西藏块菌属的分类研究

首次报道产于西藏的块菌属３种,包括２个新种和１个新记录种。新种是刘氏块菌ＴｕｂｅｒｌｉｕｉＡ．Ｓ．Ｘｕｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和西藏块菌ＴｕｂｅｒｘｉｚａｎｇｅｎｓｅＡ．Ｓ．Ｘｕｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,新记录种是少孢块菌Ｔｕｂｅｒｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｅｒｍｕｍ（Ｔｕｌ．＆Ｃ．Ｔｕｌ．）Ｔｒａｐｐｅ．标本全部保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室（ＨＸＺＥ）。     

Conlarium duplumascospora gen. et. sp. nov. and Jobellisia guangdongensis sp. nov. from freshwater habitats in China

Conlarium duplumascospora gen. et. sp. nov. and Jobellisia guangdongensis sp. nov. are described and illustrated from submerged wood collected from Guangdong Province, China. Conlarium duplumascospora is characterized by gregarious, coriaceous and beaked ascomata; cylindrical, unitunicate asci with a bipartite apical ring; biseriate, fusiform, hyaline, 0-5-septate ascospores with or without appendages; and anamorph with muriform conidia. Jobellisia guangdongensis is characterized by globose to subglobose, gregarious and papillate ascomata; three-layered peridium; cylindrical, unitunicate asci with a refractive apical ring; and one-septate, fusiform, greenish brown ascospores. Sequence analyses of partial nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) were performed to infer the phylogenetic affinities of these new taxa. A key to species of Jobellisia is provided.     

A new species ofNannizziopsis from New Jersey soil

Nannizziopsis mirabilis, isolated from a soil sample collected from New Jersey, USA, is described as a new species. The ascomata are white to pale yellow, with a peridium of a network of loosely interwoven hyphae and simple, more or less straight, clavate appendages. The ascospores are hyaline, globose to subglobose, and ornamented with spiral bands or sometimes polygonal pits. The associated anamorph is assignable to the form genusChrysosporium.     

Freshwater ascomycetes: Natipusillaceae, a new family of tropical fungi, including Natipusilla bellaspora sp. nov. from the Peruvian Amazon

A new ascomycete species, Natipusilla bellaspora, collected from submerged woody debris in a freshwater stream at Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre De Dios in the Peruvian Amazon is described and illustrated. This fungus is characterized by small, globose to subglobose, hyaline ascomata; small, globose to subglobose, eight-spored fissitunicate asci; one-septate, multiguttulate ascospores with two different gelatinous sheaths, an outer amorphous sheath that enlarges in water and an inner sheath that has a distinctive persistent shape and is attached to the ascospore apex. Morphologically N. bellaspora differs from other Natipusilla species in having larger ascospores and two ascospore sheaths. A second Natipusilla species, N. limonensis, is reported for the first time from Peru. Based on the unique morphological characters of taxa in Natipusilla and results of previous molecular phylogenetic analyses with other members of the Dothideomycetes, we establish Natipusillaceae fam. nov. for this unique tropical freshwater clade.     

A contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Coniocessia (Xylariales)

The ascomycete genus Coniocessia has recently been established to accommodate the only and type species, C. nodulisporioides, with nodulisporium-like anamorph, formerly classified in Coniochaeta. Four new Coniocessia species are described here, three of which were isolated from cereal seeds and straw in Iran and one from goat dung collected in Spain, using morphological and molecular data (sequences of the ITS and D1-D2 regions of the LSU-ribosomal DNA) as well as growth–temperature relationships. Parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses based on the D1-D2 regions of the LSU strongly supported the placement of Coniocessia as a monophyletic clade within the new family Coniocessiaceae and Coniolariella within the Xylariaceae (Xylariales). Coniocessia maxima is differentiated from the closest species, C. nodulisporioides, by larger ascomata and asci, and more richly branched, macronematous conidiophores with very distinct, elongated conidiogenous cells. Coniocessia cruciformis has ascospores with strongly thickened longitudinal rim, appearing rather cruciform in side view; micronematous conidiophores and less distinct conidiogenous cells. Coniocessia minima possesses small ascomata maturing very slowly, with an opaque peridium and inaequilaterally flattened ascospores; conidiogenous cells are bulbose to club-shaped, conidia globose to subglobose. Coniocessia anandra, the only species lacking an anamorph, is mainly characterized by translucent ascomata with a broad ostiole.     

中国木霉属两个新种

报道了采自我国海南省和福建省的木霉属Trichoderma 2个新种。南方木霉子座紫色至紫红色,垫状至盘状,子囊壳壁橙色至橙褐色,子囊孢子无色;绿黄木霉具有淡黄色子座,绿色孔口,球形至近球形的子囊壳,以及大的子囊和绿色子囊孢子。提供了这2个种的详细描述及宏观和微观特征的图示。     

A new species ofLasiobolidium from Californian soil

Lasiobolidium gracile isolated from a soil sample collected from California, USA is described as a new species. This species is characterized by yellowish brown to reddish brown, nonostiolate ascomata with numerous, long straight appendages and a translucent peridium, subglobose to broadly clavate asci, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, ellipsoidal ascospores. It differs from the other species ofLasiobolidium in the straight and narrow appendages and the large ascospores. A key is presented separating the seven known species.     

Tuber latisporum sp. nov. and related taxa, based on morphology and DNA sequence data

A new species of white truffles, Tuber latisporum, is described from southwestern China. This species can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its white and pubescent ascomata, pseudoparenchymatous peridium and broadly ellipsoid ascospores with alveolate reticulum. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of this and morphologically similar species using ITS sequences demonstrated that it is significantly different from other white truffles such as T. borchii, T. puberulum, T. zhongdianense, T. liui, T. dryophilum, T. magnatum, T. rapaeodorum, T. foetidum and T. maculatum. Data from ITS sequences indicate that white and black truffles are not monophyletic lineages.     

Three new genera representing novel lineages of Sordariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from tropical freshwater habitats in Costa Rica

Three new genera are established in the Sordariomycetidae based on morphological and molecular data (SSU and LSU nrDNA) to accommodate five ascomycete species collected from submerged woody debris in freshwater habitats from Costa Rica. The genus Bullimyces contains three new species, B. communis, B. costaricensis and B. aurisporus. Bullimyces is characterized by globose to subglobose, membranous, black, ostiolate ascomata; deliquescent, hyaline, globose cells that fill the center of the centrum; unitunicate asci that deliquesce early in some species; and septate, thick-walled ascospores with or without gelatinous sheaths or appendages. Bullimyces species form a well supported clade with 100% bootstrap support, but the position of the genus in the Sordariomycetidae remains unclear. The second genus, Riomyces, is represented by a single species, R. rotundus. Riomyces is characterized by globose to subglobose, membranous, black, ostiolate ascomata, unitunicate, cylindrical asci, hyaline, globose cells that fill the hamathecium and septate, thick-walled ascospores with a gelatinous sheath. Although Riomyces is morphologically similar to Bullimyces, the two genera did not group together with support in any analysis. The third genus, Hydromelitis, is represented by a single species, H. pulchella. Hydromelitis is characterized by pyriform, membranous, black, ostiolate ascomata, unitunicate asci lacking an apical structure, simple, thin-walled, septate paraphyses and hyaline to golden yellow, multiseptate, thick-walled ascospores with a gelatinous sheath. Bullimyces, Riomyces and Hydromelitis were nested within an unsupported clade consisting of members of the Ophiostomatales, Magnaporthales and freshwater Annulatacaceae sensu lato and sensu stricto.     

Ascomatal morphogenesis in Myxotrichum arcticum supports the derivation of the Myxotrichaceae from a discomycetous ancestor

Electron microscopy shows that ascomata of Myxotricum arcticum bear a striking resemblance to discocarps in morphogenesis and in previously overlooked aspects of gross morphology. Although mature ascomata of M. arcticum superficially resemble reticuloperidial cleistothecia common in the Onygenales, the bramble-like aggregation of thick-walled hyphae, previously considered to represent a closed peridium, forms a basket-like apothecium that overarches a distinct hymenium of stipitate, protunicate asci interspersed with paraphyses. There is no evidence of asci developing in chains and at different levels as is characteristic of the centrum of many Eurotiomycetes. Instead, more or less globose, stipitate and evanescent asci arise individually from penultimate cells of croziers and develop almost synchronously across a distinct hymenial layer derived from a richly branched network of crozier-bearing hyphae. After dissolution of the ascus wall, ascospores adhere to a membranous sheath that underlies the hymenium. These observations provide strong support for prior suggestions based on molecular phylogenetic comparisons that the Myxotrichaceae recently are derived from a helotialean ancestor. Observations of conidiogenesis show that the typical Oidiodendron anamorph is accompanied by a second conidiogenous form with ampullae and botryose clusters of blastic conidia.     

Three new species of Chaetomium from soil

Chaetomium macrostiolatum sp. nov., Chaetomium olivicolor sp. nov. and Chaetomium tarraconensis sp. nov. isolated from Nigerian, Indian, and Spanish soils respectively, are described and illustrated. The first species is characterized by ascomata with a very broad ostiole and yellow hairs, and limoniform ascospores; the second by its thermotolerant growth, inconspicuous and short straight ascomatal hairs and fusiform ascospores; and the last by its unusual, irregularly-shaped ascospores and subglobose ascomata with flexuous to undulate, unbranched ascomatal hairs.     

Two new species ofTalaromyces from Taiwan and Japan

Two new species ofTalaromyces, isolated from soils in Taiwan and Japan, are described and illustrated.Talaromyces eburneus, associated with aGeosmithia anamorph, is characterized by off-white colony on oatmeal agar, small pale yellow ascomata, and subglobose to ovoid ascospores with a smooth wall.Talaromyces muroii is characterized by restricted growth on Czapek agar, luteous ascomata, which are initiated by paired gametangia like those seen in members of the seriesFlavi, ellipsoidal and nearly smooth ascospores, and the absence of an anamorph.     

Byssoonygena ceratinophila,gen. et sp. nov. a new keratinophilic fungus from Spain

Summary Byssoonygena ceratinophila, gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from two strains isolated, by hair bait method, from Spanish soils. The genus is characterized by ascomata with a hyaline and very thin peridium, and by ellipsoidal, brown, verrucose ascospores. A Malbranchea anamorph is also present.     

Two new ascomycetes from rainforest litter in Costa Rica

Two new ascomycetes, Boerlagiomyces costaricensis (Pleosporales) and Scopinella musciformis (Sordariales sensu lato), from litter samples collected in rainforests of Costa Rica, are described and illustrated. Boerlagiomyces costaricensis has globose, ostiolate ascomata covered by numerous setae-like hairs; cylindrical, fissitunicate asci without apical structures; and large, fusiform, muriform, hyaline to pale brown ascospores. Scopinella musciformis is characterized by ostiolate ascomata with a few compact clusters of hypha-like hairs distributed on the peridial surface and a long neck; ovate to ellipsoidal unitunicate asci; and small quadrangular ascospores with diagonal germ slits.     

昆明地区印度块菌子囊果的解剖结构研究

通过印度块菌子囊果石蜡切片的显微观察,对印度块菌子囊果包被及子实层的显微结构、子囊及子囊孢子的发育过程进行研究.结果表明:(1)印度块菌子囊果是由包被和子实层构成,子囊果的表面密被大量大小不一的疣状突起,包被由外皮层和内皮层构成;子实层由封闭的、大小不一的产孢组织构成,在产孢组织中包含有侧丝、产囊丝、子囊和子囊内的子囊孢子;(2)成熟印度块菌子囊果横切面上有明暗相间的迷宫状纹脉;(3)子囊卵形,由产囊丝顶端的细胞发育而来;(4)成熟子囊孢子红褐色,椭圆形至近球形不等,子囊孢子双层壁,外壁密布有刺状纹饰.子囊孢子在子囊内的发育过程中常出现败育现象,每个成熟子囊中含有1～5个子囊孢子(常见4个).     

Two new species ofConiochaeta with a cephalothecoid peridium wall

Two new species ofConiochaeta, isolated from Japanese soils, are described and illustrated:C. cephalothecoides, which is characterized by dark brown ascomata clothed with short setae, cylindrical asci and ovoid to almond-shaped or pyriform ascospores with a longitudinal germ slit; andC. dumosa, which is characterized by dark brown ascomata clothed with short setae and dense hyphal hairs, cylindrical asci and ellipsoid-fusoid ascospores with a longitudinal germ slit. These species are distinguished from most species of the genus by the unique cephalothecoid peridium of their ascomata. The associated anamorphs of both species are assignable to the form-genusLecythophora.     

Venturia chinensis sp. nov., a new venturialean ascomycete from Khingan Mountains

A new species of Venturia (V. chinensis) is described and illustrated from the leaves of Lonicera praeflorens collected from Lesser Khingan Mountains, the northeast China. It is characterized by habitat saprobic; ascomata small-sized, solitary or scattered, superficial, subglobose to citriform, wall black, papillate, ostiolate, covered with setae; peridium thin; hamathecium evanescent in mature ascomata; asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to obclavate, with or without a short, knob-like pedicel; ascospores ellipsoidal, olivaceous pale brown, 1-septate, ascospore wall thin, smooth. Comparisons of V. chinensis with V. lonicerae (another species on Lonicera caerulea) and other species of Venturia lead to the conclusion that collected taxon is new. Its relationships with other species of Venturia are discussed based on morphology and 28S nrDNA and ITS nrDNA sequence comparisons.     

Freshwater ascomycetes: Jahnula apiospora (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes), a new species from Prince Edward Island, Canada

A new ascomycete species, Jahnula apiospora (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes), collected from submerged wood in a freshwater creek on Prince Edward Island, Canada, is described and illustrated. The characteristic features of the new species are globose to subglobose, black, ostiolate, membranous ascomata with broad, brown, subtending hyphae; a peridial wall composed of an outer layer of thick-walled cells occluded by black, amorphous material along the upper two-thirds of the ascoma; trabeculate pseudoparaphyses; cylindrical to narrowly fusoid, fissitunicate asci; and brown, one-septate, apiosporous ascospores without a gelatinous sheath or appendages.     

Freshwater ascomycetes: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aliquandostipite minuta</Emphasis> (Jahnulales,Dothideomycetes), a new species from Florida

An undescribed ascomycete similar to species in the Aliquandostipitaceae (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes) was collected from submerged wood in a freshwater swamp in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida. The characteristic features of the new species are as follows: (i) ascomata are small, sessile, light brown, globose to subglobose, papillate, and anchored to the substrate by wide, brown, septate and subtending hyphae; peridial wall is composed of 1 to 2 layers of large, angular cells with large lumens; (ii) asci are ovoid to broadly clavate, and fissitunicate; (iii) ascospores are one-septate, fusiform, multiguttulate, pale brown, surrounded by a fusiform gelatinous sheath, and equipped with numerous filamentous appendages around the midseptum. The new fungus is most similar to Aliquandostipite crystallinus, from which it differs in overall smaller size and morphology. This new fungus is described and illustrated herein as A. minuta.     

Lucidascocarpa pulchella, a new ascomycete genus and species from freshwater habitats in the American tropics

A new fungus collected from submerged wood in Costa Rica and Ecuador has ascostromatic ascomata with fissitunicate asci and lacks pseudoparaphyses, characters that place it in the Dothideaceae (Dothideales). It is unusual in the order because it has white ascomata. Based on other morphological characters however this fungus could not be accommodated in any existing genus in the Dothideaceae and it is described herein as a new genus and species, Lucidascocarpa pulchella. These morphological features are characteristic of L. pulchella: ascomata glistening, white, each with a long, periphysate neck; a membranous peridium composed of 5-7 thin-walled, hyaline cells; pseudoparaphyses absent; asci fissitunicate, clavate, eight-spored; ascospores seven-septate, hyaline, multiguttulate, verruculose, surrounded by a large, regular, gelatinous sheath.