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1.
Even though pure parthenogenetic mouse embryos die shortly after implantation, their cells are capable of participating in normal development of chimaeras when aggregated with fertilized embryos. Here we present data on parthenogenetic contribution to the oocyte populations measured by progeny tests in female chimaeras, and on distribution of parthenogenetic cells among the different organs by GPI typing. Systematic uneven distribution was detected. The highest level of participation was registered in the tissues of permanent cells (e.g. up to 63% in female germline). On the other hand, parthenogenetic cells were absent in several tissues that have extensive capacity for postnatal growth or selfrenewal. This finding suggests that uneven selective processes operate against parthenogenetic cells within certain differentiation pathways during fetal and postnatal life, as has already been observed in the development of extraembryonal membranes. It is likely that more than one mechanism is responsible for these selections. Parthenogenetic cells may start to differentiate in all cell lineages, but they are not able to react normally at certain points in the developmental pathway, for example to induction signals and, therefore, the cells fail to complete the normal processes of development, or to the proliferation requirement so that the fertilized counterpart gradually takes over the cell lineage. Paternally derived gene(s) might have a unique role in the development of tissues lacking parthenogenetic contribution. 相似文献
2.
Summary We have used cellular mosaicism in chimaeric mice to study the clonal organization of normal tissues. The mosaicism has been demonstrated in sections and in whole mounts of intestinal epithelium, aortic endothelium and retinal pigment epithelium using H2 antigens and a carbohydrate polymorphism recognized byDolichos biflorus lectin as strain-specific markers.The results show that the epithelium of each adult intestinal crypt is derived from a single progenitor cell. Because crypts of differing genotype may contribute cells to the same villus, the pathways of cell migration up the villi can be demonstrated. The ability to stain mosaic patches in two dimensions in large intact sheets of epithelium has permitted a more satisfactory analysis in terms of clonal development than was previously possible with data from tissue sections. We have adapted statistical procedures from plant ecology to examine the scale of clustering of patches of like genotype, and thence to recognize descendent clones, i.e. groups of cells which are not contiguous, but are related by descent from a common ancestor in embryogenesis.The 1985Histochemical Journal Lecture given by Dr Ponder at York on 10 July, 1985 at the invitation of the Royal Microscopical Society. 相似文献
3.
L Deltour P Leduque A Paldi M A Ripoche P Dubois J Jami 《Development (Cambridge, England)》1991,112(4):1115-1121
In the present study, we have examined the origin and growth pattern of the beta cells in pancreatic islets, to determine whether a single progenitor cell gave rise to all the precursors of the islets, or if each of a few progenitor cells is the founder of a different islet, or if each islet is a mixture of cells originating from a pool of progenitor cells. Aggregation mouse chimaeras where the pancreatic beta cells derived from each embryo can be identified in the islets on histological sections were analyzed. In two chimaeras, all the islets contained cells from both the aggregated embryo. This clearly demonstrates that each islet resulted from several independent cells. In addition, the beta cells derived from either embryo component were in very small clusters in the islets, suggesting that in situ cell division did not account significantly for islet growth. 相似文献
4.
Chimeras were made from parthenogenetic and fertilized cleavage-stage mouse embryos. The perinatal mortality was high. The parthenogenetic contributions to different tissues at birth ranged from 0 to 50%. No selection of parthenogenetic cells was observed in the pigmentation of the coat, but this does not exclude that such selection could act in other tissues. The weight of chimeras at birth negatively correlated to the average contribution of the parthenogenetic part. The growth rate of chimeras was lower than that of nonchimeric animals. The data presented demonstrated that, although parthenogenetic cells are not cell lethals and they can participate to some degree in normal development of most tissues, their extensive presence reduces the viability of chimeras and retards the postnatal development. 相似文献
5.
Oocytes with adhering follicle cells were sampled from ovaries obtained from 11 GPI-1A----GPI-1B chimaeras, comprising 10 females and 1 hermaphrodite. GPI analysis of individual oocytes revealed a marked bias towards the GPI-1B component in the germ line of this chimaeric combination. GPI-1B XY oocytes were identified in the ovary from the hermaphrodite, the bias towards the GPI-1B germ line perhaps helping to counterbalance the normally severe selection against XY oocytes. GPI analysis of follicle cells revealed a much more balanced contribution of the two components to this ovarian cell type. Importantly, GPI-1A follicle cells were identified in more than half the follicles from an XX----XY female in which the GPI-1A component was XY, supporting an earlier conclusion of Ford et al. (1974) that XY cells can contribute to the follicles of XX----XY female mice. It is suggested that XY cells can be recruited to form follicle cells in XX----XY chimaeras when there is a developmental mismatch between the two components, such that an ovary-determining signal produced by the XX component pre-empts the testis-determining action of the Y. 相似文献
6.
Roberta James Jean H. Flockhart Margaret Keighren John D. West 《Development genes and evolution》1993,202(5):296-305
Mouse chimaeras were produced by aggregating eight-cell embryos from two different F2 matings, abbreviated to AF2 and BF2 respectively: (C57BL/ OIa.AKR-Gpi-1s
a, c/Ws female × BALB/c male)F2 and (C57BL/Ws female × CBA/Ca male)F2. Quantitative electrophoresis of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1) was used to estimate the proportions of the two cell populations in different tissues of the 12
day chimàeric conceptuses, with the % GPI-1A indicating the percentage of cells derived from the AF2 embryos. The % GPI-1A was found to be highly positively correlated within the primitive ectoderm lineage (between the fetus, amnion and yolk sac mesoderm) and within the primitive endoderm lineage (between the yolk sac endoderm and the parietal endoderm) but no correlation (either positive or negative) was seen between the two lineages. This confirms the results of a previous,study of chimaeras made between partially congenic strains and suggests the original conclusions have general validity. The % GPI-1A in the placenta was corrected for the expected contribution of maternal GPI-1, based on control experiments involving transfer of homozygous Gpi-1s
b
/Gpi-1s
b
embryos to the uteri of Gpi-1s
a
/Gpi-1s
a
pseudopregnant females. The corrected % GPI- lA in the placenta was positively correlated with that in each of the three primitive ectoderm derivatives. This suggests either (1) exchange of cells between the polar trophectoderm and the underlying part of the inner cell mass that forms the primitive ectoderm or (2) cells are incompletely mixed in the chimaeric blastocyst and patches of AF2 and BF2 cells straddle the boundary between the polar trophectoderm and the underlying primitive ectoderm. The second explanation does not imply the existence of shared developmental lineages between trophectoderm and primitive ectoderm in non-chimaeric embryos. Unlike that of any other tissue, the distribution of placental GPI-1A was U-shaped; in 17/28 placenta samples the proportion of the minor component was 10% or less. This suggests that the placental trophoblast is derived from a small number of coherenct clones of polar trophectoderm cells (either a small number of polar trophectoderm cells or a larger number if the two cell populations are not finely intermingled). Thus, although as a population the placentas of chimaeric conceptuses are balanced with respect to the % GPI-1A (mean close to 50%), individually most placentas are extremely unbalanced in their chimaeric composition (< 10% or > 90% GPI-IA). This non-random composition of the chimaeric placentas is in contrast to the widely held assumption that the distribution of cells in chimaeric conceptuses is normally random.
Correspondence to: J.D. West 相似文献
7.
R Fundele M L Norris S C Barton W Reik M A Surani 《Development (Cambridge, England)》1989,106(1):29-35
The developmental potential of primitive ectoderm cells lacking paternal chromosomes was investigated by examining the distribution of parthenogenetic cells in chimeras. Using GPI-1 allozymes as marker, parthenogenetic cells were detected in most organs and tissues in adult chimeras. However, these cells were under severe selective pressure compared with cells from normal fertilized embryos. In the majority of chimeras, parthenogenetic cells in individual animals were observed in a limited number of tissues and organs and, even in these instances, their contribution was substantially reduced. Nevertheless, parthenogenetic cells were detected more consistently in some organs, especially the brain, heart, kidney and spleen. In contrast, there was apparently a systematic selection against parthenogenetic cells in some tissues, most notably in skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas. These results suggest that paternally derived genes are probably required not only for the development of extraembryonic structures but also for subsequent development of embryonic tissues derived from the primitive ectoderm lineage. 相似文献
8.
Studies with intact preimplantation mouse embryos and some types of chimaeric aggregates have shown that the most advanced cells are preferentially allocated to the inner cell mass (ICM) rather than the trophectoderm. Thus, differences between 4-cell and 8-cell stage embryos could contribute to the tendency for tetraploid cells to colonise the trophectoderm more readily than the ICM in 4-cell tetraploid<-->8 cell diploid chimaeras. The aim of the present study was to test whether 4-cell stage embryos in 4-cell diploid<-->8-cell diploid aggregates contributed equally to all lineages present in the E12.5 conceptus. These chimaeras were compared with those produced from standard aggregates of two whole 8-cell embryos and aggregates of half an 8-cell embryo with a whole 8-cell embryo. As expected, the overall contribution of 4-cell embryos was lower than that of 8-cell embryos and similar to that of half 8-cell stage embryos. In the 4-cell<-->8-cell chimaeras the 4-cell stage embryos did not contribute more to the trophectoderm than the ICM derivatives. Thus, differences between 4-cell and 8-cell embryos cannot explain the restricted tissue distribution of tetraploid cells previously reported for 4-cell tetraploid<-->8-cell diploid chimaeras. It is suggested that cells from the more advanced embryo are more likely to contribute to the ICM but, for technical reasons, are prevented from doing so in simple aggregates of equal numbers of whole 4-cell and whole 8-cell stage embryos. 相似文献
9.
M Ito T Kaneko-Ishino F Ishino M Matsuhashi M Yokoyama M Katsuki 《The Journal of experimental zoology》1991,257(2):178-183
The developmental capability of haploid parthenogenetic cells was investigated by studies on haploid parthenogenetic in equilibrium fertilized mouse chimeras. Two chimeras were born. One female chimera was smaller at birth and grew slower than its littermates. The distribution of haploid-derived cells in the chimeras was analyzed 11 months after their birth. Cells derived from haploid embryos were found only in the brain, eyes, pigment cells in hair follicles, and spleen, in which they constituted 30%, 20%, 10%, and less than 5%, respectively, of the cells. The correlation between the parthenogenetic contribution to the brain and growth retardation is discussed. All of the cells examined in these chimeric organs (brain and eyes) contained a diploid amount of DNA, suggesting that diploidization of the haploid parthenogenetic cells occurred during development. Possibly, the haploid state is not sufficient for cell growth, even in chimeras with fertilized embryos. 相似文献
10.
M Leeb R Walker B Mansfield J Nichols A Smith A Wutz 《Development (Cambridge, England)》2012,139(18):3301-3305
Haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have recently been derived from parthenogenetic mouse embryos and offer new possibilities for genetic screens. The ability of haploid ESCs to give rise to a wide range of differentiated cell types in the embryo and in vitro has been demonstrated. However, it has remained unclear whether haploid ESCs can contribute to the germline. Here, we show that parthenogenetic haploid ESCs at high passage have robust germline competence enabling the production of transgenic mouse strains from genetically modified haploid ESCs. We also show that differentiation of haploid ESCs in the embryo correlates with the gain of a diploid karyotype and that diploidisation is the result of endoreduplication and not cell fusion. By contrast, we find that a haploid karyotype is maintained when differentiation to an extra-embryonic fate is forced by induction of Gata6. 相似文献
11.
12.
Yuta Onodera Takeshi Teramura Madoka Ozawa Tasuku Mitani Masayuki Anzai Norimasa Sagawa Yoshihiko Hosoi 《Theriogenology》2010,74(1):135-145
Recent studies have illustrated multiple differentiation potentials of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from parthenogenetic embryos, to various kinds of cells (all three embryonic germ layers). However, differentiation diversity of the parthenogenetic ESCs (PgESCs) in vivo remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we established mouse PgESC-lines and observed their contribution diversity in vivo by producing chimeric mice using embryos possessing single nucleotide polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as hosts. Based on southern blot analysis using specific probes to detect the SNPs on mtDNA, PgESC-derived mtDNA were contained in many organs such as brain, lung, and heart of the chimeric mouse. We concluded that PgESCs contributed to various internal organs in vivo, and that they were also stably maintained in adult animals. 相似文献
13.
Human parthenogenetic embryonic stem (pES) cells can be clinically used in the future to avoid immunological rejection. However,
the developmental potential of human pES cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated a human pES-enhanced
green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cell line (chHES-32-EGFP), which shows pluripotency thus far and maintains stable and robust EGFP expression in the undifferentiated and
differentiated states in vivo and in vitro. Using this pES-EGFP cell line, we found that when human pES-EGFP cells were injected
into mice blastocysts, EGFP-positive cells progressively decreased with the development of blastocysts in vitro. Only 4 out
of 23 embryos (17.4%) contained EGFP-positive cells and all of these embryos exhibited abnormal morphology or delayed development
when the chimera blastocysts were implanted into the pseudopregnant recipient mouse uterus. These results raise serious questions
regarding the feasibility of the generation of interspecific chimeras between mouse blastocysts and human pES cells. 相似文献
14.
The fate of embryonal-carcinoma cells in mouse blastocysts 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
G. Barry Pierce Juan Arechaga Alan Jones rea Lewellyn Robert S. Wells 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》1987,33(3):247-253
Double-labeled embryonal-carcinoma (ECa) cells were injected into blastocysts or incorporated into blastocysts by aggregation, and their fate after various periods of time in culture was investigated. ECa-247 cells labeled with fluorescent microscopheres were easily identified in whole blastocysts. These blastocysts were embedded in plastic, serially sectioned, and prepared for autoradiography. The 3H-thymidine label on the embryonal-carcinoma cells allowed precise localization of the cancer-derived cells. ECa-247 cells preferentially localized in the mural trophectoderm, with a few being seen in primitive endoderm and, even more rarely, in the inner cell mass. Selected autoradiograms were re-embedded and thin sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. The cancer-derived cells were found to have differentiated in accordance with their localization. 相似文献
15.
Epidermal cell suspensions of 90% average viability prepared from adult mouse tail skin by trypsinization and glass wool filtration were compared with leucocytes for their capacity to induce and reveal cell-mediated cytotoxicity to histocompatibility antigens in an H-2 different strain combination. As targets in short-term chromium release assays, epidermal cells incorporated ten times more 51Cr than normal lymph node cells yet released a lower proportion spontaneously. Although they were more resistant to lysis than lymph node cells, they registered high levels of cytotoxicity when particularly active attacker cells were used, even at low attacker-to-target cell ratios. In mixed cell cultures, irradiated epidermal cells were as effective as spleen cells in boosting immunity induced in vivo by skin allografts. Epidermal cells also were effective primary immunogens in vitro, but at higher responder-to-stimulator cell ratios than required for spleen cells. The specificity of epidermal cells as both targets and immunogens fully paralleled that of leucocytes from the same donors. 相似文献
16.
An attempt has been made to improve the early post-implantation development potential of diploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos by transferring parthenogenetic blastocysts to one uterine horn of a pseudopregnant recipient and a similar number of fertilized embryos to the contralateral horn. In control studies, diploid parthenogenetic embryos were transferred to both uterine horns of appropriate recipients. Unfortunately no obvious advantage appeared to be gained by carrying out the former manoeuvre. A significant improvement in the development potential of the parthenogenones could have indicated that their poor post-implantation survival might have been associated with a deficiency, possibly of hormonal origin, in the functioning of their decidual reaction. However, sufficient somite-containing parthenogenetic embryos were obtained in this study to allow a comparison to be made between them and fertilized embryos that were morphologically at a comparable stage of development. The parthenogenones were found to have a markedly smaller crown-rump length than their fertilized counterparts. A high proportion of both the parthenogenetic and fertilized embryos were subsequently fixed and appropriately stained in order to localize alkaline phosphatase activity. The analysis of this material clearly demonstrated that parthenogenetic mouse embryos are in fact capable of producing primordial germ cells. The latter were recognized by their morphology, histochemical staining appearance, and characteristic location, being found in the early 'turned' embryos within the dorsal mesentery in close proximity to the developing gut tube, and in the more advanced limb-bud stage embryos within the gonadal ridges. 相似文献
17.
In spite of their different origin, both melanocytes and mast cells are deficient in the skin of mutant mice of the Sl/Sld genotype. Since the neural crest and the liver of Sl/Sld embryos contain normal precursors of melanocytes and mast cells, respectively, the deficiency is attributed to a defect in tissue environment necessary for migration and/or differentiation of precursor cells. We investigated whether the tissue environment used for differentiation of melanocytes and mast cells was identical by producing aggregation chimaeras from Sl/Sld and +/+ embryos. Chimaeric mice with apparent pigmented and nonpigmented stripes were obtained. In the nonpigmented stripes of these Sl/Sld in equilibrium with +/+ chimaeras, melanocytes were not detectable in hair follicles but were detectable in the dermis. In contrast, melanocytes were detectable neither in hair follicles nor in the dermis of nonchimaeric Sl/Sld mice. Concentrations of mast cells were comparable in the pigmented and nonpigmented stripes of Sl/Sld in equilibrium with +/+ chimaeras, but the average concentration of mast cells significantly varied in the chimaeras (from 8% to 74% of the value observed in control +/+ mice). The present result suggests that mesodermal cells that support the migration and differentiation of both melanocyte precursors and mast-cell precursors mix homogeneously in the dermis and that ectodermal cells that influence the invasion of differentiating melanocytes into hair follicles make discrete patches. 相似文献
18.
R. Bender R. Fundele M. A. Surani L-L. Li R. Kothary D. O. Fürst B. Christ 《Development genes and evolution》1995,204(7-8):436-443
Parthenogenetic cells are lost from fetal chimeras. This may be due to decreased proliferative potential. To address this question, we have made use of combined cell lineage and cell proliferation analysis. Thus, the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine in S-phase was determined for both parthenogenetic and normal cells in several tissues of fetal day 13 and 17 chimeras. A pronounced reduction of bromodesoxyuridine incorporation by parthenogenetic cells at both developmental stages was only observed in cartilage. In brain, skeletal muscle, heart and intestinal epithelium, this reduction was either less pronounced or observed only at one of the developmental stages analysed. No difference between parthenogenetic and normal cells was observed in epidermis and ganglia. Our results show that a loss of proliferative potential of parthenogenetic cells during fetal development contributes to their rapid elimination in some tissues. The analysis of the fate of parthenogenetic cells in skeletal muscle and cartilage development demonstrated different selection mechanisms in these tissues. In skeletal muscle, parthenogenetic cells were largely excluded from the myogenic lineage proper by early post-midgestation. In primary hyaline cartilage, parthenogenetic cells persisted into adulthood but were lost from cartilages that undergo ossification during late fetal development. 相似文献
19.
The fate of transplanted cells in mouse blastocysts in vitro 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
20.
Studies of Sl/Sld in equilibrium with +/+ mouse aggregation chimaeras. II. Effect of the steel locus on spermatogenesis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
H Nakayama H Kuroda H Onoue J Fujita Y Nishimune K Matsumoto T Nagano F Suzuki Y Kitamura 《Development (Cambridge, England)》1988,102(1):117-126
Mutant mice of Sl/Sld genotype are deficient in melanocytes, erythrocytes, mast cells and germ cells. Deficiency of melanocytes, erythrocytes and mast cells is not attributable to an intrinsic defect in their precursor cells but to a defect in the tissue environment that is necessary for migration, proliferation and/or differentiation. We investigated the mechanism of germ cell deficiency in male Sl/Sld mice by producing aggregation chimaeras from Sl/Sld and +/+ embryos. Chimaeric mice with apparent white stripes were obtained. Two of four such chimaeras were fertile and the phenotypes of resulting progenies showed that some Sl/Sld germ cells had differentiated into functioning sperms in the testis of the chimaeras. In cross sections of the testes of chimaeras, both differentiated and nondifferentiated tubules were observed. However, the proportions of type A spermatogonia to Sertoli cells in both types of tubules were comparable to the values observed in differentiated tubules of normal +/+ mice. We reconstructed the whole length of four tubules from serial sections. Differentiated and nondifferentiated segments alternated in a single tubule. The shortest differentiated segment contained about 180 Sertoli cells and the shortest nondifferentiated segment about 150 Sertoli cells. These results suggest that Sertoli cells of either Sl/Sld or +/+ genotype make discrete patches and that differentiation of type A spermatogonia does not occur in patches of Sl/Sld Sertoli cells. 相似文献