新疆汉、回、维吾尔、哈萨克族新生儿HbF中~Gγ／~Aγ、~Aγ~I／~Aγ~T比值测定及两例异常者的γ基因图谱分析

作者用高效液相层析（ＨＰＬＣ）法测定了汉、回、维吾尔（维）、哈萨克（哈）族新生儿胎儿血红蛋白（ＨｂＦ）中~Ｇγ／~Ａγ、~Ａγ~Ｉ／~Ａγ~Ｔ比值,共３７２例,其中汉族和回族各１０２例、维族９９例、哈族６９例。％~Ｇγ（~Ｇγ／~Ａγ）均值：汉、回、维、哈族分别为６６．８３％、６８．３３％、７０．４４％和６９．７０％。低~Ｇγ者（＜５０％）４例：其中回族３例、哈族１例。高~Ｇγ者（＞８０％）２５例：汉和哈族各５例、回族４例,维族１１例。发现~Ａγ~Ｔ杂合子９９例分别为：汉２１例、回２３例、维２６例、哈族２９例。４个民族各发现１例~Ａγ~Ｔ纯合子。％~Ａγ~Ｉ（~Ａγ~Ｉ／~Ａγ~Ｔ）均值：汉５６．８３％、回５５．５８％、维５０．９４％、哈５４．６８％。~Ａγ~Ｔ基因频率依次为０．１１３、０．１２３、０．１４１及０．２２５。两例比值异常者（１例维族高~Ｇγ８５．４２％、~Ａγ~Ｔ杂合体。１例回族低~Ｇγ４３．４％,~Ａγ~Ｉ纯合体）经γ基因图谱分析,确定高~Ｇγ值者γ珠蛋白基因型为－~Ｇγ－~（ＡＧ）γ－~Ａγ~Ｔ（~Ａγ~Ｉ）－／－~Ｇγ－~Ａγ~Ｉ,（~Ａγ~Ｔ）－;低~Ｇγ值者为－~（ＧＡ）γ~Ｉ－／－~Ｇγ－~Ａγ~Ｉ－。     

满族新生儿血红蛋白F中Gγ／Aγ比值测定及其异常者γ—珠蛋白基…

以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法测定了３３１例辽宁满族新生儿脐带血血红蛋白Ｆ中Ｇγ／Ａγ比值。结果显示：高Ｇγ（＞８０％）者４例,占１．２１％,其基因频率（ｆ）为０．００６０４,低Ｇγ（３０－４８％）者６例,占１．８１％,其基因频率为０．００９０６,其余正常,Ｇγ平均值为６５．２３±６．３８％。未发现ＡγＴ链。对其中八例异常者（４例高Ｇγ值,４例低Ｇγ值）的染色体ＤＮＡ进行了基因图谱分析,确定４例高Ｇγ值     

满族新生儿血红蛋白F中G_γ／A_γ比值测定及其异常者γ－珠蛋白基因图谱分析

以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法测定了３３１例辽宁满族新生儿脐带血血红蛋白Ｆ中Ｇγ／Ａγ比值。结果显示：高Ｇγ（＞８０％）者４例,占１．２１％,其基因频率（ｆ）为０．００６０４,低Ｇγ（３０－４８％）者６例,占１．８１％,其基因频率为０．００９０６,其余正常,Ｇγ平均值为６５．２３±６．３８％。未发现ＡγＴ链。对其中八例异常者（４例高Ｇγ值,４例低Ｇγ值）的染色体ＤＮＡ进行了基因图谱分析,确定４例高Ｇγ值者基因型有两种：Ｇγ－Ｇγ／Ｇγ－Ａγ二例,Ｇγ－ＡＧγ－Ａγ／Ｇγ－Ａγ二例;４例低Ｇγ值者基因型有二种,分别为：Ａγ－Ａγ／Ｇγ－Ａγ二例和－ＧＡγ／Ｇγ－Ａγ二例。其中Ａγ－Ａγ基因型在中国人群中未见报道过。     

牛磺酸,羟脯氨酸,γ—氨基丁酸,鸟氨酸和色氨酸的测定

在日立８３５－５０型氨基酸分析仪上,用７２ｍｉｎ程序进行分析,通常一次只能分析１７种氨基酸。采用本文所述方法则一次能分析２２种氨基酸。在不延长分析时间,不增加成本的情况下,一次多分析了五种氨基酸,提高了仪器工作效率。     

哮喘豚鼠IFN-γ／IL-4失衡与IgE水平相关性研究

采用ELISA法、放免法和化学发光法分别观察哮喘豚鼠血清及肺组织匀浆中IFN-γ,IL-4,IgE的含量变化,以及IFN-γ/IL-4与IgE的相关性在哮喘发病机制中的关系和作用。结果表明:哮喘组血清及肺组织一浆中IL-4,IgE含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01),IFN-γ水平明显低于对照组(血清P<0.01;肺组织 P<0.05)。直线相关分析结果表明:IFN-γ,IL-4和IFN-γ/IL-4与IgE呈显著相关性,其中IFN-γ/IL-4与IgE呈显著负相关(血清中 P<0.05;肺组织匀浆中 P<0.01),提示IFN-γ/IL-4的失衡及IgE水平升高在哮喘发病中可能发挥重要作用。     

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase: catalytic,structural and functional aspects

Summary -Glutamyl transpeptidase catalyzes transfer of the -glutamyl moiety of glutathione to amino acids, dipeptides, and to glutathione itself; the enzyme also catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutathione to glutamate and cysteinyl-glycine. This review deals with the tissue distribution and localization of the enzyme in mammals, the catalytic properties of the enzyme (including its inhibition by reversible and irreversible inhibitors), structural studies on the enzyme, and new findings about its physiological function.     

Absolute configuration of β,γ-carotene and biosynthetic implications

Racemic γ-ionone, partly resolved via its menthydrazone, was used for total synthesis of β,γ-carotene enriched in the 6′R and 6′S enantiomers. By CD correlation with natural β,γ-carotene isolated from Caloscypha fulgens 6′S-chirality is demonstrated for the natural carotene. Biosynthetic implications regarding the cyclization reaction are discussed.     

γ-L-glutamyltaurine

Summary. The discovery of the dipeptide γ-glutamyltaurine (γ-GT; glutaurine, Litoralon) in the parathyroid in 1980 and later in the brain of mammals gave rise to studies on intrinsic and synthetic taurine peptides of this type. It was suggested that γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT; γ-glutamyltranspeptidase) in the brain is responsible for the in vivo formation of this unusual dipeptide. γ-GT has been prepared by both synthetic and enzymatic methods. The chemical syntheses included the use of protecting groups and coupling methods. A wide spectrum of analytical and spectroscopic methods was used to confirm the structure of the synthetic compounds and to elucidate the position of the peptide bond. Enzymatic preparation of γ-GT from taurine takes advantage of the selective transpeptidation action of GGT on L-glutamine, glutathione, γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide or other glutamine donors. Although the functional roles of γ-GT in the brain are only poorly understood, many of its established CNS effects have been reported in the last 25 years. Its effect on emotional arousal and its anti-conflict potencies are synergistic with the anxiolytic drug diazepam. γ-GT exhibits anti-conflict potency, which is exerted by reducing aversion or phobia and/or the anxiety levels. γ-GT also acts as endogenous modulator in excitatory aminoacidergic neurotransmission. It is suggested that such acidic peptides through N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors could be part of the neurochemical substrate underlying self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. Other γ-GT effects in neural systems include: effects on the monoamine concentration in the brain; effects on aggressive behavior in the cat; effects on thyroid hormones in the rat; amelioration of electroshock-induced amnesia; potent and long-lasting antiepileptic action (on intra-amygdaloid injection); affect the glutamatergic system in schizophrenic disorders. Roles for γ-GT in non-neural systems have also been reported, e.g., effects on the metamorphosis of amphibians; on plasma rennin regulation; on radiation protection; on uric acid levels; on human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and many more.     

β,γ-Alkynylα-amino acids: a synthetic challenge

Summary Ethynyl glycine is a naturally occurring unusual-amino acid. Its known chemical and biological properties are summarized in the first part of this review. The second part is an overview on racemic syntheses of ethynyl glycine and other,-alkynyl-amino acid derivatives, including patent data. These small polyfunctional compounds revealed as being very labile and the synthesis of mainly fully or partially protected forms seemed to have been actually performed. The last part deals with the approaches to the enantioselective synthesis of,-alkynyl-amino acids derivatives, and details the only satisfactory strategy that has led to optically active,-alkynyl-amino acids derivatives up to now.     

Monte Carlo characterizations mapping of the (γ,n) and (n,γ) photonuclear reactions in the high energy X-ray radiation therapy

Aim

The aim of this work was to map the characteristics of (n,γ) and (γ,n) reactions in a high energy photon radiation therapy.

Background

Photoneutrons produced in the high energy X-Ray radiation therapy may damage patients and staff. It is due to high RBE of the produced neutrons according to their energy and isotropic emission. Characterization of the photoneutrons can help us in appropriate shielding.

Materials and methods

This study focused on the photoneutron and capture gamma ray phenomena. Characteristics such as dose value, fluence and spectra of both the neutrons and the by produced prompt gamma ray were described.

Results and discussion

Neutron and prompt gamma spectra in different points showed the neutrons to be thermalized when increasing the distance from the linac. Energy of the neutrons changed from about 0.6 MeV at the isocentre to around 10⁻⁰⁸ MeV at the outer door position. Although the neutrons were found as fast neutrons, their spectra showed they were thermal neutrons at the outer door position. Additionally, it was seen that the energy of the gamma rays is higher than the scattered X-ray energy. The energy of gamma rays was seen to be up to 10 MeV while the linac photons had energy lower than 1 MeV. Neutron source strength obtained in this work was in good agreement with the published data, which may be a confirmation of our simulation accuracy.

Conclusion

The study showed that the Monte Carlo simulation can be applied in the radiotherapy and industrial radiation works as a useful and precise estimator. We also concluded that the dose from the prompt gamma ray at the outer door location is higher than the scattered radiation from the linac and should be considered in the shielding.     

Ar^＋,远红外激光,γ射线单一及复合处理水稻的诱变效果

用Ar~+、远红外两种激光和~(60)Co—r射线单一或复合处理两个籼稻品种的干种子,分析和比较了不同处理对水稻的当代生物学效应及处理二代的变异频率。结果表明,两种激光对当代的几个性状均表现为刺激效应,并有减轻,射线辐射损伤的作用,复合处理二代的变异频率和变异类型数明显高于相应的单一处理。说明复合处理是提高激光育种效果的有效方法。     

Analytical approaches to poly-γ-glutamate: quantification, molecular size determination, and stereochemistry investigation

Poly-γ-glutamate, a nylon-like polyamide material typically consisting of both enantiomers of glutamate, exhibits reasonable biodegradability and its multi-functionality is attracting particular attention. Thus, its industrial application as a versatile and chiral polymer is in increasing demands. Poly-γ-glutamate is presently synthesized using several biocatalysts (e.g., bacterial cells), but the uncontrollable structural diversity of such biosynthesized materials is an area of concern. This review highlights analytical approaches of interest to assure the functional and structural reproducibility of poly-γ-glutamate.     

LyGDI, a novel SHIP-interacting protein, is a negative regulator of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis

SHIP and SHIP-2 are inositol phosphatases that regulate FcγR-mediated phagocytosis through catalytic as well as non-catalytic mechanisms. In this study we have used two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis to identify downstream signaling proteins that uniquely associate with SHIP or SHIP-2 upon FcγR clustering in human monocytes. We identified LyGDI as a binding partner of SHIP, associating inducibly with the SHIP/Grb2/Shc complex. Immunodepletion and competition experiments with recombinant SHIP domains revealed that Grb2 and the proline-rich domain of SHIP were necessary for SHIP-LyGDI association. Functional studies in primary human monocytes showed that LyGDI sequesters Rac in the cytosol, preventing it from localizing to the membrane. Consistent with this, suppression of LyGDI expression resulted in significantly enhanced FcγR-mediated phagocytosis.     

Natural and Recombinant Soluble Low-Affinity FcγR: Detection,Purification, and Functional Activities

Studies on the identification, cloning, and biochemical characterization of natural and recombinant human and mouse low-affinity soluble FcγR (sFcγR) have been developed using various methods. RT-PCR and/or biochemical analyses have demonstrated that low-affinity sFcγR (i) are generated by enzymatic cleavage of membrane-associated receptors or by an alternative splicing of the transmembrane region encoding exon and (ii) comprise only the extracellular domains or these domains plus the intracellular region of the membrane-associated molecules, respectively. Functional studies indicated that recombinant sFcγR bind mouse and human IgG subclasses with a binding profile identical to that of their membrane counterparts and inhibit FcγR-mediated functions such as immune complex binding or ADCC. In addition, it has been demonstrated that a mouse recombinant truncated sFcγRII inhibits antibody responses to T-dependent antigens as well as B-cell proliferation and that a human recombinant truncated sFcγRIIIB blocks the Ig production by activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Finally, different immunoassays devised to detect and quantitate circulating sFcγR showed that sFcγR serum levels vary in circumstances such as injections of protein antigens, in parasitic infections, in tumor-bearing mice, in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), or upon infusions of IgG or Fcγ fragments in MM or immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients. The use of recombinant sFcγR, as well as the availability of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against different regions of these molecules, makes it possible to characterize further the biological effects of sFcγR and their biochemical and immunochemical characteristics, as well as to define their putative ligands on cell membranes.     

N-γ-L-glutamyl-β-D-aminophenylpropanoic acid,a dipeptide from the aquatic fern,azolla caroliniana

A novel dipeptide, γ-L-glutamyl-β-D-phenylpropanoic acid has been isolated from extracts of the water fern, Azolla caroliniana.     

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel N-γ-carboline arylsulfonamides as anticancer agents

A series of novel N-γ-carboline arylsulfonamide derivatives designed based on the common feature of colchicine binding site inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity in vitro against five human cancer cell lines. Most of the compounds showed moderate to potent cytotoxic activities against all the tested cells. Preliminary mechanism research on one of the most potent compound 6p indicated that it was a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor, with IC(50) value of 3.8 μM, equivalent to that of CA-4, and arresting cell cycle in G(2)/M phase.