水稻亚种间杂交粒重及加工品质性状的遗传效应分析

用4个广亲和粳型品种和5个籼型品种为材料,按NCⅡ设计配制杂交组合,获得同一环境下的亲本及F_1植株上的籽粒群体(F_2),对其稻谷千粒重、糙米千粒重、出糙率、总精米率以及整精米率等粒重和加工品质性状进行测定,并按胚乳性状遗传模型和混合线性模型的分析方法对籼粳亚种间杂交稻粒重及加工品质性状的遗传效应进行了研究,结果表明:籼粳交籽粒的粒重及各加工品质性状同时受到胚乳直接基因效应、母体基因效应以及微弱的细胞质效应的影响,但其主要受制于母体加性效应,并且存在一定的胚乳杂种优势和母体杂种优势;不同亲本品种对于粒重及加工品质性状的遗传改良具有不同的作用.     

稻米营养品质性状的间接选择和遗传改良

利用9个籼型不育系与5个籼型恢复系按不完全双列杂交方式配制杂交组合,采用胚乳遗传模型分析籼稻碾磨和外观品质与营养品质性状间的多种遗传相关．结果表明,籼稻稻米营养品质与其它一些品质性状间存在着较强的胚乳直接加性相关、胚乳直接显性相关、细胞质相关、母体加性相关和母体显性相关．糙米重与赖氨酸指数等以正向加性相关和细胞质相关为主的成对性状,具有较好的间接选择效果．除了糙米宽与营养品质成对性状外,糙米长厚比与蛋白质含量等以负向加性相关为主、细胞质相关不明显或为负值的成对性状,将不易取得良好的同步改良效果．多数细胞质相关具有正向的较大相关系数,表明控制不同稻米品质性状表达的细胞质效应之间的相关是不可忽视的．糙米宽与蛋白质含量等以显性相关为主的成对性状则可以在杂交稻育种中加以应用．     

稻米碾磨品质性状遗传主效应及其与环境互作的遗传分析

采用包括遗传主效应和基因型与环境互作效应的种子三倍体遗传模型,分析了不同环境条件下籼稻稻米碾磨品质的遗传特性。结果表明,各碾磨品质性状除了受制于种子基因效应、细胞质效应和母体植株基因效应等遗传主效应外,还会明显受到各遗传效应与环境互作效应的影响。其中精米重和精米率两个性状的表现主要是以遗传主效应为主,而糙米重和糙米率则以基因型ｘ环境互作效应为主。在各遗传体系中,除了精米率性状的种子直接遗传效应与环境的互作效应略大于母体植株遗传效应与环境的互作效应外,其他碾磨品质性状的母体植株基因的表达受环境条件的影响程度要大于种子基因。细胞质ｘ环境互作效应对精米重和糙米率的影响也较为重要。遗传效应预测值结果表明,Ｐ７和Ｐ８两个亲本的遗传主效应表现突出,可以明显改良杂交后代多数碾磨品质性状。Ｐ１和Ｐ２两个亲本的碾磨品质性状预测值在两年中的环境互作效应较为－致,不易受到外界条件的影响。上述亲本在水稻品质育种中可加以利用。     

不同环境条件下粳型杂交稻米碾磨品质性状的遗传效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的种子遗传模型,对粳型杂交稻稻米碾磨品质性状进行了遗传研究.结果表明:各碾磨品质性状除了受制于种子直接效应、细胞质效应和母体效应等遗传主效应外,还明显受到各基因型×环境互作效应的影响.其中糙米率性状以遗传主效应为主,而精米率、整精米率性状以基因型×环境互作效应为主.在遗传主效应中,糙米率性状主要受种子直接加性效应、母体加性效应的控制;在基因型×环境互作效应中,精米率和整精米率性状都是以种子直接加性×环境互作效应和母体加性×环境互作效应为主,细胞质×环境互作效应也起着较为重要的作用.大部分稻米碾磨品质性状的狭义遗传率均较高,其中糙米率性状以普通狭义遗传率为主,而精米率和整精米率性状则以互作狭义遗传率为主.另外,根据性状的遗传效应预测值对各亲本的育种利用价值作了评价.     

籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间不同遗传体系的条件遗传相关分析

选用稻米蛋白质含量等品质差异较大的7个籼型不育系(A)及相应的保持系(B)与5个籼型恢复系(R)杂交,组成7×5不完全双列杂交组合。应用包括胚乳、细胞质和母体植株基因的遗传主效应以及基因型×环境互作效应的数量性状遗传模型及非条件和条件分析方法,研究了籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,进一步揭示了籼稻糙米重、稻米直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间遗传相关性的影响。非条件分析的结果表明,除了与糙米厚的相关性未达到显著水平以外,蛋白质含量与其它稻米外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均达极显著水平,其中与糙米宽间的相关性表现为正值,其余为负向相关。条件分析的结果显示,糙米重和直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均可产生较大的影响。糙米重主要通过基因型×环境互作效应影响蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,其中对蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米宽、糙米厚间遗传相关性的影响主要表现为负向作用,而对蛋白质含量与糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间遗传相关性的影响则表现为正向作用。稻米直链淀粉主要通过细胞质遗传主效应和母体加性效应影响蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间的遗传相关性,而对蛋白质含量与糙米宽间的相关性影响主要表现为负向作用。     

籼稻稻米外观品质的细胞质,母体和胚乳遗传效应分析

利用浙协2号A等9个籼型不育系和T49等5个籼型恢复系进行不完全双列杂交,研究了籼稻稻米外观品质的遗传效应．结果表明,稻米外观品质性状的表现受制于胚乳、母体和细胞质三套遗传体系．糙米长、长宽比和长厚比等性状以母体遗传率为主,而糙米宽和糙米厚则以胚乳直接遗传率为主,糙米长和长宽比等性状的细胞质遗传率亦很重要．结果还发现外观品质性状间存在着较强的遗传相关,其中糙米长与糙米宽、糙米长与糙米厚、糙米宽与糙米厚、糙米宽与长宽比、糙米厚与长厚比以及糙米长宽比与长厚比性状间以胚乳直接加性和母体加性相关为主．而糙米长与长宽比、糙米长与长厚比、糙米宽与长厚比以及糙米厚与长宽比性状间则以胚乳直接显性和母体显性相关为主．就外观品质的总体情况而言,遗传效应预测值表明参试亲本以V20A、作5A和测早2-2较好,其各种遗传效应能够显著改善稻米品质性状。V20A／102和作5A／测早2-2等组合具有较好的稻米外观品质．     

籼型黑米粒形性状的遗传效应及其与矿质元素含量的遗传相关性

采用禾谷类作物种子数量性状的遗传模型,分析了灿型黑米稻品种双列杂交F1和F2种子的粒重,粒长,粒宽和粒长／粒宽等粒形性状的遗传效应及其与米粒中矿质元素Fe,Zn,Mn和P含量的遗传相关性,结果表明：4种粒形性状同时受制于种子直接遗传效应,母体效应和细胞质作用影响,其中种子直接遗传效应比母体效应和细胞质效应的作用更大,且种子直接遗传效应以加性效应占主导,粒重,粒宽和粒长／粒宽的种子直接遗传率较高,杂种早代单粒选择效果较好,粒长的种子直接遗传率和母体遗传率均属中等,较高世代的杂种进行单株选择和单粒选择均有一定效果,4种粒形性状与其米粒中矿质元素Fe,Zn,Mn和P含量表现较强的种子直接加性相关,直接显性相关,细胞质相关,母体加性相关和母体显性相关,在特种稻育种实践中,可以通过粒形性的间接选择,达到改良其矿质元素含量等营养品质性状的目标。     

籼粳亚种间杂交稻米脂肪含量的遗传分析

用包括基因型×环境互作效应的种子性状遗传模型,研究了籼粳亚种间杂交稻米脂肪含量的遗传特性,结果表明：在籼粳杂种中,脂肪含量的遗传表达主要受控于种子直接加性效应和母体加性效应,以前者为主．基因型X环境互作主要表现为显性（包括直接显性和母体显性）X环境以及细胞质X环境工作．直接近传率和母体遗传率都极显著．此外,根据遗传效应预测值对供试条本的利用价值作了评价．     

黑米中矿质元素铁、锌、锰、磷含量的遗传效应研究

采用禾谷类作物种子胚乳数量性状模型,分析黑米稻品种双列杂交Ｆ１和Ｆ２种子的Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｐ含量的遗传效应。结果表明,４种矿质元素含量同时受制于种子直接遗传效应、母体效应和细胞质作用影响。其中,Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ含量的种子直接效应比母体效应和细胞质效应的作用更大;Ｐ含量则主要受种子直接加性、母体加性和显性效应共同作用。Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ含量的种子直接遗传率较高,在杂种早代分别结合农艺性状选择单株上各     

水稻籽粒游离氨基酸含量及其产量的种子和母体遗传效应分析

本文利用朱军等提出的禾谷类作物种子数量性状平均数遗传模型,探讨了水稻籽粒游离氨基酸含量及其产量的遗传效应．结果表明：籽粒游离氨基酸含量、游离氨基酸产量除受控于种子直接加性效应外,还受母体植株加性效应和显性效应的作用,且母体效应比种子直接加性效应更重要,其中尤以母体显性效应最重要．2个性状种子直接遗传率和母体遗传率均达显著或极显著水平,狭义遗传率均较高,基因累加选择的同时不能忽视杂种优势利用．游离氨基酸含量与游离氨基酸产量细胞质效应、母体显性效应间存在极显著相关性．     

Analysis of genetic effects on nutrient quality traits in indica rice

Nine cytoplasmic male-sterile lines and five restorer lines were used in an incomplete diallel cross to analyze seed effects, cytoplasmic effects, and maternal gene effects on nutrient quality traits of indica rice (Oryza sauva L.). The results indicated that nutrient quality traits were controlled by cytoplasmic and maternal effects as well as by seed direct effects. Maternal effects for lysine content (LC), lysine index (LI), and the ratio of lysine content to protein content (RLP) were more important than seed direct effects, while protein content (PC) and protein index (PI) were mainly affected by seed direct effects. Cytoplasmic effects accounted for 2.41–20.80% of the total genetic variation and were significant for all nutrient quality traits. Additive genetic effects were much more important than dominance effects for all of the traits studied, so that selection could be applied for these traits in early generations.     

ANALYSIS OF GENETIC CORRELATIONS FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN INDICA RICE

INTRODUCTIONTherearesomekindsofcorrelatedrelationshiPsbetweenagronomytraitsIntndtcarice．Geneticandenvlronmentatcorrelat［onshavebeenanalyzedforsometraitsInrice［‘·’J．LiandYangfoundadditivecorrelationcoefficientswerefrom一0．773to0·993forsomeflowertraitsInrice［’］．Yuhavefoundthataddltlvecorrelationwasslgnlflcantforsometraitsinbarley［13］．Uptonow,partitioningthegenotyplccovarlanceoftraitsInricehasnomorethanaddltlveanddominancecovarlancecomponents．kcausethenutrl－＊＊t吕Of凡8…     

Genetic and heterosis analysis for cooking quality traits of indica rice in different environments

Genetic effects and genotype×environment (GE) interaction effects on the cooking quality traits of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) were analyzed based on a genetic model for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm in cereal crops. Nine cytoplasmic male-sterile lines as females and 5 restoring lines as males were used in an incomplete diallel cross over 2 years. The cooking quality traits studied were observed to be mainly controlled by genetic effects, but GE interaction effects, especially for amylose content (AC) and alkali spreading score (ASS), were also indicated. Among the genetic effects, seed direct effects and maternal effects were the main components of AC and ASS, respectively; cytoplasmic effects were the main components of gel consistency (GC). Among the GE interaction effects, AC and ASS were mainly affected by maternal interaction effects and GC by direct interaction effects. Additive effects and/or additive interaction effects were the main factors controlling the performance of rice cooking quality traits except for GC which was affected by dominant interaction effects. For AC and GC, there were seed heterosis and/or maternal heterosis. The predicated genetic effects indicated that four parents were better than the others in improving the rice cooking quality traits of the progenies. It was shown that genetic heterosis and GE interaction heterosis were important, especially for amylose content trait in early season indica rice.     

籼粳交稻米蒸煮品质性状的遗传效应分析

以2个粳型光温敏核不育系和4个籼稻品种为材料,配制籼粳交组合,用包括基因型×环境互作效应的胚乳性状遗传模型对3个蒸煮品质性状(直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值)进行了遗传研究,结果表明:直接加性和母体加性效应对三个性状的遗传变异起主要作用.基因型×环境互作主要表现为显性×环境以及细胞质×环境互作.直链淀粉含量的普通遗传率都不显著,只有较高的互作母体遗传率;胶稠度具有显著的普通直接遗传率和互作细胞质遗传率;碱消值的普通直接遗传率和普通母体遗传率都极显著.根据遗传效应预测值对供试亲本的利用价值作了评价。     

Genetic and genotype × environment interaction effects for the content of seven essential amino acids in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Indica</Emphasis> rice

It is necessary for rice breeders to understand the genetic basis of nutrient quality traits of rice. Essential amino acids are most important in determining the nutrient quality of rice grain and can affect the health of people who depend on rice as a staple food. In view of the paucity of genetic information available on essential amino acids inindica rice, we estimated the genetic main effects and genotype × environment (G × E) interaction effects on the content of essential amino acids. Nine cytoplasmic male sterile lines as females and five restorer lines as males were introduced in a North Carolina II design across environments. Estimates of the content of the essential amino acids valine, methionine, leucine and phenylalanine showed that they were mainly controlled by genetic main effects, while the contents of threonine, cysteine and isoleucine were mainly affected by G × E effects. In the case of genetic main effects, both cytoplasmic and maternal genetic effects were predominant for all essential amino acids, indicating that selection for improving essential amino acid content based on maternal performance would be more effective than that based on seeds. The total narrow-sense heritabilities were high and ranged from 0.72 to 0.83. Since general heritabilities for these essential amino acids (except for cysteine) were found to be much larger than G × E interaction heritability, the improvement of content of most essential amino acids under selection would be expected under various environments. Rice varieties such as Zhenan 3, Yinchao 1, T49, 26715, 102 and 1391 should be selected as optimal parents for increasing the content of most essential amino acids, while the total genetic effects from Zhexie 2, Xieqingzao, Gangchao 1, V20, Zuo 5 and Zhenshan 97 were mainly negative and these parents could decrease the contents of most essential amino acids.     

The dynamic gene expression from different genetic systems for protein and lysine contents of indica rice

The dynamic expression of genes for protein and lysine contents of rice grain under different environments was carried out with time-dependent measures by using the developmental genetic models for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm in cereal crops. The results showed that the genetic effects, especially genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects from the genes expression of different genetic systems including triploid endosperm, cytoplasm and diploid maternal plant were important for the performance of both nutrient quality traits at all developmental times/stages of rice grain. The conditional genetic variance analysis found that the activation of quantitative genes especially from endosperm and maternal plant genetic systems for protein and lysine contents was gradually carried through the developmental process of rice grain. The net genetic effects showed that the new expression of quantitative genes for protein and lysine contents was more active at late filling stage (15–21 days after flowering) and maturity stage (22–28 days) of rice grain. Also the sequential expression of cytoplasmic genes cannot be ignorable for the development of nutrient quality traits. The phenomena that some genes could continuously express for several developmental stages or the genes expression could be interrupted among developmental stages of rice grain was detected especially for net endosperm additive main effects or maternal additive main effects. The differences of genetic relationships from different genetic systems were found for protein and lysine contents among developmental times of rice grain.     

Genetic analysis of amino acid content in wheat grain

Complete diallel crosses with five parents of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted to analyse inheritance of 17 amino acid contents by using the genetic model including seed, cytoplasmic, maternal and environment interaction effects on quantitative traits of seeds in cereal crops. The results showed that inheritance of 17 amino acid contents, except tyrosine, was controlled by several genetic systems including seed, cytoplasmic, and maternal effects, and by significant gene × environment interaction effects. Seed-direct additive and maternal effects constituted a major part of genetic effects for lysine, tyrosine, arginine, methionine, and glutamic acid content. Seed-direct additive effect formed main part in inheritance of isoleucine and serine contents. Threonine content was mainly governed by maternal additive effect. The other nine amino acid contents were almost entirely controlled by dominance effects. High general heritability of tyrosine (36.3%), arginine (45.8%), lysine (24.7%) and threonine (21.4%) contents, revealed that it could be effective to improve them by direct selection in progenies from appropriate crosses. Interaction heritability for phenylalanine, proline, and histidine content, which was 36.1%, 39.5% and 25.7%, respectively, was higher than for the other amino acids.     

籼型杂种稻米品质性状的数量遗传分析

应用新近提出的ｐ＾＋ｑ＾＋ｐｑ交配设计的种子性状遗传表达鉴别方法,分析了籼型水稻３个不育系和１０个恢复系配组的３０个杂种Ｆ１植株上的Ｆ２种子及其亲本的９个稻米品质性状。结果表明：（１）粒长、粒宽、粒重、糙米率和完整精米率５个性状在Ｆ２米粒间没有发生遗传分离,它们的遗传受二倍体母体基因型（Ｆ１植株）控制。（２）垩白率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度４个性状则在Ｆ２米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,帮主要受三