Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on growth, plasma metabolites and lipogenesis in rats, pigs, and chicks.

Rats, chicks, and pigs were fed diets containing fructose or glucose. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated in rats but not in chicks or pigs fed diets containing fructose. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat liver but not in chick liver was elevated when fructose-containing diets were fed. Conversely, the rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue but not in pig adipose tissue tended to be depressed when fructose-containing diets were fed. These results indicate that there are species-specific as well as organ-specific metabolic responses to various dietary carbohydrates.     

Iron utilization and liver mineral concentrations in rats fed safflower oil, flaxseed oil, olive oil, or beef tallow in combination with different concentrations of dietary iron

Diets with a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e., linoleic acid) have decreased iron absorption and utilization compared with diets containing a higher proportion of the saturated fatty acid stearic acid (e.g., beef tallow). However, less is known regarding the influence of other polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids, along with higher dietary iron, on iron absorption and utilization. The present study was conducted to compare the effects of dietary fat sources known to vary in (n-3), (n-6), and (n-9) fatty acids on iron utilization and liver mineral concentrations. Male weanling rats were fed a diet containing 10, 35, or 100 μg/g iron in combination with saffower oil, flaxseed oil, olive oil, or beef tallow for 8 wk. Indicators of iron status, iron utilization, and liver iron concentrations were unaffected by an interaction between the fat source and iron concentration. Plasma copper was the only variable affected by an interaction between the fat source and dietary iron. Findings of this study demonstrate that flaxseed oil and olive oil may alter tissue minerals and affect iron utilization. Further studies should be conducted to establish the effect of varying (n-3), (n-6), and (n-9) fatty acids on trace mineral status and iron utilization. Data were presented in part at Experimental Biology 2000 as a poster session. A. D. Shotton and E. A. Droke, Dietary fat and iron modify immune function, FASEB J. 14, A239 (2000).     

Effects of pure and auto-oxidized forms of cholesterol on plasma, liver lipids and hepatic lipogenesis in chicks

Pure cholesterol (PC), oxidized cholesterol (OC) and cholestane-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol (CT) were fed to male Hubbard chicks for 3 weeks in a basal grain diet. Feed consumption and weight gain of chicks fed OC (1.0%) or CT (0.1%) were not significantly different from that of chicks fed PC (0.85%) or the basal diet alone. Plasma cholesterol level was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in chicks fed PC compared to controls; however, compared to other dietary groups, differences were not significant. Measurement of hepatic lipogenesis, in vivo, from labeled substrates showed that [14C]acetate was primarily utilized for fatty acid synthesis in all dietary groups. The relative order was PC greater than PC + CT greater than OC greater than CT greater than basal. Conversely, [3H]mevalonate was preferentially used for cholesterogenesis and the relative effectiveness was basal greater than CT greater than OC greater than PC + CT greater than PC.     

Intestinal absorption and plasma transport of lipids in chicks and rats

Labelled oleic acid was introduced into the duodenum of chicks in which the pancreatic-duodenal vein and brachial artery had been cannulated, and blood samples were withdrawn. Similar experiments were performed in rats which had not been venously cannulated. In rat plasma, over 92% of the label was found in the triglycerides, whereas in the chick 64% of the label was in the triglycerides and 27-31% in the free fatty acids. In the rat, over 85% of the lipid label circulating in the plasma was found in lipoproteins with hydrated density less than 1.006, whereas in the chick only 25% of the label was in this fraction and the majority of label was found with density greater than 1.063. It thus appears that both release and transport of fatty acids from the intestinal mucosa in chicks differs from the rat.     

Effects of dietary grape seed extract on growth performance,amino acid digestibility and plasma lipids and mineral content in broiler chicks

Polyphenols are chemically and biologically active compounds. Grape seed extracts (GSEs) have been widely used as a human food supplement for health promotion and disease prevention. However, there is little information regarding its application in animal feeds. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of GSE at 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg in a wheat soya bean control diet on growth performance, protein and amino acid (AA) digestibility and plasma lipid and mineral concentrations in broiler chickens at 21 days of age. Performance was not affected by dietary treatment except in the case of birds fed the diet with the highest GSE concentration, which showed a worsening of weight gain and feed conversion. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein was significantly reduced in the birds fed the highest concentration of GSE, which also had a reduction on the AID of arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, cystine, glutamic acid and proline compared with those fed control diet. The inclusion of graded concentration of GSE in the chicken diets caused a significant linear decrease in the concentrations of plasma copper, iron and zinc. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins (high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein) concentrations were not affected by dietary GSE. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that incorporation of GSE in chicken diets up to 2.5 g/kg had no adverse effect on growth performance or protein and AA digestibility. Feed conversion was reduced and growth rate was retarded, when chickens were fed 5 g/kg of GSE. This study also indicated that grape polyphenols reduce the free plasma minerals.     

Influence of dietary sorbose on lipogenesis in gold thioglucose-injected obese mice.

1. The influence of dietary sorbose on food intake and fatty acid synthesis of the liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) was investigated in gold thioglucose (GTG)-injected obese mice from 12 to 14 weeks of age. 2. Sorbose was supplemented to a semi-purified diet at a level of 200 g/kg diet at the expense of sucrose. 3. On the last day of the experiment, fatty acids synthesis in the liver and EWAT was measured using an i.p. injection [1-14C]sodium acetate. 4. The decreases in body weight and food intake by dietary sorbose in GTG-injected obese mice were greater than those in control mice. 5. Lipid content and fatty acid synthesis in the liver and EWAT of control mice were not influenced by dietary sorbose. 6. In GTG-injected obese mice, the reduction of food intake by dietary sorbose suppressed fatty acid synthesis and lipid deposition in both liver and EWAT.     

The effect of dietary menhaden,olive, and coconut oil fed with three levels of vitamin E on plasma and liver lipids and plasma fatty acid composition in rats

The effect of dietary fats with varying degrees of unsaturation in the presence of different concentrations of vitamin E on tissue lipid levels was studied in rats. Rats were fed either menhaden oil, olive oil or coconut oil at 15% levels with either 0.1, 0.3 or 0.6 mg/g of vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol for four weeks. Rat serum and liver were analyzed for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipids. In addition, fatty acid composition of serum lipids was also analyzed. Serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol were significantly lower in rats fed menhaden oil than in those fed olive or coconut oil, while the HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in serum of rats fed menhaden and olive oil than in those fed coconut oil. Levels of vitamin E in the diet had only a significant effect on serum cholesterol and liver phospholipids. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant positive relationship between serum triacylglycerol and total cholesterol, and a negative correlation between triacylglycerol and HDL-cholesterol, and between total and HDL-cholesterol.In the liver, total cholesterol was significantly higher in rats fed coconut oil than in rats fed menhaden oil. Total liver phospholipids were lower in rats fed either coconut oil or olive oil compared to those fed menhaden oil, especially with higher levels of vitamin E intake. Higher levels of vitamin E in the diet appear to increase triacylglycerol and phospholipids in livers of rats fed menhaden oil. In the liver a significant negative correlation was observed between phospholipids and cholesterol. The type and degree of unsaturation (polyunsaturated fatty acids in menhaden oil, monounsaturated fatty acids in olive oil and saturated fatty acids in coconut oil) significantly affected plasma and tissue lipids.     

Influence of dietary lipids on arrhythmias and infarction after coronary artery ligation in rats

Coronary artery ligation (CAL) was used to produce an in vivo model of cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial infarction using anaesthetized male Hooded Wistar rats which had been fed for 6-7 or 18-20 months on either a standard reference diet alone or supplemented (12% w/w) with sunflower seed oil (linoleic acid rich) or sheep kidney fat (linoleic acid poor). The number of ventricular extra beats and duration of tachycardia or fibrillation in the 30-min postligation was increased in sheep kidney fat-fed rats. Infarct size 4 h postCAL was reduced in sunflower seed oil-fed rats. Arrhythmias, infarct size, and dietary-induced differences were increased with age. The diets employed produce changes in myocardial membrane phospholipids which could result in altered prostaglandin production. These results show that in the rat (as in man), age and dietary saturated fat are risk factors for sudden cardiac death and myocardial infarction and suggest that the rat is a useful model for the investigation of dietary interventions in heart disease.     

Carbohydrate restriction and dietary cholesterol distinctly affect plasma lipids and lipoprotein subfractions in adult guinea pigs

To evaluate the effects of carbohydrate restriction (CR) and dietary cholesterol on lipoprotein metabolism, adult male guinea pigs (10 guinea pigs/diet) were fed either low (0.04 g/100 g) or high (0.25 g/100 g) amounts of dietary cholesterol, in combination with either low (10% total energy) or high (54.2% total energy) dietary carbohydrate (control groups) for a total of four groups: high carbohydrate–low cholesterol (control-L), high carbohydrate–high cholesterol (control-H), low carbohydrate–low cholesterol (CR-L) and low carbohydrate–high cholesterol (CR-H). Plasma triglyceride concentrations were lower (P<.01%), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were higher (P<.05) in the CR groups compared to the control groups. In contrast, high dietary cholesterol (CR-H and control-H) resulted in higher concentrations of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol compared to those guinea pigs fed the low-cholesterol diets (P<.01). Dietary cholesterol significantly increased the total number of LDL particles (P<.001) and the number of small LDL (P<.001), as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. In contrast, carbohydrate restriction (CR-L and CR-H) resulted in lower concentrations of medium very-low-density lipoprotein and small LDL particles compared to the high-carbohydrate groups. Plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was decreased and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity was increased by dietary cholesterol, whereas carbohydrate restriction increased LCAT activity (P<.05). These findings are similar to those observed in humans, thus validating the use of adult guinea pigs to study lipid responses to carbohydrate restriction. The results also indicate that the atherogenicity of lipoproteins induced by high dietary cholesterol is attenuated by carbohydrate restriction in guinea pigs.     

Effects of dietary grape proanthocyanidins on the growth performance,jejunum morphology and plasma biochemical indices of broiler chicks

Grape proanthocyanidins (GPCs) are a family of naturally derived polyphenols that have aroused interest in the poultry industry due to their versatile role in animal health. This study was conducted to investigate the potential benefits and appropriate dosages of GPCs on growth performance, jejunum morphology, plasma antioxidant capacity and the biochemical indices of broiler chicks. A total of 280 newly hatched male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four treatments of seven replicates each, and were fed a wheat–soybean meal-type diet with or without (control group), 7.5, 15 or 30 mg/kg of GPCs. Results show that dietary GPCs decrease the feed conversion ratio and average daily gain from day 21 to day 42, increase breast muscle yield by day 42 and improve jejunum morphology between day 21 and day 42. Chicks fed 7.5 and 15 mg/kg of GPCs show increased breast muscle yield and exhibit improved jejunum morphologies than birds in the control group. Dietary GPCs fed at a level of 15 mg/kg markedly increased total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity between day 21 and day 42, whereas a supplement of GPCs at 7.5 mg/kg significantly increased T-SOD activity and decreased lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde content by day 42. A supplement of 30 mg/kg of GPCs has no effect on antioxidant status but adversely affects the blood biochemical indices, as evidenced by increased creatinine content, increased alkaline phosphatase by day 21 and increased alanine aminotransferase by day 42 in plasma. GPC levels caused quadratic effect on growth, jejunum morphology and plasma antioxidant capacity. The predicted optimal GPC levels for best plasma antioxidant capacity at 42 days was 13 to 15 mg/kg, for best feed efficiency during grower phase was 16 mg/kg, for best jejunum morphology at 42 days was 17 mg/kg. In conclusion, GPCs (fed at a level of 13 to 17 mg/kg) have the potential to be a promising feed additive for broiler chicks.     

The effect of adlay oil on plasma lipids, insulin and leptin in rat.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary adlay oil on plasma lipids, insulin and lipid peroxidation levels in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats fed diet containing adlay oil and cholesterol were studied for 4 weeks. The animals were divided into three groups: (1) 10% lard (control) group; (2) 5% lard + 5% adlay oil (5% adlay oil) group; and (3) 10% adlay oil group. Although there was no significant difference in body weight at the end of the feeding study, rats fed a diet containing adlay oil showed a significant decrease in adipose tissue weight and relative adipose weight. In addition, the rats fed the adlay oil showed significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, leptin and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations after 4 weeks of the feeding study. Although a significant decrease in total plasma cholesterol was observed in rats fed the 5% adlay oil diet, no significant difference was observed between the 10% adlay oil and control groups, and neither was a significant difference in liver TBARS concentration found between the dietary groups. Results from this study suggest that dietary adlay oil can reduce leptin, adipose tissue and LDL-C levels in rats.     

Effects of dietary lead,fish oil,and ethoxyquin on hepatic fatty acid composition in chicks

Three experiments were conducted with day-old broiler chicks reared to 18 or 19 d of age. The objective was to examine the effects of dietary oil (cottonseed oil vs fish oil), dietary antioxidant (0 vs 75 ppm ethoxyquin), and dietary lead (0 vs 1000 ppm Pb as lead acetate trihydrate) on hepatic fatty acid composition. A 2×2 factorial arrangement was used in all experiments. In Experiment 1, the factors were oil (4% of each) and Pb. In Experiments 2 and 3, the factors were ethoxyquin and Pb in diets containing 3.5% cottonseed oil (Experiment 2) or 3.5% fish oil (Experiment 3). Hepatic fatty acid profiles were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in 10 chicks/treatment (Experiment 1) or 4 chicks/treatment (Experiments 2 and 3). Dietary oils altered the profiles, with cottonseed oil producing the higher values for linoleic acid (18∶2) and arachidonic acid (20∶4). With fish oil, in addition to the lower levels of 18∶2 and 20∶4, there were significant levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6). Pb enhanced the levels of 20∶4, but the effect was greater with cottonseed oil diets compared with fish oil diets. The enhanced 20∶4 levels resulted in lower ratios of 18∶2/20∶4. Ethoxyquin enhanced the level of 18∶2 with the cottonseed oil diet, and of 20∶5 and 22∶6 with the fish oil diet. Ethoxyquin decreased the level of hepatic 20∶4 when fish oil was fed. The results clearly show that all three factors (oil type, Pb level, and ethoxyquin level) after hepatic fatty acid composition. Both oil source and Pb level appeared to exert an effect on the metabolic conversion of 18∶2 and 20∶4. The primary effect of ethoxyquin was to enhance the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver. The data do not allow the partitioning of possible ethoxyquin effects to protection of polyunsaturated acids in feed vs protection of polyunsaturated acids in liver tissue. Use of trade names implies neither approval by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of products named nor criticism of products not named.     

Interactions of dietary lead with fish oil and antioxidant in chicks

Two experiments were conducted with day-old broiler chicks reared to 18 or 19 d of age. The objectives were: (1) to examine the effects of the antioxidant ethoxyquin (EQ) on peroxidation in feeds containing fish oil (FO) or lead (Pb), and (2) to determine whether systemic effects of Pb, which are attributed to tissue peroxidation, can be reversed by dietary EQ. Experiment 1 was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the factors being 4% dietary cottonseed oil (CSO) vs FO and dietary Pb as lead acetate trihydrate (0 vs 1000 ppm). Feed was mixed 1 d prior to initiation of the experiment and stored at 4 degrees C until it was placed in the feeders. Experiment 2 was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the factors being 3.5% dietary oil (CSO vs FO), dietary Pb (0 vs 1000 ppm), and EQ (0 vs 75 ppm). Feed was mixed 1 d prior to initiation of the experiment and held at room temperature thereafter. Growth depression by FO and Pb was less pronounced in Experiment 1 than in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, FO and Pb increased the concentration of feed peroxide, and the increases were prevented by EQ. The growth depression by FO was completely reversed by EQ. EQ reversal of Pb-induced growth depression, although substantial, was not complete. The FO diet without Pb had a peroxide content (12.4 meq/kg feed) similar to the CSO + Pb diet (12.3 meq/kg feed); however, growth was not similar (407 vs 213 g body weight at 19 d, respectively). The results suggest that the toxic effects of Pb are mediated by peroxidative alterations both in the feed and in tissues. The ability of EQ to reverse significantly Pb effects on growth suggests a systemic action of this antioxidant.     

Effects of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rats with sucrose-induced metabolic syndrome

Dietary fish oil rich in (n-3) fatty acids plays an important role in reducing abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome and mortality from coronary heart disease. We investigated the effects of dietary fish oil on the metabolic syndrome in a high-sucrose-fed rat model. The model was achieved by the administration of 30% sucrose in drinking water in male Wistar rats during 21 weeks. After the metabolic syndrome rat model was established, fish oil was administered during 6 weeks. The metabolic syndrome rats showed significant increases in body weight, systolic blood pressure, serum insulin, total lipids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, free fatty acids, LDL, total proteins, albumin, and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). They also presented abdominal and epididymal fat accumulation and fatty liver. After fish oil diet administration, metabolic syndrome rats had a significant reduction in blood pressure, serum insulin, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, free fatty acids, and total lipids, but no change was observed in TNF-alpha concentration or fat accumulation. In conclusion, fish oil reversed the alterations on metabolic parameters and blood pressure exerted by sucrose administration, although it had no effect on TNF-alpha production and adiposity. This confirms the theory that the molecular etiology of the metabolic syndrome is multifactorial, as is the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) upon it, having complex and multifaceted actions.     

Failure of insulin to stimulate lipogenesis and triacylglycerol secretion in perfused livers from rats adapted to dietary fish oil

Livers from male rats fed a standard commercial diet supplemented with 8% (w/w) marine fish or safflower oils were perfused for 70 min with undiluted blood in the presence and absence of insulin. Lipogenesis, as measured by the incorporation of ³H₂O into liver and perfusate fatty acids, was inhibited by the feeding of fish oil. Net triacylglycerol secretion was also depressed by this dietary treatment. Infusion of insulin stimulated triacylglycerol secretion and the incorporation of newly synthesised fatty acids into liver and perfusate lipids with dietary safflower oil but not with fish oil. Hepatic cholesterol synthesis was also depressed by feeding fish oil. Net ketogenesis was raised by feeding fish oil and was depressed by insulin with both safflower and fish oil. Blood glucose was raised in the fish oil group but with both dietary oils the hormone exerted a significant hypoglycaemic effect. The data are discussed with respect to the observations that in vivo dietary fish oil (but not safflower oil) opposes the hypertriglyceridaemia arising from the hepatic overproduction of very-low-density lipoproteins.     

Polymorphisms,de novo lipogenesis,and plasma triglyceride response following fish oil supplementation

Interindividual variability in the response of plasma triglyceride concentrations (TG) following fish oil consumption has been observed. Our objective was to examine the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes encoding proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis and the relative change in plasma TG levels following a fish oil supplementation. Two hundred and eight participants were recruited in the greater Quebec City area. The participants completed a six-week fish oil supplementation (5 g fish oil/day: 1.9–2.2 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid. SNPs within SREBF1, ACLY, and ACACA genes were genotyped using TAQMAN methodology. After correction for multiple comparison, only two SNPs, rs8071753 (ACLY) and rs1714987 (ACACA), were associated with the relative change in plasma TG concentrations (P = 0.004 and P = 0.005, respectively). These two SNPs explained 7.73% of the variance in plasma TG relative change following fish oil consumption. Genotype frequencies of rs8071753 according to the TG response groups (responders versus nonresponders) were different (P = 0.02). We conclude that the presence of certain SNPs within genes, such as ACLY and ACACA, encoding proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis seem to influence the plasma TG response following fish oil consumption.     

Acylglycerol structure of mustard seed oil and of cardiac lipids of rats during dietary lipidosis

Stereospecific degradation and combined gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric (gc/ms) analysis were employed in a detailed investigation of the triacylglycerol structure of mustard seed oil and of the triacylglycerols transiently accumulating in the hearts of young rats receiving the oil in their diet. It was shown that feeding of mustard seed oil at 40% of the daily caloric requirement resulted in a deposition of cardiac triacylglycerols containing a high proportion of enantiomers of a positional distribution and molecular association of fatty acids which were closely similar to those found in the dietary oil. Complete structures were derived for a total of 88 species representing 75 to 85% of the triacylglycerols. About 90% of the accumulated triacylglycerol contained at least one long-chain (C20--C22) monounsaturated fatty acid per molecule. The long-chain acids were confined mainly to the primary positions and preferentially to the sn-3-position of the glycerol molecule. The dietary lipidosis, is, therefore, accompanied by little or no accumulation of the normal rat tissue triacylglycerols containing C16 and C18 fatty acids. It is suggested that the deposition and eventual clearance of the enantiomeric long-chain triacylglycerols in the rat heart during mustard seed oil feeding may be largely a result of a gradual change in specificity of the cardiac lipases.