夏玉米对土壤水分持续减少的响应及其转折点阈值分析

玉米是世界三大粮食作物之一,玉米生产在中国粮食安全与畜牧业发展中具有举足轻重的作用。干旱是夏玉米生产最主要气象灾害,及时准确地获取干旱信息对夏玉米安全生产至关重要。以夏玉米郑单958品种为材料,设置充分供水和拔节期开始土壤水分持续减少两种水分处理,研究夏玉米对土壤水分持续减少的响应及其转折点阈值,为夏玉米干旱识别与监测提供依据。结果表明,土壤水分持续减少10d后生理指标开始陆续受到胁迫,20d后生物量积累受到抑制,30d左右形态特征开始受到胁迫。夏玉米生理指标中最先受到胁迫的是顶端第1片完全展开叶的含水量和水势,生物量积累指标中为茎生物量,形态指标中为叶数。夏玉米顶端第1片完全展开叶的含水量或水势、茎生物量和叶数开始受到土壤干旱过程胁迫的时间阈值分别为11、21、27d,水分亏缺阈值分别为34、66、86mm,土壤相对湿度阈值分别为64%、56%和52%。表明夏玉米对土壤干旱过程的响应首先表现为生理特征变化、其次为生物量积累变化、最后为形态特征变化。研究结果可为客观辨识夏玉米干旱的发生发展及监测预警提供参考。     

不同沼液用量对夏玉米源库代谢关键酶及产量的影响

以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,研究了3个不同沼液用量（15000、22500、30000 kg·hm^-2）对夏玉米源库代谢关键酶和产量构成因素的影响.结果表明：与对照和施氮肥相比,田间浇灌沼液不仅可提高夏玉米地上部干物质量、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量,而且可提高叶片中硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和籽粒中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,从而显著增加了玉米穗粗、穗长、穗行数、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重和单位面积产量.在3个沼液用量中,以22500 kg·hm^-2处理(拔节期、大口期、抽雄期各追施7500 kg·hm^-2)对提高玉米酶活性和产量的效果最好,其产量可达14006.7 kg·hm^-2,比对照增产40.7％.     

Reduced root cortical burden improves growth and grain yield under low phosphorus availability in maize

Root phenes and phene states that reduce the metabolic cost of soil exploration may improve plant growth under low phosphorus availability. We tested the hypothesis that under low phosphorus, reduced living cortical area (LCA) would increase soil exploration, phosphorus capture, biomass, and grain yield. Maize genotypes contrasting in LCA were grown in the field and in greenhouse mesocosms under optimal and suboptimal phosphorus regimes. Percent LCA in nodal roots ranged from 25% to 67%. Plants with 0.2 mm² less LCA under low phosphorus had 75% less root segment respiration, 54% less root phosphorus content, rooted 20 cm deeper, allocated up to four times more roots between 60 and 120 cm depth, had between 20% and 150% more biomass, 35–40% greater leaf phosphorus content, and 60% greater grain yield compared with plants with high LCA. Low‐LCA plants had up to 55% less arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in axial roots, but this decrease was not correlated with biomass or phosphorus content. The LCA components cortical cell file number and cortical cell size were important for biomass and phosphorus content under low phosphorus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that root phenes that decrease the metabolic cost of soil exploration are adaptive under phosphorus stress.     

A field comparison of lime requirement indices for maize

Due, in part, to the relative paucity of published comparisons based on field generated data, there is still poor agreement regarding the relative merits of lime requirement indices based on exchangeable Al and those based on pH. The objective of this study was to compare such indices using results obtained from long-term field experiments. Data were obtained over 22 site-years from lime trials conducted on clay (Typic Haplorthox) and sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) soils differing widely in organic carbon content. Relative maize (Zea mays L.) yields were used to compare the prognostic value of soil pH with indices obtained using exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity (Al+H). Both within and across soils, pH proved to be markedly inferior to Al based indices. Exchangeable acid saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity, a readily obtained and popular index of lime requirement in some countries, proved as effective as less easily acquired indices based on exchangeable Al per se. The findings reported are consistent with those of many glasshouse studies and support the viewpoint that indices based on Al or acid saturation should replace pH as a measure of lime requirement.     

耕作方式与施氮量对小麦-玉米复种系统玉米季土壤氮素转化及产量的影响

在黄淮砂姜黑土区冬小麦-夏玉米复种两熟种植体系中,研究了小麦季3种耕作方式(常规翻耕、旋耕和深松)结合夏玉米播前3个施氮量(120、225和330 kg·hm^-2)对玉米季主要生育时期根际土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性、无机氮含量和产量的影响.结果表明: 旋耕方式下氨化作用强度最高,且随着施氮量的增加,土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性增强.深松方式下根际土壤硝化、反硝化作用强度与脲酶活性明显高于常规与旋耕方式.增施氮肥可加强深松方式对土壤氮素转化的促进作用,而过量施氮虽然提高了土壤无机氮含量及玉米产量,但会对土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性产生抑制.深松方式结合225 kg·hm^-2施氮量更有利于砂姜黑土区夏玉米土壤氮素转化,而深松方式结合330 kg·hm^-2施氮处理下产量最高.     

Alleviation of soil acidity in Ultisol and Oxisol for corn growth

Malaysian Ultisols and Oxisols are characterized by low pH, high soil solution Al concentration and Ca and/or Mg deficiencies, which are limiting to corn growth. An experiment was conducted to determine the changes in solid and soil solution phase properties of a representative Ultisol and Oxisol following applications of ground magnesium limestone (GML), gypsum and their combinations, and their effects on corn growth. A plot of pAl against lime potential (pH-1/2 pCa) showed that the points were mostly positioned between the theoretical lines for kaolinite-quartz and gibbsite equilibrium, reflecting the kaolinitic-oxidic mineralogy of the Ultisol and Oxisol. Gypsum application increased Al concentration in the soil solutions of the Ultisol, but had no significant effect on that of the Oxisol. The increase in Al concentration in the Ultisol was due to an increase in ionic strength. Gypsum application increased soil solution pH of the Oxisol due to release of OH as a result of ligand exchange between SO₄ and OH ions on the oxides of Fe and/or Al. Exchangeable Al in both soils was reduced by gypsum application. The reduction was associated with solid phase immobilization through alunite formation; the soil solutions of soil samples treated with 2 and 4 t gypsum ha⁻¹ were supersaturated with respect to alunite. Application of GML at 2 t ha⁻¹ together with 1–2t gypsum ha⁻¹ gave high top weight of corn. Relative top weight of corn was positively correlated with a soil solution Mg and Ca/Al concentration ratio, but negatively correlated with soil solution Al concentration. Foliar Al corn was positively correlated with soil solution Al concentration. Soil solution Al and Mg concentrations, and Ca/Al concentration ratio can be used as indices of soil acidity in Ultisols and Oxisols. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}     

长期施肥下黄壤旱地玉米产量及肥料利用率的变化特征

选取贵州黄壤长期定位监测点中对照（CK, 不施肥）、单施全量有机肥（M, 30555 kg·hm^-2）、有机肥与化肥配施（NPKM,年施N 165 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 82.5 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 82.5 kg·hm^-2、有机肥30555 kg·hm^-2）和氮磷钾化肥配施（NPK,年施N 165 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 82.5 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 82.5 kg·hm^-2）4个处理的16年试验数据进行分析,研究了黄壤区长期不同施肥下作物产量及肥料效益的变化趋势,为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据.结果表明：长期施肥条件下玉米产量年际间变化较大,总体呈上升趋势.其中NPKM处理增产效果最好,可增产4075.71 kg·hm^-2,增产率高达139.3%.长期施肥可提高玉米肥料利用率,其中M处理对玉米氮肥和磷肥利用率的提升作用最显著,分别达35.4%和18.8%;而NPK处理在提高玉米钾肥利用率方面作用明显,提高了20%,远高于M处理的87%和NPKM处理的9.2%.可见,长期均衡施肥,尤其是有机肥与化肥配施对提高作物产量和肥料效益具有积极作用.     

麦田土壤真菌多样性对麦玉轮作长期秸秆还田和配施有机肥的响应

【背景】土壤真菌主导田间秸秆腐解的过程,秸秆还田配施有机肥可为真菌提供良好的营养物质。【目的】研究麦玉轮作模式下长期秸秆还田配施有机肥对麦田土壤真菌多样性的影响。【方法】依托山西南部麦玉轮作区长达14年的秸秆还田和施有机肥长期定位试验,采用高通量测序开展土壤真菌群落结构和多样性对不施肥+秸秆清茬(CK)、氮磷化肥+秸秆清茬(NP)、氮磷化肥+秸秆还田(SNP)、氮磷化肥+有机肥+秸秆清茬(NPM)及氮磷化肥+秸秆还田+有机肥(SNPM)的响应差异研究。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理组的物种丰富度指数、Chao1指数和ACE指数均高于CK。5个处理共产生953个分类操作单元(operational taxonomic units, OTU),CK、NP、NPM、SNP和SNPM分别具有398、451、472、462和440个OTU。在门水平上共检测出9个菌门,其中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为3个主要菌门,各处理中所占丰度差异显著;在属水平上共检测出262个真菌属,其中CK丰度较高的3个属为柄孢壳菌属(Podospora) 18.85%、被孢霉属(Mortierella) 16.67%和镰刀菌属(Fusarium) 7.77%;NP、NPM、SNP和SNPM丰度较高的前3个相同属均为Dendrostilbella、毛葡孢属(Botryotrichum)和被孢霉属(Mortierella),但相对丰度值存在差异。由聚类分析可知,NPM和SNPM群落组成相似度高,归为一类,而CK、NP、SNP各独立为一类。与环境因子间冗余分析发现,TN含量是影响土壤真菌群落结构的关键因子,也受速效磷、pH、速效钾、碱解氮和全磷等环境指标影响。【结论】长期秸秆还田和施有机肥改变了小麦土壤真菌种群结构和多样性。     

玉米籽粒灌浆特性对播期的响应

以‘京科528’(JK528)和‘郑单958’(ZD958)为试验材料,设置早春播(4月10日播种)和春播(5月14日播种)2个播期处理,研究不同播期条件下玉米的籽粒灌浆特性.结果表明: JK528、ZD958在早春播条件下的最终百粒重和产量显著高于春播,增幅分别为6.8%和10.1%、17.8%和9.2%;籽粒最大灌浆速率(G_max)、平均灌浆速率(G_ave)表现为早春播高于春播,而籽粒活跃灌浆期(P)呈相反趋势;JK528百粒重和产量显著高于ZD958,其中JK528百粒重和产量较ZD958高7.4 g和1189.6 kg·hm^-2,增幅分别为21.6%和10.8%;P表现为ZD958大于JK528,而W_max、G_max、G_ave和T_max表现为JK528大于ZD958;同一播期,JK528在灌浆中期的平均灌浆速率高于后期,且高于ZD958.相关分析表明,籽粒干物质积累量与平均气温和积温间呈极显著正相关.可见,充分利用光热资源,提高灌浆速率,有利于获得较高粒重,从而提高玉米产量.JK528在灌浆前中期灌浆速率快的优势弥补了其灌浆活跃期略短的情况,进而在不同播期条件下均可获得较高的粒重.     

不同有机肥量对旱地玉米光合特性和产量的影响

在渭北旱塬合阳试验基地进行了4年的旱地有机培肥试验, 研究不同有机肥施用量对旱地玉米光合特性和产量的影响.结果表明： 与单施化肥相比,施有机肥处理的玉米各生育时期的叶片光合速率和气孔导度显著增大,胞间CO2浓度显著减小;随着有机肥施用量的增加,玉米叶片各生育时期的叶片光合速率和气孔导度逐渐增大,胞间CO2浓度逐渐减小.玉米各生育时期的光合作用主要受非气孔因素限制,施用有机肥显著降低了非气孔因素对光合的限制.连续4年施用有机肥,改善了土壤养分状况,使养分不再是玉米光合速率和产量的主要限制因子.     

腐植酸类物质的施用对盐碱地的改良效果

采用田间小区试验方法,以生化腐植酸(OHA)、氨化腐植酸(AHA)和微生物活化腐植酸(MHA)为试验材料,探讨了3种腐植酸类物质对盐碱地的改良效果.结果表明: 与对照单施化肥相比,在盐碱地上增施不同的腐植酸类物质,当季对土壤pH的影响不明显.但3种腐植酸类物质均表现出了一定的降低土壤电导率(EC)、水溶性Na⁺和K⁺含量以及钠吸附比(SAR)的效果,影响深度均达0~40 cm土层.降低土壤EC的效果以OHA最优,但降低土壤水溶性Na⁺和K⁺含量以及SAR的效果3种材料间差异不大.此外,腐植酸类物质在降低土壤NO₃^--N含量,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N、可溶性有机氮(SON)和可溶性全氮(TSN)含量方面也有积极作用,且AHA和MHA作用效果优于OHA.添加3种腐植酸类物质均可提高土壤速效磷含量,其中以MHA效果最佳.增施腐植酸类物质可显著提高玉米灌浆期功能叶的SPAD值和玉米产量,但3种供试腐植酸类物质间差异不显著.腐植酸类物质对氮、磷肥表观利用率的影响表现为AHA>MHA>OHA,而OHA处理的氮、磷肥农学效率最高,AHA处理的氮、磷肥偏生产力最高.     

河西走廊绿洲农田防护林对玉米光合特性及产量的影响

农田防护林是甘肃河西走廊绿洲农田生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持农业生产和生态平衡具有重要作用.本文对防护林保护下的玉米灌浆期光合生理生态特性及产量变化进行了研究.结果表明：防护林东西相等距离处,东面玉米所截获的光合有效辐射量（PAR）始终高于西面;西面20 m以内玉米受林带（防护林高度为10 m）遮光较为严重,其净光合速率（P_n）较低;林带东面15 m范围内的玉米P_n高于西面.总体上,防护林造成的玉米减产发生在林带东面10 m及西面15～20 m范围内,其他位置的玉米产量不受影响或增产.     

施氮量对夏季玉米产量及土壤水氮动态的影响

在黄土高原南部旱地有大量氮素残留背景的田块上,研究了不同氮肥用量对夏玉米生长及对土壤水分、硝态氮、铵态氮累积及其剖面分布的影响。结果表明：适量施氮可以提高作物产量;过量施氮没有表现出增产效果,其氮肥利用率只有3．9％,残留率则高达87．2％。施氮240kghm^-2时,0～200cm土层土壤水分达到593mm,且可以下渗到200cm土层;不施氮和施氮120kghm^-2以小区土壤的蓄水量分别为561和553mm,可下渗到180cm。对矿质态氮而言,施氮量可以显著影响土壤中硝态氮的累积和分布,但对铵态氮的影响较小;施氮0,120,240kghm^-2时．收获期土壤硝态氮累积量分别为78,148,290kghm^-2,硝态氮的下移前沿分别到达60,60,140cm。可见,适量施氮会促进作物对土壤水氮的利用。提高作物生物量和产量;过量施氮导致硝态氮在土壤中大量累积,提高硝态氮随水分淋溶危险;但硝态氮向下层土壤的移动显著滞后于水分。     

不同土壤水分处理对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

为探明土壤水分对水稻生长发育的影响机理,以武香粳14和两优培九为试验材料,分析了不同土壤水分处理下(W1、W2、W3和CK分别表示土壤体积含水量为20%、30%、40%和5cm水层灌溉)的水稻光合特性、产量及水分生产率等。结果表明,轻度水分胁迫(W3)具有处理间最大的叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率,其他处理规律不显著。灌浆初期各水分处理下叶位间光合指标均表现为:剑叶＞顶2叶＞顶3叶>顶4叶,其他生育期规律不显著。与对照处理(CK)相比,武香粳14的W1、W2和W3处理的产量分别减少61.14%和29.13%、增加0.96%,水分生产率分别减少10.69%、增加1.53%和20.61%;两优培九的产量分别减少64.11%和28.76%,增加2.08%,水分生产率分别减少16.39%,增加2.46%和22.13%。研究结果为水稻精确灌溉和节水生产提供了技术支撑。     

Additive, dominant, and epistatic effects for maize grain yield in acid and non-acid soils

Acid soils severely reduce maize (Zea mays L.) yield in the tropics. Breeding for tolerance to soil acidity provides a permanent, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive solution to the problem. This study was carried out to determine the relative importance of additive, dominant, and epistatic effects on maize grain-yields in different tropical genotypes. Divergent selection in three populations (SA4, SA5, and SA7) provided inbred lines tolerant or sensitive to acid soils. The tolerant and sensitive lines from each population were used to obtain the F₁, F₂, F₃, back-crosses, second back-crosses, and selfed back-cross generations. In addition, the tolerant lines from SA4 and SA5 were crossed with a sensitive line from the Tuxpeño Sequía population, from which the same generations were also derived. All generations from each of the five sets of crosses were evaluated in three acid-soil environments and one non-acid-soil environment. A generation-mean analysis was performed on each set for yield. The sequential sum of squares associated with additive, dominance, and digenic epistatic effects were used to estimate the relative importance of each genetic effect. Epistasis was not important in any set in the non-acid-soil environment, with dominance accounting for 80.76% of the total variation among generation means across sets. In acid-soil environments, epistasis was more important. The relative importance of digenic epistasis was greater in those evaluations with large experimental errors. The tolerant line from population SA5 was prone to severe root lodging, suggesting a very poor root system. Apparently, the tolerance to soil acidity in this line is not associated with a large root system.     

松嫩平原玉米带土壤碳氮储量的空间特征

利用第二次全国和县级土壤普查的382个典型土壤剖面资料和1∶50万数字化土壤图建立土壤剖面空间数据库,利用土壤类型法估算松嫩平原玉米带土壤碳、氮储量,分析土壤有机碳、氮密度的空间分布特征,探讨土壤有机碳、氮密度与土壤类型和土地利用类型之间的关系.结果表明:松嫩平原玉米带土壤有机碳、氮储量分别为(163.12±26.48)Tg和(9.53±1.75)Tg,土壤碳、氮储量主要集中在草甸土、黑钙土和黑土等土类中.土壤有机碳、氮密度分别为5.51～25.25和0.37～0.80kg·m-2,土壤C/N值大致在7.90～12.67.土壤有机碳、氮密度的空间分布均表现为东部和北部高、西部低.在不同土地利用类型中,旱田土壤的有机碳密度最高,为(19.07±2.44)kg·m-2;林地土壤的氮密度最高,为(0.82±0.25)kg·m-2;水田土壤的碳、氮密度均较低.     

肥沃耕层构建对东北黑土区旱地土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响

有机物料还田是提高土壤肥力、改善土壤结构和增加作物产量的重要农艺措施之一。本研究通过分析有机物料深混还田构建肥沃耕层后土壤的有机质、速效养分含量和玉米产量,明确了黑土区不同土壤类型旱地土壤肥力指标和玉米产量对肥沃耕层构建方式的响应特征,以期为实现东北黑土区旱地保护性利用和农业可持续发展提供科学依据。采用小区试验与大区示范相结合的方式,在黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省选取9个生态类型区作为试验点,土壤类型包括黑土(中厚黑土和薄层黑土)、草甸土、黑钙土、白浆土、棕壤、暗棕壤和褐土。每个试验点均设置了玉米秸秆深混构建肥沃耕层(CF_Ⅰ)、秸秆配合有机肥深混构建肥沃耕层(CF_Ⅱ)和无有机物料还田(CK)3个处理。其中,CF_Ⅰ、CF_Ⅱ处理的小区试验和大区示范的秸秆还田量分别为10000 kg·hm^-2和全量还田,CF_Ⅱ处理的有机肥施用量为30000 t·hm^-2;CF_Ⅰ和CF_Ⅱ处理中有机物料的还田深度均为0~35 cm。结果表明: 不同土壤类型旱地的土壤肥力差异较大,不同土层表现为亚耕层土壤肥力小于耕层土壤,其中暗棕壤和白浆土尤为突出;棕壤、褐土耕层和亚耕层的土壤肥力均偏低;黑土和草甸土的质地比较黏重和犁底层较厚。在试验时间为两年以上的5个试验点中,与CK相比,CF_Ⅰ和CF_Ⅱ处理耕层的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量平均增加1.85 g·kg^-1、20.16 mg·kg^-1、1.56 mg·kg^-1和17.2 mg·kg^-1,亚耕层较耕层增加了2.09 g·kg^-1、12.06 mg·kg^-1、2.18 mg·kg^-1和3.84 mg·kg^-1。与CK相比,CF_Ⅰ处理显著增加了耕作层和亚耕层土壤有机质和速效磷含量,CF_Ⅱ处理显著增加了耕作层和亚耕层的全部土壤肥力指标,说明肥沃耕层构建是提高土壤肥力的重要途径,其中玉米秸秆配施有机肥是快速提升土壤肥力的有效方法。受不同地区水热条件和土壤类型等的影响,不同试验区的玉米产量差异较大;不同处理间差异显著,表现为CF_Ⅱ>CF_Ⅰ>CK,说明肥沃耕层构建方式在不同生态类型区均能有效提高玉米产量。采用玉米秸秆或者玉米秸秆配合有机肥深混的肥沃耕层构建方式能够同步培肥耕层和亚耕层土壤,提高玉米产量。不同生态类型区应根据土壤类型、有机物料来源等采取相应的肥沃耕层构建方式,建议在有机肥源充足的区域,优先采用秸秆配合有机肥深混构建肥沃耕层。     

大田增温对夏玉米产量和品质的影响

研究了大田条件下增温（3 ℃）对夏玉米产量和品质的影响. 结果表明：增温条件下玉米的籽粒产量显著降低,农大108（ND108）和掖单13号（YD13）分别减产46.6%和45.1%.增温也显著影响了玉米的籽粒品质,与对照相比,ND108和YD13的粗蛋白含量分别提高了11.6%和2.02%;粗脂肪含量分别降低了38.9%和9.6%;淀粉含量分别降低了7.0%和8.4%,且主要降低了支链淀粉的含量;赖氨酸含量则分别降低了58.9%和51.2%.     

微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响

为探明微灌与播前深松耕作对夏玉米根际土壤酶活性和产量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,设计微灌灌溉方式(地表滴灌、地下滴灌和微润灌)、灌水量(分别控制土壤含水量下限为田间持水率的50%、65%和80%)和深松深度(20、40、60 cm)3因素、3水平正交田间试验.结果表明: 夏玉米全生育期内,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性均呈先增加后减小趋势,磷酸酶活性则呈先减小后增加趋势.地下滴灌0~80 cm生育期平均土壤含水率比地表滴灌和微润灌高6.3%和1.8%,且显著提高土壤脲酶活性、夏玉米根系体积和产量;随着灌水量的增加,土壤磷酸酶活性呈先减小后增加趋势,脲酶活性和产量均呈先增加后减小趋势,生育期平均土壤含水率与根系体积均呈增加趋势;深松40 cm比20 cm的产量和根系体积增加量大于深松60 cm比40 cm的增加量,深松40 cm土壤酶活性较高.从提高水资源、氮肥利用率及作物产量角度考虑,该地区夏玉米种植的最优组合应为地下滴灌、灌水下限为田间持水率的65%与播前深松40 cm.