印度野牡丹茎段的培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称印度野牡丹(MelastomamalabathricumLinn.)。2材料类别带节茎段。3培养条件以MS为基本培养基。诱导芽萌发及分化培养基:(1)MS+NAA0.1mg·L-1(单位下同)+6-BA2.0;芽的生长增殖培养基:(2)MS+NAA0.01+6-BA0.5;生根培养基:(3)MS。所有培养基均含3%蔗糖和0.51%卡拉胶,pH5.8。培养温度为(26±1)℃,光强为16.2μmol·m-2·s-1,光照时间10h·d-1。4生长与分化情况4.1无菌材料的获得5～6月,取当年生半木质化枝条,剪除叶片(保留叶柄)后置于烧杯中,用自来水冲冼30min,再加洗洁精液清洗10min,然后用70%酒精消毒10s,无菌水冲洗2次,再用…     

Fructus Xanthii Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in Rats Fed on High-Fat Diet

Fructus Xanthii (FX) has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for rhinitis, headache, cold, etc. Modern pharmacological studies revealed that FX possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of FX on glucose and insulin tolerance, and hepatic lipid metabolism in rats fed on high-fat diet (HFD). Hepatic steatosis was induced by HFD feeding. Aqueous extraction fractions of FX or vehicle were orally administered by gavage for 6 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose were monitored. Glucose and insulin tolerance test were performed. Liver morphology was visualized by hematoxylin and eosin, and oil red O staining. Expression of liver lipogenic and lipolytic genes was measured by real-time PCR. We showed here that FX improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in HFD rats. FX significantly decreased the expression of lipogenic genes and increased the expression of lipolytic genes, ameliorated lipid accumulation and decreased the total liver triglyceride (TG) content, and thus attenuated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, FX improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, decreases lipogenesis and increases lipid oxidation in the liver of HFD rats, implying a potential application in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.     

The Effects of Chromium Complex and Level on Glucose Metabolism and Memory Acquisition in Rats Fed High-Fat Diet

Conditions in which glucose metabolism is impaired due to insulin resistance are associated with memory impairment. It was hypothesized that supplemental chromium (Cr) may alleviate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and consequently improve memory acquisition, depending upon its source and level. In a complete randomized design experiment, male Wistar rats (n=60; weighing 200-220 g) were fed either normal (8%, normal diet (ND)) or high-fat (40%, high-fat diet (HFD)) diet and supplemented with Cr as either chromium-glycinate (CrGly) or chromium-acetate (CrAc) at doses of 0, 40, or 80 μg/kg body weight (BW) via drinking water from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Feeding HFD induced type 2 diabetes, as reflected by greater glucose/insulin ratio (2.98 vs. 2.74) comparing to feeding ND. Moreover, HFD rats had greater BW (314 vs. 279 g) and less serum (53 vs. 68 μg/L) and brain (14 vs. 24 ng/g) Cr concentrations than ND rats. High-fat diet caused a 32% reduction in expressions of glucose transporters 1 and 3 (GLUTs) in brain tissue and a 27% reduction in mean percentage time spent in the target quadrant and a 38% increase in spatial memory acquisition phase (SMAP) compared with ND. Compared with supplemental Cr as CrAc, CrGly was more effective to ameliorate response variables (i.e., restoration of tissue Cr concentration, enhancement of cerebral GLUTs expressions, and reduction of the glucose/insulin ratio and SMAP) in a dose-response manner, especially in rats fed HFD. Supplemental Cr as CrGly may have therapeutic potential to enhance insulin action and alleviate memory acquisition in a dose-dependent manner, through restoring tissue Cr reserve and enhancing cerebral GLUTs expressions.     

Effects of Potential Probiotic Strains on the Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites of d -Galactose-Induced Aging Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet

Both aging and diet play an important role in influencing the gut ecosystem. Using premature senescent rats induced by d-galactose and fed with high-fat di     

Effects of Fermented Pepper Powder on Body Fat Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

We investigated the effects of non-pungent pepper powder fermented by Bacillus licheniformis SK1230 on the fat accumulation in mice. Four weeks of feeding a high-fat diet with fermented pepper powder resulted in a significantly decreased hepatic total-lipid level and increased serum HDL-cholesterol, and tended to lower the fat weight. These results suggest that fermented pepper powder inhibited fat accumulation and improved lipid metabolism in mice fed the high-fat diet.     

Effects of a High-Fat Diet and Strain on Hypothalamic Gene Expression in Rats

Objective: This study was designed to investigate whether dietary fat and genetic background might differentially alter the expression of hypothalamic genes involved in food intake. Research Methods and Procedures: Three-month-old Osborne-Mendel (OM) and S5B/Pl rats were fed either a high-fat or a low-fat diet for 14 days. mRNA for neuropeptide Y (NPY), corticotrophin-releasing hormone, NPY Y-1 receptor and Y-5 receptor, and serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptors were measured using Northern blotting or ribonuclease protection assays. Results: OM rats showed an increased expression of NPY and corticotrophin-releasing hormone compared with S5B/Pl rats. The expression of NPY-Y1 and -Y5 receptor mRNA was significantly higher in the hypothalamus of OM rats compared with S5B/Pl rats. The expression of 5HT-2c receptor mRNA was significantly reduced in both strains of rats eating a high-fat diet when compared with the animals eating the low-fat diet. Discussion: These data suggest that over activity of the NPY system may contribute to the development of obesity in OM rats and that expression of the 5HT-2c receptor gene may be modulated by dietary fat.     

高蛋氨酸饮食对大鼠血管内皮细胞分泌功能的影响

目的:探讨高蛋氨酸饮食对大鼠血管内皮细胞分泌功能的影响。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常饮食对照组(对照组)和高蛋氨酸饮食组(高蛋氨酸组)。对照组喂饲普通饲料,高蛋氨酸组大鼠喂饲含3%蛋氨酸的饲料,共8周。采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆同型半胱氨酸含量,以MDA、SOD、NO/ET和t-PA/PAI平衡等指标建立研究平台和内皮功能评价体系,同时以扫描电镜观察主动脉弓血管内皮细胞形态。结果:与对照组相比,高蛋氨酸组血浆Hcy含量显著高于对照组,是对照组的2倍以上;血浆MDA和SOD活力显著升高(P<0.05),t-PA/PAI-1和NO/ET比值均显著降低(P<0.05)。扫描电镜显示高蛋氨酸组大鼠内皮细胞呈典型虫蛀样损害,伴有附壁血栓形成和脂质沉积。结论:高蛋氨酸饮食可诱发大鼠高半胱氨酸血症,Hcy可通过氧化应激机制损伤血管内细胞分泌功能,血浆NO/ET和t-PA/PAI-1系统失衡。     

高脂喂养大鼠肝脏的NF-κBp65表达与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨高脂饲料喂养大鼠肝脏NF-κBp65蛋白的表达与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法采用高脂饲料喂养建立胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,并用正常血糖-高血浆胰岛素钳夹技术评估。应用Western blotting方法检测大鼠肝脏中NF-κBp65蛋白的表达。结果①高脂饲料组大鼠的葡萄糖输注率明显低于基础饲料组[GIR60~120（0.76±0.28vs4.26±0.70）mg/（kg.min）,P〈0.01]。②高脂饲料组大鼠肝脏NF-κBp65蛋白的表达明显高于基础饲料组（A值118.48±1.45vs68.13±4.84,P〈0.01）。③高脂胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏NF-κBp65蛋白表达与GIR60-120（r=-0.993,P=0.000）和ISI（r=-0.773,P=0.009）负相关。结论高脂诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏NF-κB的激活可能是产生肝脏和全身胰岛素抵抗的根源。     

Whey Protein Reduces Early Life Weight Gain in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

An increasing number of studies indicate that dairy products, including whey protein, alleviate several disorders of the metabolic syndrome. Here, we investigated the effects of whey protein isolate (whey) in mice fed a high-fat diet hypothesising that the metabolic effects of whey would be associated with changes in the gut microbiota composition. Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet ad libitum for 14 weeks with the protein source being either whey or casein. Faeces were collected at week 0, 7, and 13 and the fecal microbiota was analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of PCR-derived 16S rRNA gene (V3-region) amplicons. At the end of the study, plasma samples were collected and assayed for glucose, insulin and lipids. Whey significantly reduced body weight gain during the first four weeks of the study compared with casein (P<0.001–0.05). Hereafter weight gain was similar resulting in a 15% lower final body weight in the whey group relative to casein (34.0±1.0 g vs. 40.2±1.3 g, P<0.001). Food intake was unaffected by protein source throughout the study period. Fasting insulin was lower in the whey group (P<0.01) and glucose clearance was improved after an oral glucose challenge (P<0.05). Plasma cholesterol was lowered by whey compared to casein (P<0.001). The composition of the fecal microbiota differed between high- and low-fat groups at 13 weeks (P<0.05) whereas no difference was seen between whey and casein. In conclusion, whey initially reduced weight gain in young C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet compared to casein. Although the effect on weight gain ceased, whey alleviated glucose intolerance, improved insulin sensitivity and reduced plasma cholesterol. These findings could not be explained by changes in food intake or gut microbiota composition. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms behind the metabolic effects of whey.     

Consumption of Sericin Reduces Serum Lipids,Ameliorates Glucose Tolerance and Elevates Serum Adiponectin in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

The effect was examined of dietary sericin on the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet. The rats were fed with a 20% beef tallow diet with or without sericin at the level of 4% for 5 weeks. The final body weight and white adipose tissue weight were unaffected by dietary manipulation. The consumption of sericin significantly reduced the serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, phospholipids and free fatty acids. Serum very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and LDL-phospholipids were also significantly reduced by the sericin intake. Liver triglyceride and the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, the lipogenic enzymes, were also reduced by the sericin intake. Dietary sericin caused a marked elevation in serum adiponectin. The consumption of sericin suppressed the increases in plasma glucose and insulin levels after an intraperitoneal glucose injection. These results imply the usefulness of sericin for improving the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rats fed on a high-fat diet.     

Potentially Probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum Fruit-Derived Strains Alleviate Cardiometabolic Disorders and Gut Microbiota Impairment in Male Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins - High-fat diet (HFD) consumption is a risk factor for dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, and arterial hypertension linked with gut dysbiosis. Probiotic...     

Hepatocyte-Specific Depletion of UBXD8 Induces Periportal Steatosis in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

We showed previously that UBXD8 plays a key role in proteasomal degradation of lipidated ApoB in hepatocarcinoma cell lines. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the functions of UBXD8 in liver in vivo. For this purpose, hepatocyte-specific UBXD8 knockout (UBXD8-LKO) mice were generated. They were fed with a normal or high-fat diet, and the phenotypes were compared with those of littermate control mice. Hepatocytes obtained from UBXD8-LKO and control mice were analyzed in culture. After 26 wk of a high-fat diet, UBXD8-LKO mice exhibited macrovesicular steatosis in the periportal area and microvesicular steatosis in the perivenular area, whereas control mice exhibited steatosis only in the perivenular area. Furthermore, UBXD8-LKO mice on a high-fat diet had significantly lower concentrations of serum triglyceride and VLDL than control mice. A Triton WR-1339 injection study revealed that VLDL secretion from hepatocytes was reduced in UBXD8-LKO mice. The decrease of ApoB secretion upon UBXD8 depletion was recapitulated in cultured primary hepatocytes. Accumulation of lipidated ApoB in lipid droplets was observed only in UBXD8-null hepatocytes. The results showed that depletion of UBXD8 in hepatocytes suppresses VLDL secretion, and could lead to periportal steatosis when mice are fed a high-fat diet. This is the first demonstration that an abnormality in the intracellular ApoB degradation mechanism can cause steatosis, and provides a useful model for periportal steatosis, which occurs in several human diseases.     

野牡丹异型雄蕊的功能分化

野牡丹科植物具有形态、大小和颜色显著不同的两种异型雄蕊。关于其异型雄蕊是否具有功能分化还一直存在争论。本文以野牡丹科植物野牡丹(Melastoma malabathricum)为实验材料, 比较了两种异型雄蕊在传粉过程中的功能作用。结果表明, 两种异型雄蕊在形态、花粉量和人工控制实验条件下的结籽数, 以及主要传粉昆虫木蜂(Xylocopa sp.)访花时的行为等方面都有显著差异, 说明两种雄蕊在传粉过程中存在一定的功能分化: 外轮紫色雄蕊中的花粉为后代提供雄配子, 而内轮黄色雄蕊中的花粉则为传粉昆虫提供食物。但两种雄蕊在花粉活性、花粉组织化学成分和结实率方面差异均不显著, 表明两者在生理上并没有分化。实验结果还表明, 除花前套袋不结实外, 自交、异交和自然对照都具有较高的结实率, 说明野牡丹不存在无融合生殖和主动自交及自交不亲和现象, 为兼性异交。     

Effect of Chronic Treatment with Conventional and Organic Purple Grape Juices (Vitis labrusca) on Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet

Serra Gaucha is described as the most important wine region of Brazil. Regarding cultivars widespread in the Serra Gaucha, about 90 % of the area is occupied by vines of Vitis labrusca that is the most important specie used in grape juice production. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of chronic intake of purple grape juice (organic and conventional) from Bordo variety (V. labrusca) on oxidative stress in different brain regions of rats supplemented with high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 months. A total of 40 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group 1 received a standard diet and water, group 2 HFD and water, group 3 HFD and conventional grape juice (CGJ), and group 4 HFD and organic grape juice (OGJ). All groups had free access to food and drink and after 3 months of treatment the rats were euthanized by decapitation and the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum isolated and homogenized on ice for oxidative stress analysis. We observed that the consumption of calories in HFD and control groups, were higher than the groups supplemented with HFD and grape juices and that HFD diet group gain more weight than the other animals. Our results also demonstrated that HDF enhanced lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein damage (carbonyl) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, reduced the non-enzymatic antioxidants defenses (sulfhydryl) in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, reduced catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in all brain tissues and enhanced nitric oxide production in all cerebral tissues. CGJ and OGJ were able to ameliorate these oxidative alterations, being OGJ more effective in this protection. Therefore, grape juices could be useful in the treatment of some neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative damage.     

Metabolic and Pancreatic Effects of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of multiple infusions of allogeneic MSCs on glucose homeostasis and morphometry of pancreatic islets in high- fat diet (HFD) fed mice. Swiss mice were fed standard diet (C group) or HFD (HFD group). After 8 weeks, animals of HFD group received sterile phosphate-buffered saline infusions (HFD-PBS) or four infusions of MSCs one week apart (HFD-MSCs). Fasting glycemia (FG) was determined weekly and glucose (GTT) and insulin (ITT) tolerance tests were performed 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after the infusions of MSCs. The MSCs transplanted mice were classified as responder (FG < 180 mg/dL, 72.2% of transplanted mice) or non-responder (FG > 180mg/dL, 28.8%) Seven weeks after MSCs infusions, FG decreased in HFD-MSCs responder mice compared with the HFD-PBS group. Sixteen weeks post MSCs infusions, GTT and ITT areas under the curve (AUC) decreased in HFD-MSCs responder mice compared to HFD-PBS group. Serum insulin concentration was higher in HFD-PBS group than in control animals and was not different compared with the other groups. The relative volume of α-cells was significantly smaller in HFD-PBS group than in C group and significantly higher in HFD-MSCs-NR than in HFD-PBS and HFD-MSCs-R groups. Cell apoptosis in the islets was higher in HFD-PBS group than in C group, and lower in HFD-MSCs responder mice than in HFD-PBS group and non-responder animals. The results demonstrate the ability of multiple infusions of MSCs to promote prolonged decrease in hyperglycemia and apoptosis in pancreatic islets and increase in insulin sensitivity in HFD fed mice.     

Fgf21 Impairs Adipocyte Insulin Sensitivity in Mice Fed a Low-Carbohydrate,High-Fat Ketogenic Diet

Background

A low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) induces hepatic ketogenesis and is believed to affect energy metabolism in mice. As hepatic Fgf21 expression was markedly induced in mice fed KD, we examined the effects of KD feeding on metabolism and the roles of Fgf21 in metabolism in mice fed KD using Fgf21 knockout mice.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We examined C57BL/6 mice fed KD for 6 or 14 days. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels were greatly increased at 6 days, indicating that hepatic ketogenesis was induced effectively by KD feeding for 6 days. KD feeding for 6 and 14 days impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, although it did not affect body weight, blood NEFA, and triglyceride levels. Hepatic Fgf21 expression and blood Fgf21 levels were markedly increased in mice fed KD for 6 days. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels in the knockout mice fed KD for 6 days were comparable to those in wild-type mice fed KD, indicating that Fgf21 is not required for ketogenesis. However, the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity caused by KD feeding were improved in the knockout mice. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was significantly decreased in the white adipose tissue in wild-type mice fed KD compared with those fed normal chow, but not in the muscle and liver. Its phosphorylation in the white adipose tissue was significantly increased in the knockout mice fed KD compared with wild-type mice fed KD. In contrast, hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression in Fgf21 knockout mice fed KD was comparable to those in the wild-type mice fed KD.

Conclusions/Significance

The present findings indicate that KD feeding impairs insulin sensitivity in mice due to insulin resistance in white adipose tissue. In addition, our findings indicate that Fgf21 induced to express by KD is a negative regulator of adipocyte insulin sensitivity in adaptation to a low-carbohydrate malnutritional state.     

G-CSF对高脂喂养兔不同动脉段内皮的影响

目的通过高脂喂养兔制造动脉粥样硬化动物模型,研究G-CSF对不同动脉段内皮形态和功能变化的影响及相互关系。方法30只新西兰成年雄兔随机分4组,分为对照组6只,高脂喂养组、普通及高脂喂养＋G-CSF组各8只,分别测定血脂及血清NO浓度,各取胸主动脉、颈总动脉、股动脉,采用病理分析及扫描电镜观察内皮形态的不同变化,同时用RT-PCR方法测定eNOS、ET-1基因的表达了解不同动脉段的内皮功能变化。结果高脂喂养后兔血脂、NO浓度明显升高,病理发现动脉内膜增厚,以大动脉最著,小动脉最次,扫描电镜下内皮细胞的凋亡、变形亦然。ET-1基因表达相对定量次序为胸主动脉〉颈总动脉〉股动脉,eNOS基因反之。应用G-CSF后大动脉内皮功能及形态受到明显影响,但小型动脉变化不大。结论高脂喂养兔能成功制造动脉粥样硬化模型,成模后动脉内皮功能显著受损,其中以大型动脉显著,同时内皮形态出现相应变化。应用G-CSF对全身动脉系统有影响,且动脉越小,影响越小,说明粥样硬化动脉内皮形态与功能改变之间存在必然联系,对G-CSF的反应也不同。     

Effects of abiotic stress on biomass and anthocyanin production in cell cultures of Melastoma malabathricum

Plant cell cultures could be used as an important tool for biochemical production, ranging from natural coloring (pigments) to pharmaceutical products. Anthocyanins are becoming a very important alternative to synthetic dyes because of increased public concern over the safety of artificial food coloring agents. Several factors are responsible for the production of anthocyanin in cell cultures. In the present study, we investigate the effects of different environmental factors, such as light intensity, irradiance (continuous irradiance or continuous darkness), temperature and medium pH on cell biomass yield and anthocyanin production in cultures of Melastoma malabathricum. Moderate light intensity (301 - 600 lux) induced higher accumulation of anthocyanins in the cells. The cultures exposed to 10-d continuous darkness showed the lowest pigment content, while the cultures exposed to 10-d continuous irradiance showed the highest pigment content. The cell cultures incubated at a lower temperature range (20 ± 2 oC) grew better and had higher pigment content than those grown at 26 ± 2 oC and 29 ± 2 oC. Different medium pH did not affect the yield of cell biomass but anthocyanin accumulation was highest at pH 5.25 - 6.25.     

Dll4蛋白在高脂饮食喂养大鼠脂肪组织炎症中的作用

目的 探讨Delta-like ligand 4（Dll4）蛋白在高脂饮食喂养大鼠脂肪组织中的表达及其与脂肪组织炎症的关系.方法 将20只SPF级雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为正常饮食组（SD,n=10）和高脂饮食组（HFD,n=10）喂养16w后,应用免疫组化及Western blot方法检测脂肪组织中Dll4及炎症通路NF-κB磷酸化、IL-6的表达.结果 免疫组化结果显示,HFD组Dll4表达量显著升高（P〈0.001）;Western blot结果与免疫组化结果相一致,Dll4蛋白表达量是SD组的1.34倍（P〈0.01）;磷酸化核转录因子NF-κB表达水平升高,HFD组为SD组的2.03倍（P〈0.01）;HFD组炎症细胞因子IL-6水平明显升高,为SD组的3.02倍（P〈0.01）.结论 高脂饮食可增加脂肪组织中Dll4蛋白表达,促进了脂肪组织中炎症的发生.