High level expression of a truncated chicken progesterone receptor in Escherichia coli

Using a novel Escherichia coli system we have successfully overexpressed a region of the chicken progesterone receptor which encodes both the DNA- and hormone-binding domains. The expression system produces the truncated receptor fragment as an in-frame fusion with ubiquitin. This strategy greatly enhances both the solubility and stability of fusion proteins expressed in E. coli. Synthesis has been further improved by induction of the lambda PL promoter with nalidixic acid at low growth temperatures (less than or equal to 30 degrees C) rather than use of conventional heat induction protocols. We can produce 10 mg of receptor fragment/liter of cells using this system, and we estimate that at least 0.3 mg of this receptor material is biologically active, as assessed by DNA-binding and hormone-binding assays. Receptor produced in this manner is almost indistinguishable from authentic oviduct progesterone receptor using the criteria of hormone-binding specificity and affinity and binding to a progesterone response element. This expression system offers a cheap convenient method for the production of mg amounts of biologically active derivatives of progesterone receptor for biochemical studies.     

Phosphorylation of the chicken progesterone receptor

We have examined the phosphorylation of the chicken progesterone receptor in tissue slices and in vitro. The receptor is phosphorylated in tissue slices and this phosphorylation is stimulated by progesterone. As others have reported, partially purified receptor preparations contain a kinase activity which phosphorylates histones and receptor. We have shown that this activity can be separated from the receptor. The receptor is a substrate for several kinases, including the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and PPdPK, a polypeptide-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase results in an apparent increase in the molecular weight of the receptor when the receptor is analyzed by SDS-PAGE. These results are consistent with apparent changes in molecular weight observed for rabbit and human progesterone receptor upon treatment of tissue or cells with hormone.     

Sequence and expression of the chicken calcitonin gene

The avian calcitonin gene was isolated and sequenced; two mRNAs are expressed by tissue-specific alternate splicing. The peptides encoded by the mRNAs are the protein precursors of either calcitonin or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Calcitonin is expressed predominantly in ultimobranchial bodies and CGRP in brain.     

Transformation and phosphorylation of purified molybdate-stabilized chicken oviduct progesterone receptor

The non-transformed, molybdate-stabilized chick oviduct cytosol progesterone receptor was purified approx. 7000-fold using biospecific affinity resin (NADAC-Sepharose), DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-0.5m agarose. The purified preparation contained progesterone receptor which sedimented as a 7.9S molecule, had a Stokes' radius of 7.5 nm, was composed of three major peptides corresponding to Mr 108,000, 90,000 and 79,000. Upon removal of molybdate, the purified [3H]progesterone-receptor complex could be transformed from the 8S form to a 4S form by exposure to 23 degrees C or by an incubation with 10 mM ATP at 0 degrees C. The purified thermally transformed receptor could be adsorbed to columns of ATP-Sepharose. No cytosol factor(s) appeared to be required for the 8S to 4S transformation of purified receptor or for its subsequent binding to ATP-Sepharose. Incubation of purified non-transformed receptor preparation with [gamma-32P]ATP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase led to incorporation of radioactivity in all the three major peptides at serine residues. The results of this study show for the first time that purified 8S progesterone receptor can be phosphorylated in vitro by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and that it can be transformed to a 4S form by 0 degrees C incubation with 10 mM ATP.     

Sequence and functional expression of a single alpha subunit of an insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

We report the isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone that encodes a locust (Schistocerca gregaria) nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit (alpha L1). The calculated molecular weight of the unglycosylated polypeptide, which contains in the proposed extracellular domain two adjacent cysteine residues which are characteristic of alpha (ligand binding) subunits, is 60,641 daltons. Injection into Xenopus oocytes, of RNA synthesized from this clone in vitro, results in expression of functional nicotinic receptors in the oocyte membrane. In these, nicotine opens a cation channel; the receptors are blocked by both alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt) and kappa-bungarotoxin (kappa-Bgt). Reversible block of the expressed insect AChR by mecamylamine, d-tubocurarine, tetraethylammonium, bicuculline and strychnine has also been observed. These data are entirely consistent with previously reported electrophysiological studies on in vivo insect nicotinic receptors and also with biochemical studies on an alpha-Bgt affinity purified locust AChR. Thus, a functional receptor exhibiting the characteristic pharmacology of an in vivo insect nicotinic AChR can be expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection with a single subunit RNA.     

Immunologic detection of a protein homologous to chicken progesterone receptor B subunit

A monoclonal antibody described previously by us (Edwards, D. P., Weigel, N. L., Schrader, W. T., O'Malley, B. W., and McGuire, W. L. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4427-4435) was used to study progesterone receptor B subunits of chick and hen oviduct. We find that the antibody does not recognize the form of receptor B able to bind [3H]progesterone in vitro. Rather, it reacts exclusively with a homologous protein of the same molecular weight, termed B antigen. The antigen is present in both immature estrogen-treated chicks and in egg-laying hens. This antigen is indistinguishable from the hormone-binding receptor species (termed receptor B) as shown by peptide mapping techniques using either Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease or trypsin. The B antigen and the hormone binder can be resolved by ion-exchange chromatography. Sedimentation velocity data show that the two proteins are present in distinct, separable cytosolic entities. The functional relationship between the two proteins has not been established.     

Differential sensitivity of chicken progesterone receptor forms to sulfhydryl reactive reagents

DNA binding of chick progesterone receptor B form (PRB) has been examined and compared to that of the A form (PRA). We found that the elution profiles of the two receptors overlap on DNA-cellulose columns. Both PRA or PRB could bind to plasmid DNA equivalently as assayed by sedimentation velocity studies. However, DNA-binding activity of the two receptor forms showed differential sensitivity to reducing agents and to sulfhydryl (SH) reactive reagents. Reducing agents stabilized DNA-binding activity of PRA more efficiently than they stabilized PRB. Moreover, removal of reducing agents from receptor preparations caused preferential loss of DNA binding by PRB compared to the PRA. DNA-binding activity of PRA was readily destroyed by sulfhydryl modifying reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide while PRB was 3-4 times less sensitive to these reagents. We conclude the DNA-binding activity of PRB is less stable due to altered accessibility of SH groups despite the amino acid sequence identity of the DNA-binding domains of PRA and PRB.     

Molecular cloning and functional expression of a VIP-specific receptor

Three receptors for VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) have been cloned and characterized: PAC(1), with high affinity for PACAP, and VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) with equally high affinity for VIP and PACAP. The existence of a VIP-specific receptor (VIP(s)) in guinea pig (GP) teniae coli smooth muscle was previously surmised on the basis of functional studies, and its existence was confirmed by cloning of a partial NH(2)-terminal sequence. Here we report the cloning of the full-length cDNAs of two receptors, a VPAC(2) receptor from GP gastric smooth muscle and VIP(s) from GP teniae coli smooth muscle. The cDNA sequence of the VIP(s) encodes a 437-amino acid protein (M(r) 49,560) that possesses 87% similarity to VPAC(2) receptors in rat and mouse and differs from the VPAC(2) receptor in GP gastric smooth muscle by only two amino-acid residues, F(40)F(41) in lieu of L(40)L(41). In COS-1 cells transfected with the GP teniae coli smooth muscle receptor, only VIP bound with high affinity (IC(50) 1.4 nM) and stimulated cAMP formation with high potency (EC(50) 1 nM). In contrast, in COS-1 cells transfected with the GP gastric smooth muscle receptor, both VIP and PACAP bound with equally high affinity (IC(50) 2.3 nM) and stimulated cAMP with equally high potency (EC(50) 1.5 nM). We conclude that the receptor cloned from GP teniae coli smooth muscle is a VIP(s) distinct from VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors. The ligand specificity in this species is determined by a pair of adjacent phenylalanine residues (L(40)L(41)) in the NH(2)-terminal ligand-binding domain.     

Phosphorylation of chicken oviduct progesterone receptor by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Phosphorylation of immunopurified chicken oviduct progesterone receptor (PR) was studied in intact cells and under cell-free conditions. Cytosol PR was isolated by incubation with anti-PR monoclonal antibody alpha PR22 adsorbed to protein A-Sepharose and suspended in a reaction mixture containing 10 mM Mg2+, 0.1 mM [gamma-32P]ATP, and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) from bovine heart. All three major proteins of avian PR (PR-A, 79 kDa; PR-B, 110 kDa; 90 kDa) incorporated 32P-radioactivity on serine residues. The phosphorylation reaction was inhibited by synthetic inhibitors of protein kinases, H-8 and 20-residue peptide IP20. A 40 degrees C preexposure of PR oligomer increased phosphorylation of the 90-kDa protein, known to be a heat-shock protein (hsp-90). The extent of the phosphorylation reaction was temperature-dependent as the 32P-incorporation into PR-A and PR-B increased gradually, showing a maximum at 37 degrees C. Multiple phosphopeptides (4-7) were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis chromatography following cleavage of 32P-labeled peptides with trypsin. Both A and B forms of receptor showed similar phosphorylation patterns with B receptor digestion exhibiting two to three additional peptides. Under physiological conditions, preincubation of oviduct mince with forskolin, a regulator of intracellular cAMP levels, caused a greater extent of phosphorylation of PR-A and PR-B proteins. The results of this study demonstrate that chicken oviduct PR is an excellent substrate for the action of cAMP-PK in vitro and that this enzyme may be a physiological regulator of progesterone action in the oviduct.     

Protein kinase activity of purified components of the chicken oviduct progesterone receptor

Preparations of the 90K and 110K components of the chick oviduct progesterone receptor (PR) purified to near homogeneity were tested for protein kinase activity. The 90K component was shown to incorporate radioactive phosphate from [γ-³²P]-ATP in the presence of Ca²⁺ but not of Mg²⁺ ions, while the 110K component was phosphorylated in the presence of Mg²⁺, but not of Ca²⁺. The enzymatic activity of the 90K polypeptide appeared selective, since added proteins (histones) did not become phosphorylated. However, all proteins present in the 110K preparations were phosphorylated in the presence of Mg²⁺. These data suggest that components of the chick oviduct PR display protein kinase activity.     

Molecular cloning, expression and functional characterization of the chicken cation dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor protein

Mammalian mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptors function in transport of lysosomal enzymes. To understand the structural and functional significance of the chicken cation dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR) (Mr 46kDa), a full-length cDNA for the chicken protein was cloned and expressed in mpr((-/-)) MEF cells devoid of both the receptors. The stably transfected cells express the receptor that could be affinity purified by phosphomannan chromatography. The authenticity of the receptor was confirmed by its immuno-reactivity with mammalian MPR 46 antibodies and its ability to sort cathepsin D in transfected cells (92.3%) as compared to mock transfected cells (50.2%), establishing a functional role for the chicken receptor.     

Molecular cloning and functional expression of a Drosophila corazonin receptor

Here we report a novel method for selecting human antibody fragments from nonimmunized variable domain libraries. The antibody fragments are selected on the basis of stabilization of the variable domain fragment (F(v)) in the presence of target antigens ("open sandwich selection"). One variable domain is displayed on phages and another is prepared as soluble molecules. These two reagents are mixed with the biotinylated target molecule and ternary complexes are captured by using streptavidin-conjugated magnet beads. After extensive washing, enriched clones are eluted by using target antigen. Some of the clones selected after 3 rounds are prepared as soluble domains, which then undergo another selection process. We obtained several human antibody fragments specific for human soluble erythropoietin receptor by using this method. Our method minimizes several of the disadvantages associated with human antibody selection through a phage-display system, such as construction of a large-scale library, deletion of genes during selection, and nonspecific binding.     

Structure and developmental expression of the chicken NGF receptor

The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of a cDNA clone of the chicken NGF receptor (NGFR) is reported and is compared with sequences of mammalian NGF receptors. A model is presented in which monodentate or bidentate binding of NGF dimers to repeated cysteine-rich sequence elements of the receptor yields low- or high-affinity NGF binding, respectively. In situ hybridization is used to characterize expression of NGFR in developing chick from 40 hr to 10 days of embryogenesis. NGFR mRNA expression is detected in premigratory neural crest cells, in epibranchial placode cells, and in all sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic derivatives of these structures. In the embryonic CNS, NGFR mRNA is detected in the mantle zone but not the periventricular germinal zone throughout most of the neural tube. By Embryonic Day 8, NGFR mRNA is detected in a substantial fraction of cells in every brain region, with highest levels present in developing motor neurons. NGFR mRNA also is transiently expressed in many mesenchymal cell populations including cells in branchial arch, sclerotome, muscle anlagen, and feather follicles. The functional significance of wide-spread embryonic expression of the NGF receptor is discussed.     

ZK98299, a novel antiprogesterone that does not interact with chicken oviduct progesterone receptor

Steroid antagonists, at receptor level, are valuable tools for elucidating the mechanism of steroid hormone action. We have examined and compared the interaction of avian and mammalian progesterone receptors with progestins; progesterone and R5020, and a newly synthesized antiprogesterone ZK98299. In the chicken oviduct cytosol, [3H]R5020 binding to macromolecule(s) could be eliminated with prior incubation of cytosol with excess radioinert steroids progesterone or R5020 but not ZK98299. Alternatively, [3H]ZK98299 binding in the chicken oviduct was not abolished in the presence of excess progesterone, R5020, or ZK98299. In the calf uterine cytosol, [3H]R5020 or [3H]ZK98299 binding was competeable with progesterone, R5020 and ZK98299 but not estradiol, DHT or cortisol. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation and protein A-Sepharose adsorption analysis revealed that in the calf uterine cytosol, the [3H]R5020-receptor complexes were recognized by anti-progesterone receptor monoclonal antibody PR6. This antibody, however, did not recognize [3H]ZK98299-receptor complexes. When phosphorylation of progesterone receptor was attempted in the chicken oviduct mince, presence of progesterone resulted in an increased phosphorylation of the known components A (79 kDa) and B (110 kDa) receptor proteins. Presence of ZK98299 neither enhanced the extent of phosphorylation of A and B proteins nor did it reverse the progesterone-dependent increase in the phosphorylation. The avian progesterone receptor, therefore, has unique steroid binding site(s) that exclude(s) interaction with ZK98299. The lack of immunorecognition of calf uterine [3H]ZK98299-receptor complexes, suggests that ZK98299 is either interacting with macromolecule(s) other than the progesterone receptor or with another site on the same protein. Alternatively, the antisteroid binds to the R5020 binding site but the complex adopts a conformation that is not recognized by the PRG antibodies.