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1.
Rieta Gols Leontien M. A. Witjes Joop J. A. van Loon Maarten A. Posthumus Marcel Dicke & Jeffrey A. Harvey 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2008,128(1):99-108
Most studies on plant defenses against insect herbivores investigate direct and indirect plant defenses independently. However, these defenses are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Plant metabolites can be transmitted through the food chain and can also affect the herbivore's natural enemies. A conflict may arise when a natural enemy is attracted to a plant that is suboptimal in terms of its own fitness. In addition, plant defenses are often studied in cultivated plant species in which artificial selection may have resulted in reduced resistance against insect herbivores. In this study, we investigated both direct and indirect plant defenses in two closely related wild brassicaceous plant species, Brassica nigra L. and Sinapis arvensis L. The herbivore Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), which is specialized on brassicaceous plant species, developed faster and attained higher pupal mass when reared on B. nigra than on S. arvensis. In contrast, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which is a gregarious endoparasitoid of P. brassicae caterpillars, developed equally well on P. brassicae irrespective of the food plant on which its host had been reared. The feeding strategy of the parasitoid larvae, that is, selectively feeding on hemolymph and fat body, is likely to allow for a much wider host‐size range without affecting the size or development time of the emerging parasitoids. In flight chamber experiments, C. glomerata, which had an oviposition experience in a host that fed on Brussels sprout, exhibited significant preference for host‐damaged B. nigra over host‐damaged S. arvensis plants. Headspace analysis revealed quantitative and qualitative differences in volatile emissions between the two plant species. This parasitoid species may use a range of cues associated with the host and the host's food plant in order to recognize the different plant species on which the host can feed. These results show that there is no conflict between direct and indirect plant defenses for this plant–host–parasitoid complex. 相似文献
2.
Erik H. Poelman Ron J. F. H. Galiart Ciska E. Raaijmakers Joop J. A. van Loon & Nicole M. van Dam 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2008,127(3):218-228
Plants display a wide range of chemical defences that may differ in effectiveness against generalist and specialist insect herbivores. Host plant‐specific secondary chemicals such as glucosinolates (GS) in Brassicaceae typically reduce the performance of generalist herbivores, whereas specialists have adaptations to detoxify these compounds. The concentration of glucosinolates may also alter upon herbivory, allowing the plant to tailor its response to specifically affect the performance of the attacking herbivore. We studied the performance of three Lepidoptera species, two specialists [Pieris rapae L. (Pieridae), Plutella xylostella L. (Yponomeutidae)] and one generalist [Mamestra brassicae L. (Noctuidae)], when feeding on eight cultivars of Brassica oleracea L. and a native congener (Brassica nigra L.) and related this to the GS content. We tested the hypotheses (i) that a generalist herbivore is more affected by high GS concentrations, and (ii) that generalist feeding has a stronger effect on GS levels. Although performance of the three herbivores was different on the B. oleracea cultivars, M. brassicae and P. xylostella had a similar ranking order of performance on the eight cultivars. In most of the cultivars, the concentration of indole GS was significantly higher after feeding by P. rapae or M. brassicae than after P. xylostella feeding. As a consequence, the total concentration of GS in the cultivars showed a different ranking order for each herbivore species. The generalist M. brassicae performed equally well as the specialist P. xylostella on cultivars with high concentrations of GS. Our findings suggest that secondary metabolites other than GSs or differences in nutrient levels affect performance of the species studied. 相似文献
3.
Leaf surface preference of the cabbage worm, Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), for cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (Brassicaceae), and parasitism by the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were investigated experimentally in the laboratory. Female butterflies did not discriminate between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of cabbage leaves when laying eggs on a vertically placed leaf. Larvae also did not discriminate between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces throughout their larval life. However, second and third instars preferred the lower surface of horizontally placed leaves to the upper surface, irrespective of whether they had hatched on the upper or lower side; other instars showed no preference for the lower surface. Parasitism rates of first and second instars on the upper surface were higher than those of larvae on the lower surface. Egg distribution on leaf surfaces and the leaf surface preference by young larvae are discussed in terms of avoidance of parasitism by the parasitoid C. glomerata. 相似文献
4.
In natural populations, plants demonstrate an array of indirect and direct defence strategies that help to protect them from their herbivores and pathogens. Indirect defences include the release of odours that attract the natural enemies of herbivores, whereas direct defences may include the production of secondary compounds, allelochemicals that impair herbivore development or repel herbivore attack. Although both strategies have been well studied independently, comparatively little attention has been paid to examining the conflict that may arise between indirect and direct defences, such as when the performance of ‘recruited’ parasitoids or predators is negatively affected by plant allelochemicals. Here, we examine the growth and development of polyphagous and oligophagous folivores and their respective endoparasitoids on three crucifer species. One of the species, Brassica oleracea, was recently cultivated, whereas populations of B. nigra and Barbarea vulgaris occur naturally. Additionally, these species possess contrasting life‐history patterns and are also known to exhibit differences in secondary chemistry. The development of the generalist herbivore–parasitoid system was much more variable over the three crucifers than that exhibited by the specialists. Moreover, generalist herbivore and/or parasitoid fitness‐related traits (survival, development time, pupal, or adult size) were much more negatively affected on the wild crucifers than in the specialist association. Our results suggest that the relative importance of direct and indirect defences in plants may rest on the degree of dietary specialisation exhibited by herbivores and their natural enemies, and on the level of toxicity in the plant species under investigation. 相似文献
5.
Renate C. Smallegange Joop J.A. van Loon Suzanne E. Blatt Jeff A. Harvey & Marcel Dicke 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2008,128(1):172-183
Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit volatile compounds that attract predators or parasitoids of the herbivores. Plant fitness increases when these herbivorous insects are parasitized by solitary parasitoids, but whether gregarious koinobiont parasitoids also confer a benefit to plant fitness has been disputed. We investigated the relationship between parasitoid load of the gregarious Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), food consumption by larvae of their host Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and seed production in a host plant, Brassica nigra L. (Brassicaceae), in a greenhouse experiment. Plants damaged by caterpillars containing single parasitoid broods produced a similar amount of seeds as undamaged control plants and produced significantly more seeds than plants with unparasitized caterpillars feeding on them. Increasing the parasitoid load to levels likely resulting from superparasitization, feeding by parasitized caterpillars was significantly negatively correlated with plant seed production. Higher parasitoid brood sizes were negatively correlated with pupal weight of Cotesia glomerata , revealing scramble competition leading to a fitness trade-off for the parasitoid. Our results suggest that in this tritrophic system plant fitness is higher when the gregarious parasitoid deposits a single brood into its herbivorous host. A prediction following from these results is that plants benefit from recruiting parasitoids when superparasitization is prevented. This is supported by our previous results on down-regulation of synomone production when Brassica oleracea was fed on by parasitized caterpillars of P. brassicae . We conclude that variable parasitoid loads in gregarious koinobiont parasitoids largely explain existing controversies about the putative benefit of recruiting these parasitoids for plant reproduction. 相似文献
6.
虫害诱导植物挥发物(HIPVs)对植食性昆虫的行为调控 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
虫害诱导植物挥发物(herbivore induced plant volatiles,HIPVs)具有植物种类、品种、生育期和部位的特异性,也具有植食性昆虫种类、虫龄、为害程度、为害方式和其他一些环境因子的特异性。由于其释放量明显大于健康植株,因此更易被天敌、害虫以及邻近的植物等所利用,从而调节植物、植食性昆虫与天敌三者之间的相互作用关系,增强植物在自然界的生存竞争能力。本文对HIPVs在植食性昆虫寄主定位行为中的作用、HIPVs对植食性昆虫的种群调控功能及其应用现状2个方面加以综述,并在展望中对目前研究中存在的一些问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
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8.
Maaike Bruinsma Harm IJdema Joop J.A. van Loon & Marcel Dicke 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2008,128(1):109-116
Herbivore-induced plant defences influence the behaviour of herbivores as well as that of their natural enemies. Jasmonic acid is one of the key hormones involved in both these direct and indirect induced defences. Jasmonic acid treatment of plants changes the composition of defence chemicals in the plants, induces volatile emission, and increases the production of extrafloral nectar. However, few studies have addressed the potential influence of induced defences on flower nectar chemistry and pollinator behaviour. These have shown that herbivore damage can affect pollination rates and plant fitness. Here, we have investigated the effect of jasmonic acid treatment on floral nectar production and the attraction of pollinators, as well as the effect on the behaviour of an herbivore and its natural enemy. The study system consisted of black mustard plants, Brassica nigra L. (Brassicaceae), pollinators of Brassica nigra (i.e., honeybees and syrphid flies), a specialist herbivore, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and a parasitoid wasp that uses Pieris larvae as hosts, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We show that different trophic levels are differentially affected by jasmonic acid-induced changes. While the herbivore prefers control leaves over jasmonic acid-treated leaves for oviposition, the parasitoid C. glomerata is more attracted to jasmonic acid-treated plants than to control plants. We did not observe differences in pollinator preference, the rates of flower visitation by honeybees and syrphid flies were similar for control and jasmonic acid-treated plants. Plants treated with jasmonic acid secreted less nectar than control plants and the concentrations of glucose and fructose tended to be lower than in nectar from control plants. Jasmonic acid treatment resulted in a lower nectar production than actual feeding damage by P. rapae caterpillars. 相似文献
9.
Remco M. P. van Poecke Mara Roosjen Lorena Pumarino & Marcel Dicke 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2003,107(3):229-236
In this study we investigated whether in a two‐choice set‐up the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) distinguishes between volatiles emitted by Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) infested with its host, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and Arabidopsis infested with non‐host herbivores. Four non‐host herbivore species were tested: the caterpillars Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), both chewing insects, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), which punctures parenchymal cells, and the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea), which is a phloem‐feeder. Compared with undamaged plants, C. rubecula females were more attracted to Arabidopsis plants infested by P. rapae, P. xylostella, S. exigua, or T. urticae, but not to plants infested by M. persicae. The parasitoids preferred host‐infested plants to spider mite‐ or aphid‐infested plants, but not to plants infested with non‐host caterpillars (P. xylostella or S. exigua). The data show that when Arabidopsis plants are infested with a leaf tissue‐damaging herbivore they emit a volatile blend that attracts C. rubecula females and the wasps only discriminate between a host and non‐host herbivore when the type of damage is different (chewing vs. piercing). When Arabidopsis is infested with a herbivore that hardly damages leaf tissue, C. rubecula females are not attracted. These results may be explained by differences in the amount of damage and in the relative importance of different signal‐transduction pathways induced by different types of herbivores. 相似文献
10.
S. Steinberg M. Dicke L. E. M. Vet R. Wanningen 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1992,63(2):163-175
Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test.The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata.A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Plant morphological characters can affect the foraging abilities of natural enemies. Heavy wax blooms have been shown to impede predators searching for herbivores on various species in the genus Brassica (Brassicaceae). This study determined whether epicuticular wax affected the foraging behavior of the braconid wasp Diaeratiella rapae (M’Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as it searched for its aphid host Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the leaves of cauliflower varieties with heavy or light wax blooms. Wasps on the variety with a heavier wax bloom foraged more slowly, groomed more often and for longer periods of time, fell from the leaves more often, took longer to find colonies of aphids, and attacked them at a lower rate than wasps foraging on the variety with a lighter wax bloom. When epicuticular wax was removed from the leaves, the wasp's foraging efficiency and efficacy improved significantly on the cauliflower variety with a heavy wax bloom. The amount of epicuticular wax present on a leaf was shown to impede the ability of a parasitoid to forage, locate, and attack its host. 相似文献
12.
Oviposition‐induced plant cues: do they arrest Trichogramma wasps during host location? 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Nina E. Fatouros Gabriella Bukovinszkine'Kiss Lucas A. Kalkers Roxina Soler Gamborena Marcel Dicke & Monika Hilker 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2005,115(1):207-215
Plants can defend themselves against herbivorous insects before the larvae hatch from eggs and start feeding. One of these preventive defence strategies is to produce plant volatiles, in response to egg deposition, which attract egg parasitoids that subsequently kill the herbivore eggs. Here, we studied whether egg deposition by Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) induces Brussels sprouts plants to produce cues that attract or arrest Trichogramma brassicae Bezdeko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Olfactometer bioassays revealed that odours from plants with eggs did not attract or arrest parasitoids. However, contact bioassays showed that T. brassicae females were arrested on egg‐free leaf squares excised from leaves with 72 h‐old egg masses, which are highly suitable for parasitisation. We tested the hypothesis that this arresting activity is due to scales and chemicals deposited by the butterflies during oviposition and which are thus present on the leaf surface in the vicinity of the eggs. Indeed, leaf squares excised from egg‐free leaves, but contaminated with butterfly deposits, arrested the wasps when the squares were tested 1 day after contamination. However, squares from egg‐free leaves with 72 h‐old butterfly deposits had no arresting activity. Thus, we exclude that the arresting activity of the leaf area near 72 h‐old egg masses was elicited by cues from scales and other butterfly deposits. We suggest that egg deposition of P. brassicae induces a change in the leaf surface chemicals in leaves with egg masses. A systemic induction extending to an egg‐free leaf neighbouring an egg‐carrying leaf could not be detected. Our data suggest that a local, oviposition‐induced change of leaf surface chemicals arrests T. brassicae in the vicinity of host eggs. 相似文献
13.
Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a major larval endoparasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), also attacks many other noctuid caterpillars. We investigated the attractiveness of H. armigera‐ and Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)‐infested maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] plants to C. chlorideae, and analyzed the volatiles emitted from infested plants and undamaged plants. Considering the reported specific induction of plant volatiles by elicitors in the caterpillar regurgitant, we also tested the response of the parasitoid to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water and measured the volatiles released by these plants. In wind‐tunnel bioassays, C. chlorideae was strongly attracted to herbivore‐induced maize volatiles. Mechanically damaged plants, whether they were treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water, were more attractive to the parasitoid than undamaged plants. The parasitoid did not distinguish between maize seedlings infested by the two noctuid insects, nor did they show a difference in attraction to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water. Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) analysis revealed that 15 compounds were commonly emitted by herbivore‐infested and mechanically damaged maize plants, whereas only two compounds were released in minor amounts from undamaged plants. Infestation by H. armigera specifically induced four terpenoids, β‐pinene, β‐myrcene, D‐limonene, and (E)‐nerolidol, which were not induced by infestation of P. separata and mechanical damage, plus caterpillar regurgitant or water. Two compounds, geranyl acetate and β‐sesquiphellandrene, were also induced by the infestation of H. armigera, but not by the infestation of P. separata. All treated maize plants released volatiles in significantly larger total amounts than did undamaged plants. Maize plants infested by H. armigera emitted greater amounts of volatiles than plants infested by P. separata. The treatment with caterpillar regurgitant resulted in larger amounts of volatile emission than the treatment with water did in mechanically damaged plants. The amounts of emissions of individual compounds were also different between differently treated plants. 相似文献
14.
Maria Fernanda G.V. Peñaflor Felipe G. Gonçalves Camila Colepicolo Patricia A. Sanches José Mauricio S. Bento 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2017,165(1):83-93
It is well known that parasitoids are attracted to volatiles emitted by host‐damaged plants; however, this tritrophic interaction may change if plants are attacked by more than one herbivore species. The larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipesCameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has been used intensively in Brazil to control the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalisFabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane crops, where Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a non‐stemborer lepidopteran, is also a pest. Here, we investigated the ability of C. flavipes to discriminate between an unsuitable host (S. frugiperda) and a suitable host (D. saccharalis) based on herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) emitted by sugarcane, and whether multiple herbivory (D. saccharalis feeding on stalk + S. frugiperda feeding on leaves) in sugarcane affected the attractiveness of HIPVs to C. flavipes. Olfactometer assays indicated that volatiles of host and non‐host‐damaged plants were attractive to C. flavipes. Even though host‐ and non‐host‐damaged plants emitted considerably different volatile blends, neither naïve nor experienced wasps discriminated suitable and unsuitable hosts by means of HIPVs emitted by sugarcane. With regard to multiple herbivory, wasps innately preferred the odor blend emitted by sugarcane upon non‐host + host herbivory over host‐only damaged plants. Multiple herbivory caused a suppression of some volatiles relative to non‐host‐damaged sugarcane that may have resulted from the unaltered levels of jasmonic acid in host‐damaged plants, or from reduced palatability of host‐damaged plants to S. frugiperda. In conclusion, our study showed that C. flavipes responds to a wide range of plant volatile blends, and does not discriminate host from non‐host and non‐stemborer caterpillars based on HIPVs emitted from sugarcane. Moreover, we showed that multiple herbivory by the sugarcane borer and fall armyworm increases the attractiveness of sugarcane plants to the parasitoids. 相似文献
15.
Rika Ozawa Kaori Shiojiri Maurice W. Sabelis Junji Takabayashi 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2008,129(2):189-199
Treatment of both uninfested and armyworm‐infested maize plants with jasmonic acid (JA) is known to attract the parasitic wasp, Cotesia kariyai Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Here, we show that treatment with a methyl ester of a JA precursor, methyl linolenate (MeLin), also causes maize plants to attract this wasp, yet does not cause elevated levels of endogenous JA. The volatile chemicals emitted from either infested or uninfested maize plants treated with MeLin were qualitatively and quantitatively different from those emitted from JA‐treated plants. Among compounds emitted from MeLin‐treated plants, α‐pinene and menthol attracted wasps in pure form in a two‐choice test using a choice chamber. A mixture of methyl salicylate, α‐copaene, and β‐myrcene also attracted wasps. In contrast, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate was among the main attractants for C. kariyai in JA‐treated plants. These data show that in addition to JA, MeLin also has the potential to increase the host‐finding ability of C. kariyai, but that the composition of attractants they induce differs. 相似文献
16.
Marjolein de Rijk Qianjue Wang Evangelia Papagiannaki Marcel Dicke Erik H. Poelman 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2016,161(1):20-30
Extensive research has been conducted to reveal how species diversity affects ecosystem functions and services. Yet, consequences of diversity loss for ecosystems as a whole as well as for single community members are still difficult to predict. Arthropod communities typically are species‐rich, and their species interactions, such as those between herbivores and their predators or parasitoids, may be particularly sensitive to changes in community composition. Parasitoids forage for herbivorous hosts by using herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (indirect cues) and cues produced by their host (direct cues). However, in addition to hosts, non‐suitable herbivores are present in a parasitoid's environment which may complicate the foraging process for the parasitoid. Therefore, ecosystem changes in the diversity of herbivores may affect the foraging efficiency of parasitoids. The effect of herbivore diversity may be mediated by either species numbers per se, by specific species traits, or by both. To investigate how diversity and identity of non‐host herbivores influence the behaviour of parasitoids, we created environments with different levels of non‐host diversity. On individual plants in these environments, we complemented host herbivores with 1–4 non‐host herbivore species. We subsequently studied the behaviour of the gregarious endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) while foraging for its gregarious host Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Neither non‐host species diversity nor non‐host identity influenced the preference of the parasitoid for herbivore‐infested plants. However, after landing on the plant, non‐host species identity did affect parasitoid behaviour, whereas non‐host diversity did not. One of the non‐host species, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), reduced the time the parasitoid spent on the plant as well as the number of hosts it parasitized. We conclude that non‐host herbivore species identity has a larger influence on C. glomerata foraging behaviour than non‐host species diversity. Our study shows the importance of species identity over species diversity in a multitrophic interaction of plants, herbivores, and parasitoids. 相似文献
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JELTJE M. STAM LUCILLE CHRÉTIEN MARCEL DICKE ERIK H. POELMAN 《Ecological Entomology》2017,42(6):803-815
1. Plants are frequently under attack by multiple insect herbivores, which may interact indirectly through herbivore‐induced changes in the plant's phenotype. The identity, order, and timing of herbivore arrivals may influence the outcome of interactions between two herbivores. How these aspects affect, in turn, subsequently arriving herbivores that feed on double herbivore‐induced plants has not been widely investigated. 2. This study tested whether the order and timing of arrival of two inducing herbivores from different feeding guilds affected the preference and performance of a subsequently arriving third herbivore, caterpillars of Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Aphids [Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] and caterpillars [Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)] were introduced onto wild Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae) plants in different sequences and with different arrival times. The effects of these plant treatments on M. brassicae caterpillars were assessed in pairwise preference tests and no‐choice performance tests. 3. The caterpillars of M. brassicae preferred to feed from undamaged plants rather than double herbivore‐induced plants. Compared with undamaged plants, they preferred plant material on which aphids had arrived first followed by caterpillars, whereas they avoided plant material with the reverse order of herbivore arrival. Performance of the caterpillars increased with increasing arrival time between herbivore infestations in double herbivore‐induced plants. Although M. brassicae grew faster on plants induced by aphids than on those induced by caterpillars alone, its performance was not affected by the order of previous herbivore arrival. 4. These results imply that the timing of colonisation by multiple herbivores determines the outcome of plant‐mediated herbivore–herbivore interactions. 相似文献
19.
Diana Rubene Malin Leidefors Velemir Ninkovic Snke Eggers Matthew Low 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(1):545-552
Foraging strategies of birds can influence trophic plant–insect networks with impacts on primary plant production. Recent experiments show that some forest insectivorous birds can use herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to locate herbivore‐infested trees, but it is unclear how birds combine or prioritize visual and olfactory information when making foraging decisions. Here, we investigated attraction of ground‐foraging birds to HIPVs and visible prey in short vegetation on farmland in a series of foraging choice experiments. Birds showed an initial preference for HIPVs when visual information was the same for all choice options (i.e., one experimental setup had all options with visible prey, another setup with hidden prey). However, if the alternatives within an experimental setup included visible prey (without HIPV) in competition with HIPV‐only, then birds preferred the visual option over HIPVs. Our results show that olfactory cues can play an important role in birds’ foraging choices when visual information contains little variation; however, visual cues are preferred when variation is present. This suggests certain aspects of bird foraging decisions in agricultural habitats are mediated by olfactory interaction mechanisms between birds and plants. We also found that birds from variety of dietary food guilds were attracted to HIPVs; hence, the ability of birds to use plant cues is probably more general than previously thought, and may influence the biological pest control potential of birds on farmland. 相似文献
20.
Y. Ohara T. Uchida K. Kakibuchi M. Uefune J. Takabayashi 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2017,141(3):231-234
For the biological control of diamondback moth (DBM) larvae in commercial greenhouses, we have previously identified a blend of volatiles that attracted Cotesia vestalis, a parasitoid of DBM larvae. Here, we tested the effects of an artificial volatile blend on the attractiveness of komatsuna plants (Japanese mustard spinach; Brassica rapa var. perviridis) to C. vestalis under greenhouse conditions. First, we showed that female C. vestalis preferred infested komatsuna plants to uninfested plants in the greenhouse. Under the same conditions, placing the artificial attractants near both infested and uninfested plants did not affect the wasps’ preference. However, when comparing infested komatsuna plants coupled with the artificial attractants with infested plants without them, significantly more female C. vestalis were attracted to the former. The possible use of artificial C. vestalis attractants for the biological control of DBM is discussed. 相似文献