人工红树林中黑口滨螺和黑线蜒螺分布的差异性

研究了福建九龙江河口不同林龄、不同红树种类的人工林中黑口滨螺（Littoraia elanostoma）和黑线蜒螺（Nerita lineata）的分布情况.结果表明,黑线蜒螺主要分布于秋茄林内,且其生物量随林龄增加而增加;桐花树林内黑口滨螺的生物量和密度均大于林龄相近的秋茄林,但个体大小则小于秋茄林.黑口滨螺的生物量在桐花树林内随林龄增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而在秋茄林内则随林龄增加而减少.这种差异性反映了人工红树林植物种类及其演替过程对腹足类动物分布的影响.     

恢复初期红树林树栖滨螺科动物的组成与分布

滨螺科动物是红树林中常见的底栖动物,它们的形态、行为和分布等与红树林植被密切相关。本文调查了植被恢复初期(3年生)红树林树栖滨螺科动物的组成和分布情况,并探讨滩涂高程和树种对滨螺科动物分布的影响。结果表明:植被恢复初期滨螺科物种已成为优势类群,密度达到32.67 ind·m~(-2);黑口滨螺在不同滩涂高程下均为优势种,其密度和生物量在黄零1.8 m高程的秋茄林内较其他林地(黄零2.2和2.6 m)高;粗糙滨螺仅出现在黄零1.8 m的秋茄林内;种植于黄零1.6 m高程的桐花树林内黑口滨螺的生物量和密度均大于同样高程下的秋茄林,但桐花树林内的个体小于秋茄林内的个体;粗糙滨螺在不同树种间的分布没有明显差异;滨螺科物种的分布在红树林恢复初期随生境的异质性表现出差异,这种差异可能与植被形态导致的物理环境差异以及滨螺科物种活动习性、繁殖扩散模式等生物学特性有关。     

福建九龙江口秋茄红树林铜铅锌锰元素的累积及动态

探讨福建九龙江口秋茄（Ｋａｎｄｅｌｉａ ｃａｎｄｅｌ （Ｌ．） Ｄｒｕｃｅ）红树林Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ 元素的累积和生物循环。结果表明：该林地表层土壤（０～３０ ｃｍ 深）Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ 元素的储量分别为６．８６、４．２３、２５．６４和１３４．６７ ｇ／ｍ ２;植物体不同部位相应元素的含量范围分别为１．８５～６．９７、０．３７～３．７４、１６．０～２５．２和１４０～１４０５ μｇ／ｇ。群落Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ 元素的现存储量分别为８７．９８、４０．３４、３３５．３４和８００６．９９ ｍ ｇ／ｍ ２;林地残留物中相应元素的储量分别为５９３．０６、４９．２７、２４５０．７９和４３４８６．７０ μｇ／ｍ ２。群落Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ 元素的生物循环为：年吸收量分别为１０．１７、４．３２、４９．１４和２２６８．１６ ｍ ｇ／ｍ ２;年归还量分别为２．２１、０．７０、１８．６３和１５７４．９８ ｍ ｇ／ｍ ２;年存留量分别为７．９６、３．６２、３０．５１和６９３．１８ ｍ ｇ／ｍ ２;周转期分别为４０、５８、１８和５年。吸收系数、利用系数和循环系数均为Ｍｎ＞ Ｚｎ＞ Ｃｕ＞ Ｐｂ     

红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展

本文从红树林育苗造林技术、次生林改造技术和红树植物引种试种与种源选择的研究等方面试述红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展,并针对我国的目前现状,提出今后亟待加强研究的如下几个方面:加强红树植物引种扩种,恢复植被,提高红树林生态工程质量的原理研究;监测外来引进种对我国红树林湿地的生态影响;研究半红树植物在沿海防护林体系工程建设中的作用;加强红树植物对潮汐水位适应能力的研究;开展红树人工林生态恢复过程中的综合定位观测等。     

福建漳江口红树林区秋茄幼苗生长动态

通过福建漳江口红树林自然保护区内8个样方24个小样方人工种植600个秋茄胚轴,在3a时间内对秋茄胚轴建立、幼苗生长以及环境因子进行定期观测。研究结果表明：林缘空地的秋茄生长状况良好,白骨壤林内最不利于秋茄幼苗的生长。潮位、盐度、底质土壤理化因子不是造成该样地各样方间秋茄幼苗生长差异的主要原因。动物取食、光照状况以及种间竞争是限制秋茄生长的主要环境因子。秋茄胚轴在长根前易于随潮水漂走,底质土壤中自骨壤致密的根系抑制了秋茄胚轴的定植,导致白骨壤林内秋茄幼苗漂走的数量最多。昆虫和螃蟹等动物的取食是导致林内已经固着生长的秋茄幼苗大量死亡的最主要原因,而林外被取食的幼苗个体极少。此后秋茄幼苗能否继续成长,主要取决于幼苗所接受到的光照条件。3a后,在荫蔽的树冠下,秋茄幼苗无法存活;而在林外,秋茄幼苗已经长成幼树。在林外滩涂上迅速生长的互花米草,也将影响秋茄幼苗的更新和生长。     

红树林湿地恢复研究进展

红树林是生长在热带、亚热带隐蔽潮间带的独特植物群落,在过去几十年内因人口压力和经济发展而遭到严重破坏,质量下降,面积萎缩.近年来,尽管世界各地采取了一系列措施进行红树林的恢复,然而由于缺乏造林技术资料、造林成活率低下、经营管理粗放,加上人为干扰和自然灾害的影响,红树林面积增长缓慢;造林成活率低依然是制约红树林湿地恢复的主要因素.总结了近年来国内外红树林湿地恢复四个方面的研究成果,即(1)宜林地选择,包括温度、底质、水文的环境条件研究;(2)树种选择与引种,包括乡土树种的选用和外来树种的引种状况;(3)栽培技术的应用,包括造林栽培技术与育苗技术,造林成本的比较;(4)植后管护及监测,包括幼林巡护、病虫害防治、生态监测,结合野外调查的结果,综述了红树林恢复的一些基本原理与应用实例.根据我国红树林湿地恢复的现状,提出今后红树林恢复研究的重点为:开展"退塘还林"工程,监测红树林湿地生态系统生物多样性的恢复,深入探讨红树林的化感作用,营造红树林混交林,实现红树林的生态恢复.     

红树林恢复对海岸湿地土壤影响的初步研究

初步研究了不同林龄的再植红树林对海岸湿地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,红树林恢复对深层土壤(20～25cm)的影响强于表层(0～5cm);与光滩相比,红树林恢复对表层土壤的氧化还原性无显著影响,但导致20～25cm土层氧化性增强;再植红树林对土壤营养盐有明显吸收作用,其中NH₄⁺-N含量显著高于NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N,为主要吸收营养盐,PO₄^3--P含量虽与IN相当,但红树林对P的吸收并不明显;随着红树林恢复时间的延长(林龄增加),20-25cm土层的pH值显著下降,红树林酸化作用增强;各样地表层土壤SO₄^2-含量无显著差别,但恢复林地深层土壤明显高于光滩。     

红树林恢复对潮滩表层沉积物氮素的影响

研究了不同树种的红树林恢复对潮滩表层沉积物氮素的影响。结果表明,红树林恢复提高了潮滩表层沉积物中总氮(TN)含量。以光滩为对照,外来树种和乡土树种的恢复使表层沉积物中的可交换态无机态N(IEF-N)分别朝着相反的方向发展:外来树种——无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)和海桑(S. caseolaris)提高了IEF-N的含量,而乡土树种——秋茄(Kandelia candel)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)使IEF-N的含量下降。当与近岸水体发生物质营养交换作用时,乡土树种和外来树种的恢复可能导致营养盐在潮滩沉积物\水界面间的迁移和交换过程中存在不同的潜在环境效应。     

红树林群落优势种群自疏过程的生长动态

在深圳福田红树林保护区设置永久样地,经1994、1996、1998和2002年4次调查表明:群落中个体的断枝、死亡现象很明显,样地总面积200 m2中出现的总个体数分别为417、341、196和132个,种群平均密度依次为2.08、1.70、0.98和0.66个/m2;间隔期的死亡率依次为18.2%、42.5%和32.6%.种群个体存在明显的增粗生长,在每2年间隔期,优势种群桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum(L.)Blanco)、秋茄(Kandelia candel(L.)Druce)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina(Forsk.)Vierh.)的胸径增加最大值分别达3.63 cm、2.45 cm、4.52 cm,且以白骨壤加粗较大.增高生长也很明显,第二次调查时341个个体中,233个出现增高生长,第三次调查时,196个个体中127个出现增高生长;2年间隔期,以桐花树增高生长最普遍,达1.5 m,秋茄增高生长最大的达1.9 m,白骨壤达1.8 m.生物量亦呈明显的相关变化,在逐次间隔调查中,地上部分总生物量依次降低,或稍增加后再次降低,但存活种群个体的平均生物量大多依次增加,4次调查期间单位面积的总生物量分别为7.57 kg/m2、8.36 kg/m2、5.15 kg/m2和7.71 kg/m2,与谭凤仪等(1995b)早期通过标准木等方式的计算结果相似.研究结果证实红树林群落的自疏过程是一种重要的演变过程,以植株、分枝干枯频繁发生为特征;演替过程中,新苗出现很少,而高度(长度)生长、增粗生长、干枯发生等与群落中种群的组成、结构、密度状况等直接相关.     

红树林群落优势种群自疏过程的生长动态

在深圳福田红树林保护区设置永久样地,经1994、1996、1998和2002年4次调查表明：群落中个体的断枝、死亡现象很明显,样地总面积200m^2中出现的总个体数分别为417、341、196和132个,种群平均密度依次为2．08、1．70、0．98和0．66个／m^2;间隔期的死亡率依次为18．2％、42．5％和32．6％。种群个体存在明显的增粗生长,在每2年间隔期,优势种群桐花树(Aegiceras corntculatum(L．)Blanco)、秋茄(Kandelia candel(L．)Druce)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina(Forsk．)Vierh．)的胸径增加最大值分别达3．63cm、2．45cm、4．52cm,且以白骨壤加粗较大。增高生长也很明显,第二次调查时341个个体中,233个出现增高生长,第三次调查时,196个个体中127个出现增高生长;2年间隔期,以桐花树增高生长最普遍,达1．5m,秋茄增高生长最大的达1．9m,白骨壤达1．8m。生物量亦呈明显的相关变化,在逐次间隔调查中,地上部分总生物量依次降低,或稍增加后再次降低,但存活种群个体的平均生物量大多依次增加,4次调查期间单位面积的总生物量分别为7．57kg／m^2、8．36kg／m^2、5．15kg／m^2和7．7lkg／m^2,与谭凤仪等(1995b)焊期通过标准木等方式的计算结果相似。研究结果证实红树林群落的自疏过程是一种重要的演变过程,以植株、分枝干枯频繁发生为特征;演替过程中,新苗出现很少,而高度(长度)生长、增粗生长、干枯发生等与群落中种群的组成、结构、密度状况等直接相关。     

闽江口秋茄凋落叶分解碳氮磷元素动态特征与水解酶活性

凋落物水解酶活性和环境要素对凋落物的分解有重要影响。为研究秋茄凋落叶分解过程中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素动态特征及水解酶活性变化,采用凋落物分解袋法,以闽江口粗芦岛红树林湿地20年生秋茄(Kandelia obovata)为研究对象,探讨秋茄凋落叶在秋茄(主场)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel.)(客场)生境分解的差异。结果表明:①整个分解期间,主场生境秋茄凋落叶累计质量损失率显著高于客场生境(P0.05),两生境下累计质量损失率和分解速率随分解时间变化差异性明显(P0.01)。主客场生境对比下,凋落叶C、N、P含量及其化学计量比没有显著性差异(P0.05),但均随分解时间推移发生显著性变化(P0.01)。②凋落物累计质量损失率与TC含量、C/N、酸性磷酸酶(AP)活性呈显著负相关关系(P0.01)、与TN显著正相关(P0.01),分解速率与TP呈显著正相关关系(P0.01)。③AP活性与凋落物C、N、P含量及C/N、C/P显著相关(P0.05),与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系(P0.01)。β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)均与N/P呈显著正相关关系(P0.01)、与土壤电导率负相关关系明显(P0.05),纤维素水解酶(CBH)与TC呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。说明秋茄凋落叶的分解与部分水解酶活性和自身养分含量相关,并受到土壤环境因子的影响较大;凋落物分解过程中,水解酶活性会受到分解底物和土壤环境因子环境限制。     

A novel microsatellite locus isolated from an AFLP fragment in the mangrove species Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae)

The study of AFLP analysis in Kandelia obovata, one of the major mangrove species in Japan, revealed the existence of a unique fragment showing stuttered peaks. We cloned this fragment and found a novel microsatellite locus. We report the method used for isolation and the polymorphic nature of this locus among the populations on Iriomote Island.     

The Herbivore Assemblage, Herbivory and Leaf Chemistry of the Mangrove Kandelia obovata in Two Contrasting Forests in Hong Kong

The herbivore assemblage, intensity of herbivory and factors determining herbivory levels on the mangrove Kandelia obovata (previously K. candel, Rhizophoraceae) were studied over a 13-month period at two forests with contrasting growing conditions in Hong Kong. Mai Po was part of an eutrophic embayment in the Pearl River estuary and generally offered more favourable conditions for mangrove growth, whereas Ting Kok had a rocky substratum and oceanic salinity. Twenty-four insect herbivore species were recorded on K. obovata, with lepidopteran larvae that consume leaf lamina being the dominant species. While leaf litter production was similar at the two forests, herbivory level at Mai Po (mean = 3.9% in terms of leaf area loss) was more severe than that at Ting Kok (mean = 2.3%). Peak herbivory levels were found in summer at both locations (6.5% for Mai Po and 3.8% for Ting Kok). Young leaves of K. obovata at both locations were generally preferred by the herbivores from the period of late spring to summer. Concentrations of most feeding deterrents (ash, crude fibre, and total soluble tannins) were significantly higher in both young and mature leaves at Ting Kok, whereas leaf nutrients (total nitrogen and water) were the same at the two sites. Young leaves at Ting Kok contained about 30% more tannins than their counterparts at Mai Po. Significant differences in leaf chemistry also existed between young and mature leaves at either site. The differences were concomitant with the observed patterns of leaf herbivory on K. obovata, and suggest a potential relationship between environmental quality and plant defence against herbivory.     

The control of Galba truncatula (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) by the terrestrial snail Zonitoides nitidus on acid soils

Field investigations on the control of Galba truncatula by Zonitoides nitidus were carried out over the past 30 years in the different types of lymnaeid habitats located in central France. When a layer of mowed vegetation was used to cover G. truncatula habitats at the end of June, the introduction of adult Z. nitidus (20/m²) eliminated lymnaeid populations after 2 years of control in habitats located in swampy meadows, around the heads of intermittent springs, in areas trampled by cattle, and along river or pond banks. In the case of wild watercress beds, 3 years were necessary. The best results (elimination of G. truncatula after a single year of control) were obtained using an association of snails (Z. nitidus + Oxychilus draparnaudi), or a mixed control (a first application of 0.1 mg/l CuCl₂, followed 3 months later by the introduction of Z. nitidus). Recolonization of treated habitats by G. truncatula coming from downstream populations was noted 3 years following the last application of biological control. Apart from the regular introduction of Z. nitidus in several watercress beds, the use of this snail to control G. truncatula has not become generalized in cattle- and sheep-breeding farms. The reasons for this situation are probably the complexity of applying this control in the field by nonspecialists and the difficulty of selecting the period of snail control at the end of June due to frequent local rainfall at this time.     

A new fungal genus, Teracosphaeria, with a phialophora-like anamorph (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

The new genus and species Teracosphaeria petroica is described for a perithecial ascomycete and its anamorph occurring on decayed wood collected in New Zealand. The fungus produces immersed, non-stromatic ceratosphaeria-like perithecia in nature, with hyaline, septate ascospores produced in unitunicate, non-amyloid asci. The anamorph produced in vitro is phialophora-like with lightly pigmented phialides terminating in flaring, deep collarettes that are often noticeably brown with conspicuous periclinal thickening. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequence data indicates that this fungus is distinct from morphologically similar fungi classified in the Chaetosphaeriales, the Trichosphaeriales or the Magnaporthaceae. It forms a monophyletic group with recently described, chaetosphaeria-like ascomycetes, such as the pyrenomycete genus Mirannulata, and shows affinity with the anamorphic species Dictyochaeta cylindrospora. The usefulness of describing anamorph genera for morphologically reduced anamorphs, when anamorph characteristics are actually part of the holomorph diagnosis, is discussed. An apparently contradictory example of the so-called Cordana and Pseudobotrytis anamorphs of Porosphaerella spp. is also discussed.     

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Stereocaulon (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized ascomycetes)

In the present study phylogenetic relationships of the genus Stereocaulon (lichenized ascomycetes) were examined using DNA sequences from the ITS1–5.8 S–ITS2 rDNA gene cluster and from the protein-coding β-tubulin gene. In addition to the fruticose species traditionally classified in Stereocaulon, representatives of the crustose species that have recently been transferred to the genus were included. Muhria, a monotypic genus that is morphologically similar to Stereocaulon, differing only in apothecia ontogeny, was also incorporated. The analyses included 101 specimens from the ingroup representing 49 taxa. Sequences from both DNA regions were analysed simultaneously using direct optimization under the parsimony optimality criterion. The results support the inclusion of the crustose species and Muhria in Stereocaulon, while the current infrageneric classification is not supported. As Muhria is securely nested within Stereocaulon the new combination Stereocaulon urceolatum comb. nov. (syn. Muhria urceolata) is made. Further, species concepts need to be re-examined, as some species do not appear as monophyletic entities in the phylogeny.     

林隙对香樟和枫香幼苗早期生长阶段功能性状的影响

探究林隙对不同需光性树种早期生长特征和功能性状的影响,对揭示林隙微生境影响次生林内幼苗更新机制具有重要意义。以亚热带次生林中耐荫常绿树种香樟和阳性落叶树种枫香幼苗为试验对象,研究大林隙(D/H介于1.5—2.0)、中林隙(D/H介于1.0—1.5)和小林隙(D/H介于0.5—1.0)对不同需光树种幼苗早期(1—3年生)生长特征和功能性状的影响。结果表明：(1)林隙大小对两种幼苗的生长均有显著影响。其中,中林隙可显著促进香樟2—3年生幼苗的生长,大林隙对枫香1—3年生幼苗的生长均具有显著促进作用。(2)对林隙环境因子与幼苗功能性状的关系进行冗余分析表明,香樟幼苗功能性状的变化与林隙土壤有机质含量、水解性氮含量、酸碱度和有效磷含量密切相关,而枫香幼苗功能性状则主要受林隙土壤酸碱度、有机质含量、水解性氮含量、土壤含水率、冠层透光率和土壤有效磷含量的影响。(3)维持较高的根重比、细根比根长、叶碳氮比和叶碳磷比是幼苗应对林隙环境影响的重要生理生态调节机制。