国产夏块菌(块菌科、子囊菌门)的比较研究

对在四川省会东县发现的夏块菌(TuberaestivumVittad.)标本进行了鉴别研究,并与产自欧洲的标本进行了宏微观比较,同时还讨论了该种与相近种类的主要区别。     

中国块菌属多样性

在中国特别是西南地区块菌属Tuber资源调查的基础上,本文综合形态特征、生态特征以及分子系统学分析,对比研究了欧洲和北美的部分块菌属标本,对中国块菌属已知种类进行了分类订正和系统的总结.研究确认我国分布有17种块菌,其中3/4的种类分布于西南地区.尚有6种因未观察到可靠的标本而存疑,3种排除在我国分布.文中对该属在我国...     

中国小孢盘菌属—新种(英文)

报道了源于我国黑龙江的小孢盘菌属Acervus一新种,即黑龙江小孢盘菌A.heilongjiangensis。该种的显著特征为子囊盘杯状,无柄,直径5–10mm;子实层新鲜时黄色;外囊盘被为角胞组织至表层组织;子囊具囊盖,具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer试剂中不变色,98–119×6.5–8.5μm;子囊孢子椭圆形,无分隔,9–10.5×3.9–5.5μm。对该种的形态学特征进行了描述和图示,并对其分类地位提供了DNA序列分析的佐证。     

Two new species of Acervus (Pezizales) with a key to species of the genus

Studies on the genus Acervus from China are reviewed briefly. Six of the seven known species of the genus are currently recorded in this country. Acervus beijingense and A. changchunense are described as new based on morphological features and molecular data, and A. flavidus with minor emendation is added to the Chinese fungus flora. Phylogenetic relationships among four of the seven species of the genus are investigated based on the 28S rDNA sequence analysis. Species of the genus formed a single clade with high bootstrap support. The sequences of A. epispartius forma epispartius and that of A. flavidus obtained from materials in different geographical regions together formed a group with 100% bootstrap support. Ascospore size and shape are important criteria in the taxonomy of the genus and are phylogenetically informative. A dichotomous key to all described species of the genus is provided.     

块菌属分子系统学及菌根共生机制研究进展

块菌属Tuber是一类珍贵的地下生外生菌根食药用真菌,具有重要的经济和生态价值。分子生物学技术的快速发展尤其是高通量测序技术在块菌属研究领域的应用,极大地推动了块菌属分类、系统学、生态、生化、菌根共生机制及人工种植等研究。本文重点从块菌的分子系统学、群体遗传学及菌根共生机制3个方面对近5年的研究成果进行综述,并对其研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

Assessment of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the natural habitats of Tuber magnatum (Ascomycota, Pezizales)

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities of four natural Tuber magnatum truffle grounds, located in different Italian regions (Abruzzo, Emilia-Romagna, Molise, and Tuscany), were studied. The main objective of this study was to characterize and compare the ECM fungal communities in the different regions and in productive (where T. magnatum ascomata were found) and nonproductive points. More than 8,000 (8,100) colonized root tips were counted in 73 soil cores, and 129 operational taxonomic units were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Although the composition of the ECM fungal communities studied varied, we were able to highlight some common characteristics. The most plentiful ECM fungal taxa belong to the Thelephoraceae and Sebacinaceae families followed by Inocybaceae and Russulaceae. Although several ectomycorrhizas belonging to Tuber genus were identified, no T. magnatum ectomycorrhizas were found. The putative ecological significance of some species is discussed.     

Two new truffles species,Tuber alboumbilicum and Tuber pseudobrumale from China

Two new truffles species, Tuber alboumbilicum and Tuber pseudobrumale are described based on collections from Southwest China. T. alboumbilicum is characterized by its white umbilicate ascomata. T. pseudobrumale is similar to T. pseudoexcavatum, but differs in spinulose ascospores. Molecular analysis also supported T. alboumbilicum and T. pseudobrumale as two new species. T. alboumbilicum grows in mycorrhizal association with Tsuga chinensis at elevations of 2,710 m. T. pseudobrumale grows in mycorrhizal association with Pinus yunnanensis in limestone soils, and has a pleasant aroma and is good edible.     

Barcoding of Central European Cryptops centipedes reveals large interspecific distances with ghost lineages and new species records from Germany and Austria (Chilopoda,Scolopendromorpha)

In order to evaluate the diversity of Central European Myriapoda species in the course of the German Barcode of Life project, 61 cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of the genus Cryptops Leach, 1815, a centipede genus of the order Scolopendromorpha, were successfully sequenced and analyzed. One sequence of Scolopendracingulata Latreille, 1829 and one of Theatopserythrocephalus Koch, 1847 were utilized as outgroups. Instead of the expected three species (Cryptopsparisi Brolemann, 1920; Cryptopsanomalans Newport, 1844; Cryptopshortensis (Donovan, 1810)), analyzed samples included eight to ten species. Of the eight clearly distinguishable morphospecies of Cryptops, five (Cryptopsparisi; Cryptopscroaticus Verhoeff, 1931; Cryptopsanomalans; Cryptopsumbricus Verhoeff, 1931; Cryptopshortensis) could be tentatively determined to species level, while a further three remain undetermined (one each from Germany, Austria and Croatia, and Slovenia). Cryptopscroaticus is recorded for the first time from Austria. A single specimen (previously suspected as being Cryptopsanomalans), was redetermined as Cryptopsumbricus Verhoeff, 1931, a first record for Germany. All analyzed Cryptops species are monophyletic and show large genetic distances from one another (p-distances of 13.7–22.2%). Clear barcoding gaps are present in lineages represented by >10 specimens, highlighting the usefulness of the barcoding method for evaluating species diversity in centipedes. German specimens formally assigned to Cryptopsparisi are divided into three clades differing by 8.4–11.3% from one another; their intra-lineage genetic distance is much lower at 0–1.1%. The three clades are geographically separate, indicating that they might represent distinct species. Aside from Cryptopsparisi, intraspecific distances of Cryptops spp. in Central Europe are low (<3.3%).     

Molecular and morphological differentiation between two Miocene-divergent lineages of Amazonian shrimps,with the description of a new species (Decapoda,Palaemonidae, Palaemon)

Palaemon carteri (Gordon, 1935) and Palaemon ivonicus (Holthuis, 1950) are morphologically similar species of South American freshwater shrimps. Past studies have questioned the taxonomic status of both species, which are supposed to have partially sympatric geographic distributions in the Amazon basin. We analyzed a 550 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene from these Amazonian Palaemon species as well as from 11 palaemonids as the outgroup. Additionally, we checked diagnostic characters of the genus and family as well as other morphological characters that have been little explored before. Palaemon carteri and Palaemon ivonicus are allocated in two sister lineages, with wide genetic divergence and little morphological differentiation. The divergence time between these lineages was estimated as approximately 10 million years ago. Both molecular and morphological data support the taxonomic validity of both Palaemon carteri and Palaemon ivonicus, refuting the hypothesis of synonymy. In addition, a new species, Palaemon yuna sp. n., closely related to Palaemon ivonicus, is described. Our findings indicate that these species can be differentiated using the projection of the anterolateral margin and anterolateral spine of the first antennular segment, shape of the rostrum, and relative size of the appendix masculina.     

Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Callisto (Lepidoptera,Gracillariidae) in the Alps

Europe has one of the best-known Lepidopteran faunas in the world, yet many species are still being discovered, especially in groups of small moths. Here we describe a new gracillariid species from the south-eastern Alps, Callisto basistrigella Huemer, Deutsch & Triberti, sp. n. It shows differences from its sister species Callisto coffeella in morphology, the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene and the nuclear gene histone H3. Both Callisto basistrigella and Callisto coffeella can co-occur in sympatry without evidence of admixture. Two Callisto basistrigella specimens show evidence of introgression. We highlight the importance of an integrative approach to delimit species, combining morphological and ecological data with mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Furthermore, in connection with this study, Ornix blandella Müller-Rutz, 1920, syn. n. is synonymized with Callisto coffeella (Zetterstedt, 1839).     

Tropodiaptomus zambeziensis,T. bhangazii and T. capriviensis,three new species of Tropodiaptomus (Copepods,Calanoida) from southern Africa

Three new species of Tropodiaptomus from southern Africa are described, Tropodiaptomus zambeziensis, T. bhangazii, and T. capriviensis. Type localities are a rice paddy on the Zambezi river delta, a coastal lake in Zululand, and temporary pools in Bushmanland and the eastern Caprivi in Namibia. Speciation of Tropodiaptomus in the warm inland waters of southern Africa is much more extensive than was formerly realised.     

Competition between the sibling species Tisbe holothuriae and T. battagliai (Harpacticoida)

The influence of salinity on the performance of the sibling species Tisbe holothuriae and T. battagliai in pure and mixed cultures was studied, using laboratory stocks adapted to 32 for over 175 generations. Cohort studies show that T. holothuriae has higher growth rates (R_o and r) at 32, T. battagliai at 20 The latter's life cycle is much less affected by the difference in salinity. De Wit replacement series were used to study competitive interactions. Without water renewal, T. holothuriae eliminates its sibling species in less than 2 generations, apparently through chemical interference. With water renewal, i.e. when exploitation competition becomes relatively more important, T. holothuriae still proves superior at 27 but the two species are competitively almost equal at 20. The two species cooccur in situ during autumn, but their differential predominance at different sites is not explained by the effect of salinity.     

Intracellular fate mapping in a basal metazoan, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, reveals the origins of mesoderm and the existence of indeterminate cell lineages.

Ctenophores are marine invertebrates that develop rapidly and directly into juvenile adults. They are likely to be the simplest metazoans possessing definitive muscle cells and are possibly the sister group to the Bilateria. All ctenophore embryos display a highly stereotyped, phylum-specific pattern of development in which every cell can be identified by its lineage history. We generated a cell lineage fate map for Mnemiopsis leidyi by injecting fluorescent lineage tracers into individual blastomeres up through the 60-cell stage. The adult ctenophore body plan is composed of four nearly identical quadrants organized along the oral-aboral axis. Each of the four quadrants is derived largely from one cell of the four-cell-stage embryo. At the eight-cell stage each quadrant contains a single E ("end") and M ("middle") blastomere. Subsequently, micromeres are formed first at the aboral pole and later at the oral pole. The ctene rows, apical organ, and tentacle apparatus are complex structures that are generated by both E and M blastomere lineages from all four quadrants. All muscle cells are derived from micromeres born at the oral pole of endomesodermal precursors (2M and 3E macromeres). While the development of the four quadrants is similar, diagonally opposed quadrants share more similarities than adjacent quadrants. Adult ctenophores possess two diagonally opposed endodermal anal canals that open at the base of the apical organ. These two structures are derived from the two diagonally opposed 2M/ macromeres. The two opposing 2M/ macromeres generated a unique set of circumpharyngeal muscle cells, but do not contribute to the anal canals. No other lineages displayed such diagonal asymmetries. Clones from each blastomere yielded regular, but not completely invariant patterns of descendents. Ectodermal descendents normally, but not always, remained within their corresponding quadrants. On the other hand, endodermal and mesodermal progeny dispersed throughout the body. The variability in the exact complements of adult structures, along with previously published cell deletion experiments, demonstrates that cell interactions are required for normal cell fate determination. Ctenophore embryos, like those of many bilaterian phyla (e.g., spiralians, nematodes, and echinoids), display a highly stereotyped cleavage program in which some, but not all, blastomeres are determined at the time of their birth. The results suggest that mesodermal tissues originally evolved from endoderm tissue.     

Challenges in the delimitation of morphologically similar species: a case study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuber brumale</Emphasis> agg. (Ascomycota,Pezizales)

Tuber brumale (winter truffle) is one of the most controversial true truffles, not only in regard to its ecological and economical role but also its taxonomy. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses have revealed that specimens identified earlier as T. brumale belong to two species. These species were deemed cryptic right away, because preliminary morphological measurements did not show any phenotypical differences. In this study, we measured the morphology of 119 T. brumale agg. specimens, identified by DNA-based phylogenetic tools. We found several continuous morphological characters which show strong statistical differences between the two species, albeit not without overlap. Using a combination of these characters, we show that efficient separation of the two species is possible. We describe T. cryptobrumale sp. nov. and present the environmental demands and the potential area reconstruction of both species. We argue that non-representative sampling is a major culprit in most failures to detect both the existence of morphologically similar species and their morphological differences. Our findings illustrate the benefits of integrative taxonomy: the use of a combination of molecular, morphological and ecological tools.     

Comprehensive sampling reveals circumpolarity and sympatry in seven mitochondrial lineages of the Southern Ocean crinoid species Promachocrinus kerguelensis (Echinodermata)

Sampling at appropriate spatial scales in the Southern Ocean is logistically challenging and may influence estimates of diversity by missing intermediate representatives. With the assistance of sampling efforts especially influenced by the International Polar Year 2007-2008, we gathered nearly 1500 specimens of the crinoid species Promachocrinus kerguelensis from around Antarctica. We used phylogeographic and phylogenetic tools to assess its genetic diversity, demographic history and evolutionary relationships. Six phylogroups (A-F) identified in an earlier study are corroborated here, with the addition of one new phylogroup (E2). All phylogroups are circumpolar, sympatric and eurybathic. The phylogeny of Promachocrinus phylogroups reveals two principal clades that may represent two different cryptic species with contrasting demographic histories. Genetic diversity indices vary dramatically within phylogroups, and within populations, suggesting multiple glacial refugia in the Southern Ocean: on the Kerguelen Plateau, in the East Weddell Sea and the South Shetland Islands (Atlantic sector), and on the East Antarctic continental shelf in the Dumont d'Urville Sea and Ross Sea. The inferences of gene flow vary among the phylogroups, showing discordant spatial patterns. Phylogroup A is the only one found in the Sub-Antarctic region, although without evident connectivity between Bouvet and Kerguelen populations. The Scotia Arc region shows high levels of connectivity between populations in most of the phylogroups, and barriers to gene flow are evident in East Antarctica.     

Two new species of Tubificoides (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) and new records of T. brownae and T. imajimai from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, with a redescription of T. bakeri

Two new species of Tubificoides are described from the west coast of Florida. Both species have large lateral openings of the penis sheaths with proximal flap-like projections. Tubificoides pollex sp.n. is characterized by (1) papillate body wall in postclitellar segments; (2) possession of hair and bifid setae anteriorly, and only bifid setae in pcstclitellar segments; and (3) conical penis sheaths with a lateral opening and a flap-like projection on the proximal margin. The setal distribution of the new species is similar to that of T. bakeri Brinkhurst, 1986, which is redescribed on the basis of new material. Tubificoides lunatus sp.n. is similar to T. pollex except that the flap-like projections of the penis sheaths are crescent shaped, all the somatic setae are bifid, and body wall papillae are absent. Records of Tubificoides brownae Brinkhurst & Baker, 1979, and T. imajimai Brinkhurst, 1986, from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, respectively, are also presented. The latter species was previously known only from subtropical regions of Japan and the People's Republic of China.