% of nasal turbinates. HPV16 was the predominant type with a detection rate of 76% in nasal polyps and 62% in antrochoanal polyps. Immunohistochemically, HPV positive tissues stained positive for HPV16 antigens and p16 in epithelial cell layers. No significant p16 overexpression was traceable in antrochoanal polyps, nasal polyps and nasal turbinates by western blot. There was no correlation of HPV-status with sex, age, smoking, alcohol consumption or allergic background.

Conclusion

The present study shows a significant frequency of high-risk type HPV16 in antrochoanal polyps. Absence of oncogenic transformation or correlation of the HPV-status with clinical data suggests a latent superinfection, possibly because of anatomical proximity to the oropharynx.     

Five long-term case reports (average 15 years) of saddlenose correction using cast Silastic implants

A 15-year review of patients who underwent silicone implants to the nasal bridge was conducted. None of my implants had to be removed because of either hematomas or infection. To my knowledge, only one implant has been removed for any reason over the last 10 years. Another nasal implant was removed by a surgeon in New Orleans and was replaced by a rib cartilaginous graft, which, within 2 years, severely curled, causing a nonacceptable result. This cartilage graft was removed and replaced with a second silicone implant and, to my knowledge, was still satisfactory and in place 10 years postoperatively. Insertion of implants with lateral nasal bone infracturing and submucous resection, along with tip reduction, is now performed in almost all patients. Tip elevation, when necessary, is accomplished by rotation of the nasal floor and columella up the maxillary spine (and septal cartilage) to obtain a maximum of 6 mm of elevation, some of which is lost following subsidence of swelling and/or dissolution of the suture material.     

Morphogenesis of the highly specialized nasal skull in the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). I

Investigated the morphogenesis of the nasal structures of the chondrocranium and determatocranium in 15 embryos and foetuses of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). In the very early stages of the morphogenesis, the nasal capsule of Physeter shows a conspicuous similarity with that of all other odontocetes. In the following stages there are some important differences. Most peculiar is the occurrence of the cartilaginous tectum nasi with the cupulae nasi anteriores, elements which are reduced in all other odontocetes. This cartilaginous complex as a slender band projects obliquely forward from the upper edge of the anterior septal margin. It is free, i.e. not accompanied by membraneous bones. The complex represents the most important factor in the morphogenesis and growth of the characteristic big forehead in Physeter, which contains the spermaceti organ unique within the odontocetes. Other important differences concern the changes in the orientation of the nasal passages and the adjacent skeletal structures. Nevertheless, these differences have to be taken as specializations related to the development of the far-advanced spermaceti organ. As a whole, the embryonic nasal structures in Physeter belong to the same general type of nasal capsule which is common to all odontocetes. The results presented here suggest a close phylogenetic relationship between Physeter and the other Odontoceti.     

Nasal nitric oxide levels in cystic fibrosis patients are associated with a neuronal NO synthase (NOS1) gene polymorphism.

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in a number of physiological processes in the airways, including host defense. Although the exact cellular and molecular source of the NO formation in airways is unknown, there is recent evidence that neuronal NO synthase (NOS1) contributes significantly to NO in the lower airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. NOS1 protein has been shown to be expressed in nasal epithelium, suggesting an involvement of NOS1-derived NO in upper airway biology. We here hypothesized that nasal NO concentrations in CF patients are related to genotype variants in the NOS1 gene. Measurements of nasal NO concentration and pulmonary function were performed in 40 clinically stable CF patients. Genomic DNA from all patients was screened for an intronic AAT-repeat polymorphism in the NOS1 gene using polymerase chain reaction and simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) analysis. The allele size at that locus was significantly (P = 0.001) associated with upper airway NO. Mean (+/- SD) nasal NO concentrations were 40.5 +/- 5.2 ppb in CF patients (n = 12) with high repeat numbers (i.e., both alleles > or =12 repeats) and 72.6 +/- 7.4 ppb in patients (n = 28) with low repeat numbers (i.e., at least one allele <12 repeats). Furthermore, in the group of CF patients harboring NOS1 genotypes associated with low nasal NO, colonization of airways with P. aeruginosa was significantly more frequent than in patients with NOS1 genotypes associated high nasal NO concentrations (P = 0.0022). We conclude that (1) the variability in CF nasal NO levels are related to naturally occurring variants in the NOS1 gene, and (2) that nasal NOS1-derived NO affects the susceptibility of CF airways to infection with P. aeruginosa.     

An Immature Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) Nasal Reveals Unexpected Complexity of Craniofacial Ontogeny and Integument in Pachyrhinosaurus

A new specimen attributable to an immature individual of Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry in northern Alaska preserves a mix of features that provides refinement to the sequence of ontogenetic stages and transformations inferred for the development of the nasal boss in Pachyrhinosaurus. The new specimen consists of an incomplete nasal that includes the posterior part of the nasal horn, the dorsal surface between the horn and the left-side contacts for the prefrontal and frontal, and some of the left side of the rostrum posteroventral to the nasal horn. The combination of morphologies in the new specimen suggests either an additional stage of development should be recognized in the ontogeny of the nasal boss of Pachyrhinosaurus, or that the ontogenetic pathway of nasal boss development in P. perotorum was notably different from that of P. lakustai. Additionally, the presence of a distinct basal sulcus and the lateral palisade texture on the nasal horn of the specimen described here indicate that a thick, cornified horn sheath was present well before the formation of a dorsal cornified pad. A separate rugose patch on the nasal well posterior to the nasal horn is evidence for a cornified integumentary structure, most likely a thick cornified pad, on the posterior part of the nasal separate from the nasal horn prior to the onset of nasal boss formation in P. perotorum.     

New therapy for treating hypernasal speech using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

The purpose of this report is to introduce a new therapy technique for treating hypernasality. The instrumentation consists of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device that delivers air pressure by means of a hose and nasal mask assembly to the nasal cavities. This positive pressure is theoretically useful in providing resistance training to strengthen the velopharyngeal closure muscles. Speech drillwork is conducted in the patient's home and consists of production of VNCV syllables and short sentences with the nasal mask worn by the patient. Incremental changes in CPAP pressure and time per therapy session occur over an 8-week course of therapy. Six case studies are presented. The preliminary results suggest that CPAP therapy may be effective in reducing hypernasality in individuals exhibiting mild to moderate degrees of severity.     

The ethmoidal region of Dibamus taylori (Squamata: Dibamidae), with a phylogenetic hypothesis on dibamid relationships within Squamata

The nasal capsule and nasal sac of Dibamus taylori are described based on a plate reconstruction of serially sectioned material and are compared with several other squamate taxa. The ethmoidal region of D. taylori is characterized by a short nasal vestibule, a well developed concha, a much reduced and nearly functionless Jacobson's organ, an incomplete nasal roof, and a true nasopharyngeal duct with a complicated secondary palate. Cartilaginous and epithelial structures of the ethmoidal region provide many informative and useful characters for a phylogenetic analysis. Different anatomical features of D. taylori are compared with other burrowing forms ( Acontias meleagris, Annietta, pulchra Voetzkowia mira, Feylinia curron ) and discussed functionally and phylogenetically. Phylogenetic analysis of all higher squamate taxa using 144 available data derived from many regions of the body indicates relative relationships as (((Dibamidae, Amphisbaenia) Serpentes) Scleroglossa).     

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are natural hosts of specific Staphylococcus aureus lineages

Currently, there is no animal model known that mimics natural nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in humans. We investigated whether rhesus macaques are natural nasal carriers of S. aureus. Nasal swabs were taken from 731 macaques. S. aureus isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa repeat sequencing and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and compared with human strains. Furthermore, the isolates were characterized by several PCRs. Thirty-nine percent of 731 macaques were positive for S. aureus. In general, the macaque S. aureus isolates differed from human strains as they formed separate PFGE clusters, 50% of the isolates were untypeable by agr genotyping, 17 new spa types were identified, which all belonged to new sequence types (STs). Furthermore, 66% of macaque isolates were negative for all superantigen genes. To determine S. aureus nasal colonization, three nasal swabs from 48 duo-housed macaques were taken during a 5 month period. In addition, sera were analyzed for immunoglobulin G and A levels directed against 40 staphylococcal proteins using a bead-based flow cytometry technique. Nineteen percent of the animals were negative for S. aureus, and 17% were three times positive. S. aureus strains were easily exchanged between macaques. The antibody response was less pronounced in macaques compared to humans, and nasal carrier status was not associated with differences in serum anti-staphylococcal antibody levels. In conclusion, rhesus macaques are natural hosts of S. aureus, carrying host-specific lineages. Our data indicate that rhesus macaques are useful as an autologous model for studying S. aureus nasal colonization and infection prevention.     

Multifocal candidiasis in a capuchin monkey (Cebus apella).

Candidiasis involving nasal, pharyngeal, and intestinal mucosal surfaces and a pharyngeal lymph node was demonstrated microscopically in a young adult female capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran strain). Persistent nasal exudation and weight loss characterized the clinical disease preceding the animal's death.     

经直接与间接通路的视动震颤(OKN)眼动反应

采用鼻向及颞光栅图形刺激猫的半侧视网膜,以探讨鼻侧半神网膜至视束核的视动震颤直接通路及颞侧半视网膜经皮层至ＮＯＴ的间接通路对ＯＫＮ眼动反应的神经控制特性。实验结果显示：高速度刺激的闭环ＯＫＮ反应及开环ＯＫＮ反应均对鼻向运动刺激有明显的方向选择性;半侧视网膜刺激时,鼻侧半视网膜的鼻向ＯＫＮ增益明显高于颞侧半视网膜的鼻向增益,说明猫的ＫＯＮ眼动反应以跟踪鼻向运动为主,并且这种对鼻向运动刺激选择性主要来     

Skull growth and the presence of auxiliary fontanels in rhinolophoid bats (Microchiroptera)

 Cephalometry was used to detect patterns of cranial growth in fetal bats that have been differentially stained for bone and cartilage. Rhinolophoid bats exhibit elaborate nasal cavities with coincidental distortions of the maxilla. The expansion of these cavities creates paired auxiliary fontanels among the nasal, maxillary, and frontal bones. This distortion of the rostrum is also associated with the loss of the lacrimal bones and the modification of the infraorbital foramen into a shallow canal. The use of the head as an acoustical horn is discussed with reference to the ontogeny of echolocation. Accepted: 12 October 1996     

A novel population of neuronal cells expressing the olfactory marker protein (OMP) in the anterior/dorsal region of the nasal cavity

The olfactory marker protein (OMP) is expressed in mature chemosensory neurons in the nasal neuroepithelium. Here, we report the identification of a novel population of OMP-expressing neurons located bilaterally in the anterior/dorsal region of each nasal cavity at the septum. These cells are clearly separated from the regio olfactoria, harboring the olfactory sensory neurons. During mouse development, the arrangement of the anterior OMP-cells undergoes considerable change. They appear at about stage E13 and are localized in the nasal epithelium during early stages; by epithelial budding, ganglion-shaped clusters are formed in the mesenchyme during the perinatal phase, and a filiform layer directly underneath the nasal epithelium is established in adults. The anterior OMP-cells extend long axonal processes which form bundles and project towards the brain. The data suggest that the newly discovered group of OMP-cells in the anterior region of the nasal cavity may serve a distinct sensory function.     

Five new species of Rhinonyssidae (Mesostigmata) and one new species of Dermanyssus (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) from birds of Alberta and Manitoba, Canada

Three major lineages of mites are parasitic in the nasal passages of birds, i.e., Rhinonyssidae (Mesostigmata), Ereynetidae (Prostigmata), Cytoditidae, and Turbinoptidae (Astigmata). The most diverse family of avian nasal mites is Rhinonyssidae, which include obligate hematophagous endoparasites of nonratite birds worldwide. Nasal mites have been surveyed extensively in the United States, yet there has never been a Canadian survey. There are only 4 published, and 3 unpublished, rhinonyssid species records from birds in Canada. While surveying the nasal mites associated with birds of Alberta and Manitoba (western Canada), 1 new species of Dermanyssus and 5 new species of Rhinonyssidae were recovered. Herein, I describe and illustrate Dermanyssus diphyes n. sp., Ptilonyssus calvaria n. sp., P. nivalis n. sp., P. pinicola n. sp., P. plesiotypicus n. sp., and Sternostoma setifer n. sp.     

The prenatal morphogenesis of the lateral nasal wall in the rat (Mus rattus)

In the course of this investigation 24 fetuses of the Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Pregnant animals were sacrificed at 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 days of gestation. The fetuses were removed and fixed in buffered formalin solution. The heads were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and the nasal cavities were sectioned serially. Light microscope observations were made on 10 to 15 μ thick sections stained with H and E, Mallory's trichrome stain, and Gomori's alkaline phosphatase stain. The 12 day old fetus possessed well developed olfactory depression with a thick epithelial covering. The olfactory fossa was still separated from the buccal cavity by a solid layer of young mesenchyme. In the 14 day old fetus the communication between the nasal and buccal cavities was established. The palatal shelves developed still vertically. All the turbinates and the nasal capsule were already differentiated. The glandular system was represented with the main and two to three accessory excretory ducts. During the sixteenth day of prenatal development, the sinus and the sinus related glands became for the first time evident. The ossification of the membranous parts of the lateral nasal wall was initiated. In the next two developing stages the maturation of the cartilage, the increasing ossification in the membrane, and the further differentiation of the glands were the major morphological changes in the formation of the lateral nasal wall.