核因子κB的跨核膜转运及其调控机制

核因子kappaB(NF-κB)是一组重要的转录调节因子,当细胞处于静息状态时,它与抑制蛋白IκB结合以非活性的形式存在于胞浆中.当细胞受到多种外界信号刺激,NF-κB、IκB分别在核定位信号（NLS）的介导下经核孔复合物（NPC）转运入核.在核内,NF-κB与IκB再次结合成复合物,在核转出信号（NES）介导下,经CRM1依赖的途迳出核.该过程是能量依赖的主动转运过程,涉及小分子Ran蛋白及多种可溶性因子.     

核因子κB研究进展

核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)是一种广泛存在于各种细胞、具有多种调节作用的转录因子。它在正常情况下在胞浆内与抑制蛋白(IκB)结合而呈非活性状态。当细胞受到各种刺激原如紫外辐射、细胞因子(如TNF-α、IL-1)、活性氧作用时,NF-κB与IκB解离并进入细胞核内,与特定的启动子结合,从而调控各种基因的表达,如细胞因子、炎症因子、黏附分子等。NF-κB在炎症发生时复杂的细胞因子网络中起着中心调节作用。在细胞增殖、分化和凋亡及肿瘤发生中NF-κB也扮演着重要角色。以NF-κB作为药物作用的靶点,通过调节NF-κB的活性,可改善某些疾病的治疗效果。     

蛋白质的入核运送和它在基因表达中的调节作用

蛋白质进入细胞核是由蛋白质分子内部的核定位信号（nuclear localization signal, NLS）引导的.NLS蛋白首先与NLS受体结合,然后在多种胞浆因子及核孔复合物蛋白的作用下穿过核孔、转位入核.蛋白质上存在NLS并不一定总能够引导蛋白质入核.当NLS被修饰或遮掩时,它们便不能被核转运装置所识别.因而,NLS的遮掩被解除之前,蛋白质一直被扣留在胞浆中.以调节转录因子的入核运送来控制转录因子的活性是基因表达调节的一个新概念,也是细胞生长和分化的另一水平的调节.     

植物细胞质介导GFP-NLS蛋白入核转运的HeLa细胞系统的建立

细胞核作为细胞中重要的遗传物质存储、复制和转录的结构,牵涉着大量信息和物质的传输活动,尤其是蛋白质的入核转运一直以来都是研究的热点问题之一。本文利用病毒SV40抗原蛋白中的核定位信号（nuclear localization signal,NLS）标记GFP蛋白,通过拟南芥细胞质的介导,利用HeLa细胞核建立起了研究蛋白质入核转运的半细胞体系。结果显示,植物细胞质结合NLS片段能改变GFP在HeLa细胞核内外的分布,实现对目标蛋白入核过程的介导,使GFP-NLS最后定位于细胞核内。这也意味着通过HeLa细胞建立起的半细胞体系能为蛋白入核转运研究提供一个有效的研究体系。     

核因子-κB 分子生物学特性及其在口腔疾病中的作用

核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)是一种广泛存在于体内多种细胞的核转录因子。静息状态下,NF-κB二聚体与其抑制蛋白IκB结合而存在于胞质中。当细胞受到外界刺激时,IκB磷酸化,使NF-κB活化进入细胞核,调节相应靶细胞的表达。本文对NF-κB家族、分子生物学特性及其在口腔疾病中发生和治疗中分子机制进行探讨,为口腔疾病致病机理以及探寻其"干预治疗"的关键靶点提供理论依据和新思路。     

核因子

核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)是一种广泛存在于各种细胞、具有多种调节作用的转录因子.它在正常情况下在胞浆内与抑制蛋白(IκB)结合而呈非活性状态.当细胞受到各种刺激原如紫外辐射、细胞因子(如TNF-α、IL1)、活性氧作用时,NF-κB与IκB解离并进入细胞核内,与特定的启动子结合,从而调控各种基因的表达,如细胞因子、炎症因子、黏附分子等.NF-κB在炎症发生时复杂的细胞因子网络中起着中心调节作用.在细胞增殖、分化和凋亡及肿瘤发生中NF-κB也扮演着重要角色.以NF-κB作为药物作用的靶点,通过调节NF-κB的活性,可改善某些疾病的治疗效果.     

人p65真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的:构建带Myc标签的人p65真核表达载体,对其在人宫颈癌He La细胞中的定位进行检测,并研究p65对核因子κB(NF-κB)转录活性的影响。方法:构建带Myc标签的p65真核表达载体pc DNA3.1-Myc-p65,质粒测序验证正确后脂质体法瞬时转染人胚肾HEK293T细胞,Western印迹鉴定p65的表达;细胞免疫荧光实验检测p65的亚细胞定位;重组质粒与NF-κB-Luc报告基因质粒共转染HEK293T细胞,加TNFα刺激后检测萤光素酶报告基因的活性。结果:测序结果证实pc DNA3.1-Myc-p65真核表达载体构建成功;脂质体法转染HEK293T细胞后检测到Myc-p65蛋白的表达;细胞免疫荧光实验显示Myc-p65蛋白定位于He La细胞的细胞质中,当加入TNFα刺激后大部分Myc-p65蛋白进入细胞核;萤光素酶活性检测结果显示,提高细胞内p65水平或加入TNFα刺激均可明显激活NF-κB信号通路的活性。结论:构建了带Myc标签的p65真核表达载体,并使其在HEK293T细胞中表达;正常情况下,Myc-p65蛋白定位于宫颈癌He La细胞的细胞质中,TNFα促进Myc-p65入核;Myc-p65能够以TNFα不依赖的方式激活NF-κB信号通路。pc DNA3.1-Myc-p65真核表达载体的构建,为进一步筛选NF-κB的相互作用蛋白及功能研究奠定了基础。     

PNRC1核定位信号序列的鉴定

为鉴定富含脯氨酸核受体辅调节蛋白1(PNRC1)分子的核定位信号序列（nuclear localization signal sequence, NLS）,在生物信息学方法预测的基础上,先构建野生型PNRC1及删除预测NLS的PNRC1突变体的绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）重组表达载体,转染细胞后通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察PNRC1分子在删除预测NLS后细胞内的定位变化.然后,将预测的NLS编码序列直接连到GFP表达载体上,以及将预测的NLS加到胞浆蛋白上构建其GFP重组表达载体,转染细胞,观察预测的NLS能否把构建的重组体都带到细胞核内.结果显示,删除PNRC1中预测的NLS后,其定位从细胞核中变为主要定位在细胞浆中,而预测的NLS能把GFP或胞浆中的蛋白带到细胞核中.研究表明,预测的NLS为PNRC1分子真正的NLS.     

核因子-κB分子生物学特性及其在口腔疾病中的作用

核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）是一种广泛存在于体内多种细胞的核转录因子。静息状态下,NF-κB二聚体与其抑制蛋白IκB结合而存在于胞质中。当细胞受到外界刺激时,IκB磷酸化,使NF-κB活化进入细胞核,调节相应靶细胞的表达。本文对NF-κB家族、分子生物学特性及其在口腔疾病中发生和治疗中分子机制进行探讨,为口腔疾病致病机理以及探寻其＂干预治疗＂的关键靶点提供理论依据和新思路。     

实时定量检测NF-κB p65亚基核易位方法的建立

目的:建立可直观检测NF-κB p65亚基核易位的方法。方法:构建NF-κB p65的真核表达重组质粒p EGFP-p65,转染He La细胞,加入肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)后采用活细胞成像技术观察绿色荧光蛋白在He La细胞内的变化。结果:TNF-α处理后0~2 h,EGFP-p65融合蛋白主要聚集在胞浆处;TNF-α处理后4~12 h,随处理时间的延长,细胞核处的绿色荧光蛋白逐渐增强,但细胞内总荧光值基本保持稳定。结论:TNF-α可以促进EGFP-p65入核。活细胞成像技术具有操作简单、实时动态、直观、定量等优点,可用于探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)潜伏感染再激活剂的作用机制。     

Nuclear targeting peptide scaffolds for lipofection of nondividing mammalian cells.

Lipofection of nondividing cells is inefficient because much of the transfected DNA is retained in endosomes, and that which escapes to the cytoplasm enters the nucleus at low rates. To improve the final rate-limiting step of nuclear import, we conjugated a nonclassical nuclear localization signal (NLS) containing the M9 sequence of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1, to a cationic peptide scaffold derived from a scrambled sequence of the SV40 T-antigen consensus NLS (ScT). The ScT was added to improve DNA binding of the M9 sequence. Lipofection of confluent endothelium with plasmid complexed with the M9-ScT conjugate resulted in 83% transfection and a 63-fold increase in marker gene expression. The M9-ScT conjugate localized fluorescent plasmid into the nucleus of permeabilized cells, and addition of the nuclear pore blocker wheat germ agglutinin prevented nuclear import. This method of gene transfer may lead to viral- and lipid-free transfection of nondividing cells.     

Nonsecreted insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by IGF-independent mechanisms without being concentrated in the nucleus

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), a secreted protein, has the intrinsic ability to induce apoptosis directly without binding insulin-like growth factors. Previous studies suggested that IGFBP-3 must be secreted to exert its biological functions. IGFBP-3 contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS), and exogenous IGFBP-3 is translocated into the nucleus, suggesting that both secretion and nuclear localization may play important roles in IGFBP-3 action. To address these questions, we fused yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to mature IGFBP-3 lacking its signal peptide so that it would remain intracellular and mutated the C-terminal NLS of IGFBP-3, (228)KGRKR(232), to MDGEA. Following transfection of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells with these constructs, Western blots indicated that YFP-IGFBP-3 lacking a signal peptide was cell-associated and not present in the extracellular media. Moreover, the fusion protein was not N-glycosylated, indicating that it had not entered the secretory pathway. Confocal imaging showed that intracellular YFP-MDGEA-IGFBP-3 was predominantly cytoplasmic. Transient transfection of nonsecreted YFP-wild-type IGFBP-3 decreased cell viability, as assessed by staining with annexin V followed by flow cytometry. Induction of cell death was caspase-dependent, indicative of apoptosis. Apoptosis also was induced by the nonsecreted NLS mutant (YFP-MDGEA-IGFBP-3) alone and when the IGF-binding site also had been mutated. These results indicate that IGFBP-3 can induce apoptosis in an IGF-independent manner without being secreted or concentrated in the nucleus.     

A long synthetic peptide containing a nuclear localization signal and its flanking sequences of SV40 T-antigen directs the transport of IgM into the nucleus efficiently

Synthetic short peptides containing only the nuclear localization signal (NLS) direct the transport of nonnuclear proteins into the nucleus. As a conjugate of the synthetic peptide with immunoglobulin M (IgM) did not enter the nucleus, there was believed to be a size limit for nuclear transport of NLS-conjugated proteins. However, we found that IgM conjugated with purified nucleoplasmin, a nuclear protein of Xenopus oocytes, rapidly accumulated in the nucleus. For direct comparison with the short peptide, we prepared a long peptide containing the NLS and its flanking sequences of SV40 large T-antigen and its mutated long peptide, in which possible phosphorylation sites located at the amino terminal of the NLS were changed to alanine. Kinetic experiments showed that wild-type long peptide-IgM conjugates were almost entirely taken up into the nucleus within 30 min after their injection, whereas almost 60 min was required for the mutated long peptide-IgM conjugates to enter the nucleus of all the cells examined, and there was no apparent accumulation of short peptide-IgM conjugates in the nucleus within 60 min. These results indicate that even when the kinetics of transport are affected by amino acid substitutions, the long peptide directs the transport of large molecules such as IgM into the nucleus.     

Targeted nuclear delivery using peptide-coated quantum dots

Core/shell quantum dots (CdSe/Zns) conjugated with various nuclear localization signaling (NLS) peptides, which could facilitate the transportation of quantum dots across the plasma membrane into the nucleus, have been utilized to investigate the uptake mechanism of targeted delivery. Because of their brightness and photostability, it was possible to trace the trajectories of individual quantum dots in living cells using both confocal and total internal reflection microscopes. We found that, when the quantum dots were added to a cell culture, the peptide-coated quantum dots entered the cell nucleus while the uncoated quantum dots remained in the cytoplasm. At 8 nM, most of the peptide coated quantum dots were found in the cytoplasm due to aggregation. However, at a lower concentration (0.08 nM), approximately 25% of the NLS peptide-coated quantum dots entered the cell nucleus. We also found that some quantum dots without NLS coating could also enter the nucleus, suggesting that the size of the quantum dots may play an important role in such a process.     

NF-kappaB p65 regulates nuclear translocation of Ku70 via degradation of heat shock cognate protein 70 in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells

Ku proteins such as Ku70 and Ku80 play key roles in multiple nuclear processes. Nuclear translocation of Ku70 is independent of Ku80 translocation and mediated by nuclear localization signal (NLS) receptors including importin-alpha. In the present study using pancreatic acinar AR42J cells, heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) was identified as the protein associated with NLS of Ku70. Interaction of Ku70 with importin-alpha and nuclear translocation of Ku70 was suppressed by overexpression of Hsc70, but enhanced by downregulation of Hsc70. The results suggest that the formation of Ku70 complex with Hsc70 prevents NLS of Ku70 from access of importin-alpha and inhibits nuclear translocation of Ku70. Since NF-kappaB p65 activation induced the decrease of Hsc70 level, the interaction of Ku70 with importin-alpha and nuclear translocation of Ku70 increased upon the activation of NF-kappaB p65. NF-kappaB p65 induced cell proliferation through decrease of Hsc70 levels and increase of nuclear translocation of Ku70. In the cells treated with cerulein as a physiological stimulus to activate NF-kappaB p65, nuclear translocation of Ku70 increased through NF-kappaB p65-mediated decrease of Hsc70 level. The results suggest that the involvement of NF-kappaB p65 in nuclear translocation of Ku70 may be mediated by Hsc70 degradation, which may play a key role in cell proliferation of pancreatic acinar AR42J cells.