急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清Lp(a)、UA、GGT与冠状动脉病变和PCI术后主要心血管不良事件的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者血清脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]、尿酸（UA）、γ-谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）与冠状动脉病变和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后主要心血管不良事件（MACE）的关系。方法：选取2019年1月～2022年7月安徽医科大学第二附属医院心血管内科收治的100例接受PCI术治疗的急性STEMI患者为STEMI组,根据Gensini积分将其分为非重度病变组56例和重度病变组44例,PCI术后随访3个月,根据是否发生MACE分为MACE亚组和非MACE亚组,另选取同期50名冠脉造影检查排除冠心病者为对照组。收集急性STEMI患者的临床资料,并检测血清Lp(a)、UA、GGT水平。分析急性STEMI患者血清Lp(a)、UA、GGT水平与Gensini评分的相关性及PCI术后MACE的影响因素。结果：与对照组比较,STEMI组血清Lp(a)、UA、GGT水平升高（P＜0.05）。重度病变组血清Lp(a)、UA、GGT水平高于非重度病变组（P＜0.05）。Spearman相关系数分析显示,急性STEMI患者血清Lp(a)、UA、GGT水平与Gensini评分呈正相关（P＜0.05）。随访3个月,100例急性STEMI患者PCI术后MACE发生率为21.00％（21/100）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄增加、KILLIP心功能分级≥Ⅲ级和Lp(a)、UA、GGT升高为PCI术后MACE的独立危险因素,左心室射血分数（LVEF）升高为独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：急性STEMI患者血清Lp(a)、UA、GGT水平升高,与冠状动脉病变严重程度和PCI术后MACE密切相关,可能成为急性STEMI患者PCI术后MACE的辅助预测指标。     

血清UA、sdLDL、sST2对急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后无复流的预测价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨血清尿酸（UA）、小而密低密度脂蛋白（sdLDL）、可溶性致癌抑制因子2（sST2）对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后无复流（NRF）的预测价值。方法：选取2021年1月～2023年1月睢宁县人民医院收治的196例AMI患者为AMI组，根据PCI术后是否发生NRF分为NRF组和血流正常组，另选取同期120名体检健康志愿者为对照组。比较AMI组与对照组血清UA、sdLDL、sST2水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析AMI患者PCI术后NRF的影响因素，采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清UA、sdLDL、sST2水平对AMI患者PCI术后NRF的预测价值。结果：与对照组比较，AMI组血清UA、sdLDL、sST2水平升高（P＜0.05）。196例AMI患者PCI术后NRF发生率为34.69%，NRF组年龄大于血流正常组，糖尿病比例、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、UA、sdLDL、sST2水平高于血流正常组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，年龄增加和UA、sdLDL、sST2升高为AMI患者PCI术后NRF的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示，血清UA、sdLDL、sST2水平单独和联合预测AMI患者PCI术后NRF的曲线下面积AUC(0.95CI)分别为0.707(0.481～0.934)、0.742(0.513～0.955)、0.737(0.480～0.970)、0.863(0.737～0.960)，联合预测大于单独预测指标。结论：血清UA、sdLDL、sST2水平升高为AMI患者PCI术后NRF的独立危险因素，血清UA、sdLDL、sST2水平联合预测AMI患者PCI术后NRF的价值较高。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin联合IMA预测PCI术后心电图ST段回落的临床价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ASTEMI）患者血清N末端B型利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）、P-选择素（P-selectin）联合缺血修饰白蛋白（IMA）预测经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后心电图ST段回落（STR）不良的临床价值。方法：选取2020年1月～2022年7月南京医科大学第二附属医院急诊科收治的100例ASTEMI患者，根据PCI术后心电图STR分为STR不良组和STR良好组，另选取同期50名体检健康志愿者为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin和IMA水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析ASTEMI患者PCI术后心电图STR不良的影响因素，采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin、IMA水平对ASTEMI患者PCI术后心电图STR不良的预测价值。结果：与对照组比较，ASTEMI组PCI术前血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin和IMA水平升高（P＜0.05）。根据心电图STR将ASTEMI患者分为STR不良组35例和STR良好组65例。STR不良组与STR良好组PCI术后血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin和IMA水平低于PCI术前（P＜0.05）；STR不良组PCI术前和PCI术后血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin和IMA水平高于STR良好组（P＜0.05）。STR不良组Killip分级≥2级比例和肌钙蛋白I高于STR良好组，ST段偏差总和低于STR良好组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，Killip分级≥2级和NT-proBNP、P-selectin、IMA升高为ASTEMI患者PCI术后心电图STR不良的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示，血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin联合IMA预测ASTEMI患者PCI术后心电图STR不良的曲线下面积（AUC）大于NT-proBNP、P-selectin和IMA单独预测。结论：血清NT-proBNP、P-selectin和IMA水平升高与ASTEMI患者PCI术后心电图STR不良独立相关，三者联合预测ASTEMI患者PCI术后心电图STR不良的价值较高。     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清S100A4、S100A12与PCI术后预后的关系

摘要 目的：探讨急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ANSTEMI）患者血清S100钙结合蛋白A4（S100A4）、S100钙结合蛋白A12（S100A12）与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后预后的关系。方法：选取2020年1月～2021年7月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院急诊科收治的224例ANSTEMI患者为ANSTEMI组，PCI术后随访1年，根据预后情况分为预后不良组和预后良好组，另选取同期67名健康体检者为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清S100A4、S100A12水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析 ANSTEMI患者PCI术后预后不良的影响因素，采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清S100A4、S100A12水平对ANSTEMI患者PCI术后预后不良的预测价值。结果：ANSTEMI组血清S100A4、S100A12水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）。随访1年，224例STEMI患者PCI术后预后不良发生率为16.07%（36/224）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，年龄偏大、KILLIP分级≥Ⅱ级、S100A4、S100A12水平升高为ANSTEMI患者PCI术后预后不良的独立危险因素，左心室射血分数（LVEF）升高为其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示，血清S100A4、S100A12水平联合预测ANSTEMI患者PCI术后预后不良的曲线下面积（AUC）大于S100A4、S100A12单独预测。结论：血清S100A4、S100A12水平升高与ANSTEMI患者PCI术后预后不良密切相关，血清S100A4、S100A12水平联合预测ANSTEMI患者PCI术后预后不良的价值较高。     

血清AIb、PA、NLR水平在直肠癌术后发生吻合口瘘评估中的应用

摘要 目的：探讨血清白蛋白（AIb）、前白蛋白（PA）、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）水平在直肠癌术后发生吻合口瘘评估中的应用。方法：选择2018年6月至2019年12月于我院进行直肠癌手术患者90例患者进行研究,其中38例发生术后吻合口瘘,设为研究组, 52例未发生吻合口瘘作为对照组。分析患者术后血清AIb、PA、NLR水平变化情况,采用受试者工作特征曲线分析血清AIb、PA、NLR对术后发生吻合口瘘的评估作用。结果：研究组血清AIb、PA水平显著低于对照组,NLR水平显著高于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;造口组术后血清AIb、PA水平显著高于未造口组,NLR水平显著低于未造口组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;ROC结果显示,血清AIb预测术后吻合口瘘的AUC为0.967,灵敏度为81.25%,特异度为90.14%,截断值为33.06 g/L;血清PA预测术后吻合口瘘的AUC为0.772,灵敏度为80.36%,特异度为89.56%,截断值为119.04 mg/L;血清NLR预测术后吻合口瘘的AUC为0.991,灵敏度为85.62%,特异度为93.23%,截断值为6.86。结论：监测血清AIb、PA、NLR水平有助早期发现直肠癌患者术后吻合口瘘。     

血清ANGPTL4联合Nesfatin-1对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI术后无复流的预测价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清血管生成素样蛋白 4（ANGPTL4）联合摄食抑制因子1（Nesfatin-1）对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ASTEMI）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后无复流的预测价值。方法：选择2017年2月至2020年10月我院收治的339例ASTEMI患者,根据术后心肌梗死溶栓治疗（TIMI）分级将患者分为无复流组（TIMI血流0～2级,61例）和正常血流组（TIMI血流3级,278例）。比较两组患者基线资料、血清ANGPTL4和Nesfatin-1水平、实验室指标。多因素Logistic回归分析ASTEMI患者PCI术后发生无复流的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清ANGPTL4、Nesfatin-1预测ASTEMI患者PCI术后发生无复流的效能。结果：无复流组年龄、PCI术前心率、左室重量指数（LVMI）、休克指数、冠脉痉挛、血糖、冠脉病变长度、冠脉病变支数、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）高于正常血流组（P＜0.05）,收缩压、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、血清ANGPTL4和Nesfatin-1水平低于正常血流组（P＜0.05）。低水平Nesfatin-1、低水平ANGPTL4、高休克指数、冠脉痉挛是ASTEMI患者PCI术后发生无复流的危险因素（P＜0.05）。联合ANGPTL4、Nesfatin-1预测ASTEMI患者PCI术后发生无复流的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.885,高于ANGPTL4、Nesfatin-1单独预测的0.751、0.725。结论：PCI术后无复流ASTEMI患者血清ANGPTL4、Nesfatin-1水平降低,且血清Nesfatin-1、ANGPTL4水平降低与ASTEMI患者PCI术后无复流的发生密切相关,对ASTEMI患者PCI术后无复流具有一定的预测价值。     

急性心肌梗死患者血清Myo、Cat S、NGAL与PCI术后炎症因子和住院期间主要不良心血管事件的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者血清肌红蛋白（Myo）、组织蛋白酶S（Cat S）、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（NGAL）与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术（PCI）后炎症因子和住院期间主要不良心血管事件（MACE）的关系。方法：选择我院2020年3月~2021年11月期间接收的行PCI术的AMI患者126例,根据术后是否发生MACE分为MACE组和非MACE组。对比非MACE组、MACE组血清Myo、Cat S、NGAL水平和白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-10（IL-10）水平。采用Pearson检验分析Myo、Cat S、NGAL与炎性因子的相关性,采用多因素Logistic回归分析患者住院期间发生MACE的影响因素。结果：住院期间,126例患者中有34例患者发生MACE,其余92例未发生MACE,发生率为26.98%。MACE 组的血清Myo、Cat S、NGAL水平高于非MACE组（P<0.05）。MACE组的血清IL-6、TNF-α高于非MACE组,IL-10水平低于非MACE组（P<0.05）。Pearson检验分析结果显示,Myo、Cat S、NGAL与IL-6、TNF-α呈正相关,而与IL-10呈负相关（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示,非MACE组、MACE组在年龄、发病-就诊时间、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、N末端B型利钠肽原（NT-proBNP）、Killp分级≥Ⅱ级方面对比有统计学差异（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：Myo偏高、Cat S偏高、NGAL偏高、HbAlc偏高、NT-proBNP偏高、Killp分级≥Ⅱ级是发生MACE的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：MACE患者体内Myo、Cat S、NGAL异常升高,且与炎症因子水平相关。Myo、Cat S、NGAL、HbAlc、NT-proBNP、Killp分级≥Ⅱ级均是发生MACE的影响因素。     

急性心肌梗死患者血清Clusterin、GMP140与冠状动脉病变和心血管不良事件的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者血清丛生蛋白（CLU）、颗粒膜蛋白140（GMP140）与冠状动脉病变和主要心血管不良事件（MACE）的关系。方法：选取2020年1月～2021年12月我院收治的129例AMI患者为AMI组,根据冠状动脉病变支数分为单支病变组（n=34）、双支病变组（n=50）、多支病变组（n=45）,随访6个月并根据是否发生MACE将AMI患者分为MACE组和非MACE组,另选取同期55名体检健康志愿者为对照组。收集AMI患者临床资料,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清CLU、GMP140水平。分析AMI患者MACE的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清CLU、GMP140水平对AMI患者MACE的预测价值。结果：AMI组血清CLU、GMP140水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）。单支病变组、双支病变组、多支病变组血清CLU、GMP140水平依次升高（P＜0.05）。随访6个月后,129例AMI患者MACE发生率为25.58％（33/129）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,左心室射血分数升高为独立保护因素,年龄增加、ST段抬高型心肌梗死、KILLIP分级≥Ⅲ级、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）升高、CLU升高、GMP140升高为AMI患者MACE的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清CLU、GMP140水平联合预测AMI患者MACE的曲线下面积大于CLU、GMP140单独预测（P＜0.05）。结论：AMI患者血清CLU、GMP140水平升高与冠状动脉病变和MACE有关,可能成为AMI患者MACE的辅助预测指标。     

血清同型半胱氨酸水平对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死PCI术后患者左心室重构、心肌灌注和预后的影响

摘要 目的：探讨血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平与急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后左心室重构、心肌灌注以及预后的关系。方法：选择2018年2月至2020年1月我院收治的70例STEMI患者,根据入院时血清Hcy水平分为高水平Hcy组（Hcy＞30 μmol/L,41例）和低水平Hcy组（15≤Hcy≤30 μmol/L,29例）。PCI术后1个月、6个月、12个月检测左室重量指数(LVMI)和左心室射血分数(LVEF),复查冠脉造影,评价TIMI心肌灌注分级（TMPG）。Pearson相关或Spearman秩相关性分析Hcy水平与LVMI、LVEF、TMPG分级相关性。所有患者PCI术后随访12个月,记录患者随访期间全因死亡和主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生情况。Cox风险比例回归分析PCI术后STEMI患者预后的影响因素。结果：高水平Hcy组PCI术后6、12个月 LVEF低于低水平Hcy组（P＜0.05）,LVMI高于低水平Hcy组（P＜0.05）,高水平Hcy组PCI术后心肌灌注不良发生率高于低水平Hcy组（P＜0.05）。Hcy水平与PCI术后6、12个月 LVEF呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与LVMI呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与PCI术后TMPG分级呈负相关（P＜0.05）。高水平Hcy组随访期间全因死亡和MACE发生率均高于低水平Hcy组（P＜0.05）。Cox风险比例回归分析结果显示Hcy、术前Gensini评分是STEMI患者PCI术后预后不良的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论：高水平Hcy与STEMI患者PCI术后左心室重构、心肌灌注有关,且Hcy是STEMI患者PCI术后发生全因死亡和MACE的影响因素。     

术前血清Lp-PLA2、sST2水平与急性冠状动脉综合征患者PCI术后冠状动脉慢血流/无复流的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者术前血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2（Lp-PLA2）、可溶性生长刺激表达基因2蛋白（sST2）表达情况,分析术前血清Lp-PLA2、sST2与经皮冠脉介入术（PCI）术后冠状动脉慢血流/无复流（CSF/CNF）的关系。方法：选择2019年9月至2022年9月在徐州医科大学附属连云港医院心内科进行PCI治疗的ACS患者386例为ACS组,根据术后心肌梗死溶栓实验（TIMI）血流分级分为CSF/CNF组（138例）和正常血流组（248例）;另选择同期在本院体检的健康对象174例为健康对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测ACS患者术前及健康志愿者体检时血清Lp-PLA2、sST2水平,比较ACS组与健康对照组血清Lp-PLA2、sST2水平。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归模型分析CSF/CNF的影响因素,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析术前血清Lp-PLA2、sST2对ACS患者PCI术后CSF/CNF的预测价值。结果：术前血清Lp-PLA2、sST2水平ACS组高于健康对照组（P＜0.05）;单因素分析结果显示,CSF/CNF组术前血肌酐（Scr）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、D-二聚体（D-D）、Lp-PLA2、sST2水平均高于正常血流组（P＜0.05）;多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,术前血清Lp-PLA2、sST2水平升高是ACS患者PCI术后发生CSF/CNF的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,两指标联合预测ACS患者PCI术后CSF/CNF的曲线下面积（AUC）显著高于术前血清Lp-PLA2、sST2单独检测。结论：PCI术后发生CSF/CNF的ACS患者术前血清Lp-PLA2、sST2水平异常升高,术前检测血清Lp-PLA2、sST2能较准确预测CSF/CNF,两者联合检测的预测效能更高。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.