基于AFLP方法对不同地理种群棉褐带卷蛾遗传分化的研究

利用3对AFLP引物对我国棉褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana(Fischer von Rosslerstamm)4个地理种群进行了遗传分化研究。共扩增得到224个DNA条带,其中多态条带195个;遗传多样性分析表明各群体均具有较高的遗传多样性水平,Nei遗传多样性指数为0.1425⁰.1578,Shannon多样性指数为0.21370.1578,Shannon多样性指数为0.2137⁰.2383。群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)和基因流(Nm)分析结果表明,北方的苹小卷叶蛾与南方茶小卷叶蛾之间产生了明显的遗传分化,而北方的苹小卷叶蛾不同种群间则存在着大量的基因交流,遗传分化程度很弱。AMOVA分析结果显示66.81%的变异来源于种群内。UMAGA聚类分析表明,北京种群、陕西种群和山东种群间遗传距离较小,聚在一起为一分支,福建的茶小卷蛾单独为一分支。推测棉褐带卷蛾种群间的遗传分化与寄主有关联,与地理距离不相关。     

棉褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana可分为两个亚种(鳞翅目: 卷蛾总科: 卷蛾科)

对我国不同地区和不同植物上所采集的棉褐带卷蛾３个属群进行形态分类研究,发现茶叶、棉花上的２个属群幼虫上颚第５齿、蛹下唇基毛、雄虫前翅基斑、中带、雄性爪型突和雌性囊导管长度等与苹果、桃树上的属群均存在较大差异。结合性信息素、杂交等研究,认为我国的棉褐带卷蛾已发生了种下分化,应分为两个亚种,即为害苹果、桃树的种为苹褐带卷蛾ＡｄｏｘｏｐｈｙｅｓｏｒａｎａｂｅｉｊｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＺｈｏｕｅｔＦｕ,而在棉花、茶树上为害的种是棉褐带卷蛾ＡｄｏｘｏｐｈｙｅｓｏｒａｎａｏｒａｎａＦｉｓｃｈｅｒｖｏｎＲｏｓｌｅｒｓｔａｍｍ。     

南京地区五种常见刺蛾的遗传变异

用4种同工酶的5个座位的电泳数据分析了南京地区分属于4个属的5种刺蛾之间的遗传变异.用这些数据按算术平均的不加权对群法作出的系统树和排序图表明:丽绿刺蛾Parasa lepida和褐边绿刺蛾P. consocia,黄制蛾Cnidocampa flavescens和桑褐刺蛾Setara postornata之间的遗传相似性较近.这些结果大致与形态分类一致,但从电泳数据分析得到的黄刺蛾与桑褐刺蛾之间的亲缘关系却比形态分类的结果更近一些.     

秆野螟属部分种的线粒体COⅡ基因序列分析及其分子系统学

本文利用mtDNA-COⅡ基因序列,研究了中国分布秆野螟属Ostrinia 8种螟虫的分子系统学和系统分化。结果表明：秆野螟属昆虫COⅡ基因序列全长682 bp,共编码227个氨基酸,8种昆虫12个样品中核苷酸多态性位点百分率为8.2%,氨基酸突变率为2.2%。同种内不同种群间的遗传距离小于种间距离,种内不同地理种群间的遗传距离在0～0.0044之间,种间遗传距离在0.0015～0.063之间。基因变异转换数（Ts）明显高于颠换数（Tv）。分别采用UPGMA法、NJ法和MP法构建的分子系统树显示,种间进化关系基本一致：秆野螟属8种昆虫明显分为2个大群,虎杖螟O. latipennis与其他7种亲缘关系最远,单独形成一个群;在另外1个大群中又分为3个亚群,亚洲玉米螟O. furnacalis不同地理种群首先聚在一起形成1个亚群,酒花螟O. kurentzovi与麻螟O. narynensis亲缘关系最近,聚在一起形成的分支又与欧洲玉米螟O. nubilalis、苍耳螟O. orientalis和豆秆野螟O. scapulalis聚在一起形成1个亚群,刺菜螟O. zealis在该大群内与其他种亲缘关系最远,单独形成1个亚群。     

地衣的ITS序列系统发育分析和DNA条形码的初探

目的:构建出地衣植物核糖体rDNA(nrDNA)的ITS序列的系统发育树并探讨地衣植物的DNA条形码.方法:以黑龙江五大连池风景区的地衣植物为材料,采用特异性引物对地衣植物的ITS序列进行Pcr扩增,直接对其Pcr产物进行测序,利用MEGA4.0软件建立地衣植物的ITS序列的系统发育树.结果:根据系统发育分析得出一致性指数CI和维持性指数RI分别为0 5356和0.6602,相同属地衣的样本间即种内的遗传距离 和不同属的样本间即种间的遗传距离(K-2-P)平均值分别为0.030和0.600,种间距离大于种内距离.结论:根据地衣植物样本间的遗传距离(K-2-P)的分析,得出核糖体rDNA的ITS基因对地衣近缘属的分类鉴定上具有一定的参考价值,建议作为地衣分类鉴定的条形码的测试片段.     

基于线粒体ND4基因和核c-mos基因初步探讨广西拟水龟和艾氏拟水龟的系统发生

广西拟水龟和艾氏拟水龟的分类和系统发生多年来存在争议。通过测定广西拟水龟、艾氏拟水龟和黄喉拟水龟线粒体ND4基因和核c-mos基因部分序列,合并GenBank中拟水龟属其他物种的ND4基因和c-mos基因部分序列进行分析,从分子水平探讨广西拟水龟和艾氏拟水龟的系统发生。ND4基因数据分析发现NJ、MP和BI树中广西拟水龟与安南拟水龟的聚类分支相互交织聚为一支,二者种内遗传距离均为0.002～0.017,种间遗传距离为0.000～0.035,种间遗传距离明显小于同属内其他种间0.056～0.109的遗传距离,表明广西拟水龟与安南拟水龟可能为同一物种,可能是安南拟水龟的同种异名,或是作为安南拟水龟的一个亚种;NJ树、MP树和BI树均显示,艾氏拟水龟与黄喉拟水龟的位置和关系最为相近,二者间的遗传距离为0.020～0.035,明显小于拟水龟属其他物种间遗传距离,而明显大于同属各物种内遗传距离,艾氏拟水龟与黄喉拟水龟之间系统分类关系是介于种内与种间之间;乌龟、中华花龟、安南拟水龟等物种都是与拟水龟属中其他物种先聚成一支后再与同科的地龟属的地龟形成姐妹支,支持将乌龟属、花龟属和安南龟属并入拟水龟属的分类。c-mos基因数据分析发现,拟水龟属各物种间不存在明显的遗传距离,NJ树和MP树也未能对属中各物种的分子系统发生位置进行有效的界定,但在属及属以上阶元的分子分类系统中c-mos基因可以作为分类依据,并与线粒体基因数据有较好的一致性。     

苹果园鳞翅目夜蛾科DNA条形码鉴定

为了检验DNA条形码在鳞翅目夜蛾科蛾类鉴定中的可行性,本文对采自北京昌平苹果园内的夜蛾科14种71头蛾类标本分别提取了DNA,并扩增了线粒体cox1及核基因28S,利用系统发育树、遗传距离、阈值等方法进行了鉴定和比较分析。同时,检验了目前BOLD系统的鉴定成功率。实验表明,基于cox1基因和BOLD系统的鉴定成功率达到了100%,而基于28S则很低,为64.8%。用不同方法构建的系统发育树,鉴定结果均相同。93%的种内遗传距离小于1%,94%的种间遗传距离为大于3%,种内种间的遗传距离形成明显的3%阈值现象。     

8个禾本科草坪草品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术,对禾本科4属4种8个品种的草坪草进行遗传多样性分析。15个有效引物用于PCR扩增,共获得RAPD谱带144条带,多态性带占63.2%。8个草坪草品种间的遗传距离在0.0857~0.2928之间,脱壳狗牙根与普通狗牙根间的遗传距离最小,交战2号与爱神特之间的遗传距离最大。用UPGMA和邻接法进行聚类分析,得到2个拓扑结构基本一致的树系图。同一种不同品种间的亲缘关系最近;不同属种间的遗传距离加大,同族不同属的草坪草基本构成一支;4个暖季型草坪草品种构成一个单系类群,但属于冷季型草种的黑麦草(爱神特)单独构成一支,并未与同族的其它3个冷季型草坪草品种(高羊茅)聚在一起。本研究不支持将黑麦草属与羊茅属放在同一族内的分类处理,并建议将高羊茅划分为过渡类型的草坪草。     

滇东北地区细梢小卷蛾种群的遗传变异

本研究采用线粒体COI和ND5区段作为分子标记,对滇东北地区重灾害虫细梢小卷蛾Rhyacionia leptotubula Liu et Bai 9个群体进行遗传多样性分析,并探讨了不同地理群体之间的遗传变异程度。结果表明,COI和ND5基因表现出较低的种内遗传多样性。系统发育树和中介网络图显示,细梢小卷蛾9个群体形成两个分支,其中东川红土地和寻甸老骂依姑的样本聚为一支,其余7个群体聚为一支。分子变异分析显示,80%左右的变异来源于分支间,表明虽然细梢小卷蛾种群间出现了明显的分化。     

基于线粒体COI基因的青海省44种蚤类的分子鉴定及系统发育分析

【目的】本研究应用DNA条形码技术对青海省部分蚤种进行鉴定,旨在弥补蚤类传统形态分类方法的不足。【方法】通过PCR扩增3总科6科22属44种共182头蚤类标本的线粒体COI基因片段(约600 bp)并进行测序和比对;用K2P模型计算种内及种间遗传距离;以邻接法(neighborjoining,NJ)构建系统发育树。【结果】共测得182条COI基因序列片段(GenBank登录号:MG138154-MG138335);分析可知蚤种内遗传距离0.01%~2.90%,种间遗传距离4%~12%,种间遗传距离显著大于种内遗传距离。系统发育树显示,同一物种的不同个体均形成高支持率的单系,种间分支很明显。【结论】本研究结果表明COI基因可以用于蚤类的快速鉴定。     

基于ITS序列的栓菌属部分种的分子分类初步研究

栓菌属 Trametes 的一些近缘种宏观和微观形态学非常相近,传统分类学方法难于对其进行准确分类定位。测定了 34 个分类单元的 ITS(包括 5.8SrDNA)序列,并对得到的 43 个分类单元的 ITS 序列进行系统发生分析,构建了聚类分析树状图。该树状图显示,栓菌属类群与其他属类群明显分开,Trametes versicolor 聚类到一个高支持率的独立分支。形态学上定名为 T. hirsuta 和 T. pubescens 物种聚类到同一高支持率的独立分支,试验分析表明这两个种应视为同一物种。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Pterocarya (Juglandaceae) with an emphasis on the taxonomic status of Iranian populations using ITS and trnH-psbA sequence data

Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.) Spach., a relict tree species of the Juglandaceae family, is native to the Great Caucasus, Anatolia, and to the Hyrcanian forests of the southern Azerbaijan and Northern Iran. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of the species, sampled in selected Iranian populations, and the global biogeography of the genus Pterocarya were addressed. Leaves were collected from 8 to 10 trees from three geographically isolated habitats. The samples were analyzed with nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [ITS] regions) and chloroplast (trnH-psbA) DNA markers. The obtained results were compared and analyzed with the data registered in NCBI GenBank. It is reported that the ITS regions varied from 644 to 652 for Pterocarya genus, but we did not observe polymorphisms for Iranian Pterocarya. The phylogenetic tree divided the Pterocarya genus in three clades: clade 1 grouping exclusively the samples P. fraxinifolia, clearly separated from the East Asiatic taxa; clade 2 that includes the species P. hupehensis and P. macroptera; clade 3 clustering P. stenoptera and P. tonkinensis. Although the Iranian Pterocarya samples and P. fraxinifolia from the Caucasus were in the same clade, they presented two different secondary structures. The Iranian populations showed the maximum genetic distance with P. stenoptera and P. tonkinensis. Our analysis demonstrates that the traditional division of all the six species sampled throughout their distribution area as well as the phylogeny of the genus Pterocarya needs to be reviewed.     

基于叶绿体psaA和psbA基因的中国熊野藻属植物系统发育分析

以中国产熊野藻属Kumanoa的两个种, 绞扭熊野藻K. intorta (=绞扭串珠藻Batrachospermum intortum), 弯形熊野藻K. curvata (=弯形串珠藻B. curvatum)和其他6种淡水红藻为实验材料, 对其psaA和psbA基因进行扩增和测序, 并与GenBank中相近序列进行比对分析, 以贝叶斯法、最大似然法和邻接法分别构建了单基因和联合基因系统发育树. 结果表明, 3种方法构建的系统树具有相似的拓扑结构, 反映的系统发育关系基本一致, 熊野藻属中的两个种聚为一支, 与串珠藻属相分离, 支持该属的建立; 中国产的熊野藻属分子学研究结果与来自南美洲及澳洲的该属植物结果一致, 说明该属的建立具有广泛的地理适用性. 系统发育树聚类结果也明确反映了熊野藻属与串珠藻属较近的亲缘关系, 根据果胞枝形态特点, 推测熊野藻属进化地位晚于串珠藻属植物, 而早于顶丝藻目和红索藻目. 此外, 胶串珠藻与其他串珠藻组植物分离, 支持将其单独分组, 红索藻目植物与串珠藻目植物分离, 支持红索藻目的建立. 同时也表明psaA和psbA基因用于淡水红藻分析, 能够较好地反映其系统发育关系.       

Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the fern genus Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae)

A preliminary phylogenetic analysis is presented forLomariopsis based on sequence data from the chloroplast intergenic spacertrnL-trnF. The analysis includes 27 (60%) of the approximately 45 species in the genus. A strict consensus of six most parsimonious trees supports two main clades—theSorbifolia-group and theJapurensis-group—previously proposed based on heteroblastic leaf development. TheSorbifolia-group is entirely neotropical and includes all the Antillean species. The species in this clade had either smooth or crested spores, but the tree was ambiguous whether these spore types define two separate clades. TheJapurensis-group consists of two clades, one primarily neotropical and the other entirely paleotropical. Within the neotropical clade nests a clade of two African species, which have long-spiny spores typical of the neotropical clade and unlike those found in the African-Madagascan clade. The occurrence of these two species in Africa is best explained by longdistance spore dispersal of their ancestral species from the neotropics to Africa. Within the paleotropical clade of theJapurensis-group, a clade of three African species is nested among seven species from Madagascar (all the species from that island). Within the genus as a whole, a derived character—the abortion of the rachis apex and its replacement by the distal lateral pinna assuming a terminal position—was found to have evolved separately in each of the four species with this kind of leaf apex. A scanning electron microcope study of the spores revealed five types, and a transformation series for these different types is proposed. Characters of spore morphology and heteroblastic leaf development agreed with many of the clades in the phylogenetic tree. This study represents the first phylogeny for the genus.     

DNA似近距离及进化时间的估算

在似近分析和Ｎｅｉ氏遗传距离的基础上,给出了ＤＮＡ似近距离计算公式,并以ＤＮＡ似近距离估算类群间的分歧时间（进化时间）,应用１０种限制内切酶对猕猴属（ｇｅｎｕｓ Ｍａｃａｃａ）内５个种ｍｔＤＮＡ的切点数据计算了这５个种的ＤＮＡ似近距离和进化时间,比较由ＤＮＡ似近距,遗传距离构建的歧化树和Ｆｏｏｄｅｎ及Ｄｅｌｓｏｎ的形态歧化树表明,除遗传距离的歧化树外,其它三种歧化树都有一个共同点,就是熊猴（Ｍ．ａ     

Mitochondrial pseudo-control region in old world eagles (genus Aquila)

The mitochondrial pseudo-control region was analysed in five species of Aquila eagles. Indels caused great length differences in the nonrepetitive part of the region, whereas tandem repeat units were highly conserved among the genus. In a reconstructed phylogenetic tree, the clade formed by A. clanga and A. pomarina showed approximately the same distance to A. chrysaetos as did the clade A. heliaca/nipalensis. In Estonian subpopulations, 12 haplotypes were found among 51 A. pomarina individuals and 7 haplotypes among 8 A. clanga individuals. Nucleotide diversity in A. clanga was greater, and may be caused by decreased breeding density or by gene flow from other subpopulations.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae)

The genus Platycerium is one of the few pantropical epiphytic fern genera with six species in Afro-Madagascar, 8-11 Australasian species, and a single species in tropical South America. Nucleotide sequences of four chloroplast DNA markers are employed to reconstruct the phylogeny of these ferns and to explore their historical biogeography. The data set was designed to resolve conflicting hypotheses on the relationships within the genus that were based on previous phylogenetic studies exploring morphological evidence. Our results suggest a basal split of Platycerium into two well-supported clades. One clade comprises species occurring in Africa, Madagascar, and South America, whereas the second clade contains exclusively Australasian species. The latter clade is further divided into a clade corresponding to P. bifurcatum and its putative segregates and a clade of seven species occurring from Indochina throughout the Malesian region to New Guinea and Australia. The Afro-Madagascan clade includes a clade of two species found in tropical Africa and a clade of four species that includes three species endemic to Madagascar. The single neotropical species of this genus, P. andinum, is nested within the Afro-Madagascan clade but is not closely related to any extant species.     

基于核基因c-mos的鸫亚科部分鸟类系统发生关系

采用分子系统学方法对鸫亚科Turdinae 11属21种鸟类的核基因c-mos进行了系统发生分析.所测序列经对位排列后共572个位点,其中核苷酸变异位点111个,简约信息位点71个.以太平鸟Bombycilla garrulus作外群,采用邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法分别构建其系统发生树.重建的系统发生树显示:所研究鸫亚科21种鸟类分成2个支系,第1个支系包括鸫属Turdus和地鸫属Zoothera.第2个支系包括红尾鸲属Phoenicurus、矶鸫属Monticola、水鸲属Rhyacornis、鸲属Tarsiger、溪鸲属Chainarrornis、石即鸟属Saxicola、燕尾属Enivurus、歌鸲属Luscinia和鹊鸲属Copsychus.红尾鸲属为并系类群,水鸲属和溪鸲属聚到这一支系;歌鸲属与燕尾属互为姐妹群,再与鸲属聚合构成另一支系;宝兴歌鸫Turdus mupinensis独立于鸫属及地鸫属之外,形成单独一个分支.     

Molecular phylogeny of the Australian frog genera Crinia, Geocrinia, and allied taxa (Anura: Myobatrachidae).

We present a mitochondrial gene tree for representative species of all the genera in the subfamily Myobatrachinae, with special emphasis on Crinia and Geocrinia. This group has been the subject of a number of long-standing taxonomic and phylogenetic debates. Our phylogeny is based on data from approximately 780 bp of 12S rRNA and 676 bp of ND2, and resolves a number of these problems. We confirm that the morphologically highly derived monotypic genera Metacrinia, Myobatrachus, and Arenophryne are closely related, and that Pseudophryne forms the sister group to these genera. Uperoleia and the recently described genus Spicospina are also part of this clade. Our data show that Assa and Geocrinia are reciprocally monophyletic and together they form a well-supported clade. Geocrinia is monophyletic and the phylogenetic relationships with the genus are fully resolved with two major species groups identified: G. leai, G. victoriana, and G. laevis; and G. rosea, G. alba, and G. vitellina (we were unable to sample G. lutea). We confirm that Taudactylus forms the sister group to the other myobatrachine genera, but our data are equivocal on the phylogenetic position of Paracrinia. The phylogenetic relationships among Crinia species are well resolved with strong support for a number of distinct monophyletic clades, but more data are required to resolve relationships among these major Crinia clades. Crinia tasmaniensis and Bryobatrachus nimbus form the sister clade to the rest of Crinia. Due to the lack of generic level synapomorphies for a Bryobatrachus that includes C. tasmaniensis, we synonymize Bryobatrachus with Crinia. Crinia georgiana does not form a clade distinct from other Crinia species and so our data do not support recognition of the genus Ranidella for other Crinia species. Crinia subinsignifera, C. pseudinsignifera, and C. insignifera are extremely closely related despite differences in male advertisement call. A preliminary investigation of phylogeographic substructure within C. signifera revealed significant divergence between samples from across the range of this species.     

The phylogenetic systematics of blue‐tailed skinks (Plestiodon) and the family Scincidae

Blue‐tailed skinks (genus Plestiodon) are a common component of the terrestrial herpetofauna throughout their range in eastern Eurasia and North and Middle America. Plestiodon species are also frequent subjects of ecological and evolutionary research, yet a comprehensive, well‐supported phylogenetic framework does not yet exist for this genus. We construct a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Plestiodon using Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of a nine‐locus data set comprising 8308 base pairs of DNA, sampled from 38 of the 43 species in the genus. We evaluate potential gene tree/species tree discordance by conducting phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated and individual locus data sets, as well as employing coalescent‐based methods. Specifically, we address the placement of Plestiodon within the evolutionary tree of Scincidae, as well as the phylogenetic relationships between Plestiodon species, and their taxonomy. Given our sampling of major Scincidae lineages, we also re‐evaluate ‘deep’ relationships within the family, with the goal of resolving relationships that have been ambiguous in recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. We infer strong support for several scincid relationships, including a major clade of ‘scincines’ and the inter‐relationships of major Mediterranean and southern African genera. Although we could not estimate the precise phylogenetic affinities of Plestiodon with statistically significant support, we nonetheless infer significant support for its inclusion in a large ‘scincine’ clade exclusive of Acontinae, Lygosominae, Brachymeles, and Ophiomorus. Plestiodon comprises three major geographically cohesive clades. One of these clades is composed of mostly large‐bodied species inhabiting northern Indochina, south‐eastern China (including Taiwan), and the southern Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The second clade comprises species inhabiting central China (including Taiwan) and the entire Japanese archipelago. The third clade exclusively inhabits North and Middle America and the island of Bermuda. A vast majority of interspecific relationships are strongly supported in the concatenated data analysis, but there is nonetheless significant conflict amongst the individual gene trees. Coalescent‐based gene tree/species tree analyses indicate that incongruence amongst the nuclear loci may severely obscure the phylogenetic inter‐relationships of the primarily small‐bodied Plestiodon species that inhabit the central Mexican highlands. These same analyses do support the sister relationship between Plestiodon marginatus Hallowell, 1861 and Plestiodon stimpsonii (Thompson, 1912), and differ with the mitochondrial DNA analysis that supports Plestiodon elegans (Boulenger, 1887) + P. stimpsonii. Finally, because the existing Plestiodon taxonomy is a poor representation of evolutionary relationships, we replace the existing supraspecific taxonomy with one congruent with our phylogenetic results. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165 , 163–189.