cGAS/STING信号通路参与猪圆环病毒2型诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞产生Ⅰ型干扰素

为研究猪圆环病毒2型 (Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2) 感染的猪肺泡巨噬细胞 (Porcine alveolar macrophages,PAMs) 分泌Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路,以PCV2病毒感染PAMs为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附测定 (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)、实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting,分析PCV2感染对PAMsⅠ型干扰素的诱导、cGAS/STING信号通路相关基因mRNA和蛋白表达的影响,并应用靶向cGAS和STING特异性siRNA、抑制剂BX795和BAY 11-7082,解析cGAS、STING、TBK1和NF-κB/P65在PAMs生成Ⅰ型干扰素中的作用。结果显示,PAMs感染PCV2病毒48 h后Ⅰ型干扰素的表达量显著升高 (P＜0.05),cGAS mRNA的表达量在感染48 h和72 h后显著升高 (P＜0.01),STING mRNA表达量在PCV2感染72 h后显著上升 (P＜0.01),TBK1 mRNA、IRF3 mRNA感染48 h后显著升高 (P＜0.01)。PCV2能够显著升高PAMs胞浆STING、TBK1和IRF3蛋白含量,降低胞浆NF-κB/p65的含量,促进NF-κB/p65和IRF3入核。敲低PAMs中cGAS或STING表达水平后,PCV2感染PAMs 48 h后,Ⅰ型干扰素的表达水平显著下降 (P＜0.01);BAX795抑制TBK1后,PCV2感染PAMs 48 hⅠ型干扰素的表达水平显著下降 (P＜0.01),BAY 11-7082 抑制NF-κB/P65表达后,PCV2感染PAMs 48 h I型干扰素的表达量与PCV2组相比无显著性差异 (P＞0.05)。结果表明,PAMs感染PCV2后通过cGAS/STING/TBK1/IRF3信号通路诱导Ⅰ型干扰素分泌。     

巨噬细胞的FC受体及其与吞噬功能的关系

本文用EA花环试验及体外吞噬实验检测了小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(Macrophage,Mφ)的EA 花环率及吞噬功能,结果发现昆明小鼠比同龄C_(57)BL/6、BALB/c及NIH小鼠Mφ的EA花环率高。在昆明及BALB/c小鼠中青年鼠的EA花环率又较老年鼠为高。用黄芪水,黄芪多糖及巯基乙醇酸钠处理后Mφ的EA花环率升高,用秋水仙碱及氢化可的松处理后Mφ的EA花环率降低。MφEA花环率的高低与Mφ吞噬功能的高低相平行。Mφ对抗体包被的CRBC的吞噬能力比对CRBC的吞噬为高,吞噬效应随抗体浓度而改变,表明FC受体介导的吞噬作用大于非特异性吞噬作用。MφFC受体的数目及其功能与Mφ的激活状态及机体的免疫功能状态密切相关。     

猪圆环病毒2型与猪圆环病毒相关性系统疾病的回顾及展望

猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)引起猪的免疫抑制,是猪圆环病毒相关性系统疾病(PCV2-systemic disease,PCV2-SD)的主要病原,给养猪业带来了巨大的经济损失。文中从PCV2的进化历程、编码蛋白、对免疫系统的影响及技术防控四方面入手,对PCV2及PCV2-SD进行了全面回顾与展望。     

猪圆环病毒2型TaqMan实时PCR检测方法的建立

设计合成了一套引物和TaqMan探针,特异性扩增猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF2基因,在国内首次建立了快速定量检测PCV2的实时PCR方法,且该方法具有较好的特异性和重复性,对PCV2DNA检测下限为1copy/μL,敏感性比常规PCR高106倍;分别用该法和普通PCR方法对PMWS人工发病猪的10份组织及30份血清样品检测,结果表明该方法具有更快速、灵敏、准确、低污染等优点,并可以对PMWS的早期检测、预防起到指示作用.     

辐射对大鼠肺巨噬细胞Fc受体表达和特异吞噬功能的影响

以往的实验表明,巨噬细胞(Macrophages简称Mф)对一定辐射剂量内的照射表现出较强的辐射抗性。因此学者们转向研究照射后时间依赖性的Mф损伤变化。这主要是涉及照射后所致的迟发损伤效应。有关大剂量照射后,短时间观察Mф损伤效应的研究报道甚少。为此本文观察了大鼠肺巨噬细胞(AlveolarMacrophages简称AM)在体外受100—500 Gy     

猪圆环病毒2型TaqMan实时PCR检测方法的建立

设计合成了一套引物和TaqMan探针,特异性扩增猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）ORF2基因,在国内首次建立了快速定量检测PCV2的实时PCR方法,且该方法具有较好的特异性和重复性,对PCV2DNA检测下限为1copy／μL,敏感性比常规PCR高10^6倍;分别用该法和普通PCR方法对PMWS人工发病猪的10份组织及30份血清样品检测,结果表明该方法具有更快速、灵敏、准确、低污染等优点,并可以对PMWS的早期检测、预防起到指示作用。     

猪圆环病毒2型新疆株全基因组的滚环扩增与序列分析

滚环扩增技术是一种体外恒温DNA扩增方法,特异性好,敏感性强,已广泛应用于微生物学领域。首先采用鉴别PCR对来自新疆某地区的5份猪病料进行猪圆环病毒2型的检测,接着对检出的2份猪圆环病毒2型阳性DNA样品进行滚环扩增。滚环扩增产物经单一限制性内切酶(SacⅡ)酶切及琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定,结果显示2份样品都出现了猪圆环病毒2型基因组大小的条带。对目的条带进行回收、克隆与测序,结果表明2株新疆株猪圆环病毒2型的全基因组大小皆为1768bp。遗传进化分析显示2株的基因型为PCV2a和PCV2e。     

猪圆环病毒2型及猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒的快速检测

呼吸道疾病是猪场最常见的疾病之一,严重影响猪群的健康,已经给世界养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失[1,2].呼吸道疾病的病原复杂多变,不同的猪场病因可能完全不同,从而给疾病的诊断与防治带来了很大的困难.多年的研究表明,呼吸道疾病的病因可能包括猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)、猪流感病毒、猪肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,MH)、伪狂犬病病毒、猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus, PCV2)及猪链球菌或沙门氏菌等[3～8].其中PRRSV与PCV2为近几年新发现的猪重要的传染性病原,且呈不断的蔓延趋势,在呼吸道疾病发生过程中所起的作用日益增强[9,10].     

猪圆环病毒2型感染对仔猪盲肠免疫功能与菌群的影响

【背景】肠炎是猪圆环病毒2型(porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)感染猪的临床症状之一,其发生影响猪的生产性能。盲肠是单胃动物重要的消化器官,PCV2感染的影响值得探究。【目的】探究猪盲肠在PCV2感染后的免疫功能及菌群变化。【方法】将12头健康断奶仔猪随机分为对照组和感染组,每组6头,感染途径为口服和肌注,分别接种5mL,总接种量为10mL/头,对照组以同种方式接种PK15细胞培养物。分别检测在感染后56d(days post-infection,dpi)内血清中病毒载量、抗体动态及21dpi和56dpi盲肠的组织病理变化、病毒抗原含量、免疫功能及其内容物微生物菌群的变化。【结果】在21dpi,血清病毒核酸载量和抗体均达较高水平,PCV2抗原信号强,主要分布在盲肠黏膜上皮细胞和固有层中,盲肠分泌物SIgA含量显著降低,而T淋巴细胞增殖能力显著增高,感染猪盲肠上皮细胞严重脱落,肠腺萎缩,盲肠菌群多样性与丰度显著降低,有益菌属如弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae-NK4A214)显著降低,条件致病菌普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)显著增高;56dpi,病毒核酸载量降至7dpi水平,抗体持续较高水平,其他各项指标基本恢复到对照组水平。【结论】PCV2感染导致仔猪盲肠免疫功能紊乱,引起盲肠黏膜损伤,有益菌丰度降低、条件致病菌丰度增高,这些变化与病毒含量存在一定关系。     

PCV2 Rep基因启动子区vISRE突变株的生物学特性

摘要：【目的】为了初步揭示PCV2 Rep基因启动子区类干扰素刺激反应元件（vISRE）的生物学功能。【方法】应用感染性克隆技术构建了2株vISRE点突变的重组PCV2,对突变病毒在PK15细胞上的增殖特性、遗传稳定性及对干扰素刺激的反应特性进行了分析。【结果】Rep基因启动子区ISRE点突变后PCV2仍可在PK15细胞中正常复制,但病毒滴度比亲本毒株下降。PCV2 1740G-C在PK15细胞上3至10代之间遗传稳定,PCV2 1741A-T在PK细胞上第3代病毒保持突变基因的特征,但传至第7代时1743和1744位的AC突变为TT,并一直保持到第10代。100U/mL的PoIFN-α处理感染病毒的PK15细胞后,亲本毒株和2个突变毒株的阳性感染细胞数量均有增加,但亲本毒株病毒粒子数的增加显著高于2个突变毒株。【结论】Rep基因启动子区vISRE的突变影响PCV2在PK15上的增殖和对干扰素刺激的反应,推测其可能在干扰素促进病毒增殖中发挥调控作用。     

嵌合型猪圆环病毒1-2型感染性DNA克隆的构建及其对小鼠的免疫原性

[目的]本研究旨在构建嵌合型猪圆环病毒1-2型感染性DNA克隆.[方法]利用PCR技术扩增PCV2 ORF2,克隆入缺失PCV1 ORF2的pSK-PCV1△ORF2中,得到pSK-sPCV1-2.该重组质粒中包含嵌合型PCV1-2全基因组,通过不完全酶切的方法,将嵌合型PCV1-2全基因组串联入pSK载体中,得到含串联双拷贝的嵌合型PCV1-2感染性DNA克隆.[结果]经序列测定,获得含串联双拷贝的嵌合型PCV1-2感染性DNA克隆.PCV1-2嵌合病毒接种BALB/c小鼠,用间接ELISA方法对接种后7、14、21、28、35、42 d的小鼠进行血清抗体检测.结果显示从接种后14 d开始,即有部分小鼠产生了针对PCV2 Cap蛋白的特异性抗体;至接种后42 d,几乎全部接种小鼠的血清均呈阳性.[结论]构建了PCV1-2型感染性DNA克隆,该嵌合病毒能够激发机体产生体液免疫应答.     

载体表达的siRNA分子对猪圆环病毒2型复制的抑制作用

[目的]寻找一种基于RNA干扰技术的猪圆环病毒2型感染的防控方法.[方法]根据猪圆环病毒2型毒株基因组核苷酸序列,设计了3条特异性小干扰RNA(short interfering RNA,siRNA)分子,其中2条针对猪圆环病毒1型和2型复制酶基因(rep),1条针对猪圆环病毒2型核衣壳蛋白基因(cap),将合成的DNA片段退火形成双链,分别连接到RNAi-Ready pSIREN-RetroQ ZsGreen载体鼠源U6启动子下游,转化大肠杆菌得到阳性克隆,测序鉴定后分别命名为Retro-SH1,Retro-SH4,Retro-SH6.用上述质粒转染PCV2感染前、后的Dulac细胞及肌肉注射PCV2感染前、后的BALB/c小鼠,应用实时定量PCR试验评价其对病毒在细胞及小鼠体内复制的抑制作用,免疫组化法检测脾脏中病毒的存在.[结果]感染PCV2前或后转染500 ng Retro-SH1,Retro-SH4,Retro-SH6质粒能有效抑制PCV2在Dulac细胞上的复制,抑制率最高可达99%以上,对10株不同来源的临床分离株在细胞中复制的抑制作用同样明显,且不同毒株间差异不大.动物试验中,肌肉注射10μg上述不同siRNA分子对小鼠体内PCV2的复制有一定的抑制作用,其抑制率在26%至99%之间.[结论]载体表达的siRNA分子可能成为防控猪圆环病毒2型感染的一种新工具.     

Clearance of porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus from porcine-derived pepsin by low pH inactivation and cation exchange chromatography

The contamination of oral rotavirus vaccines by porcine circovirus (PCV) raised questions about potential PCV contamination of other biological products when porcine trypsin or pepsin is used in production process. Several methods can be potentially implemented as a safety barrier when animal derived trypsin or pepsin is used. Removal of PCV is difficult by the commonly used viral filters with the pore size cutoff of approximately 20 nm because of the smaller size of PCV particles that are around 17 nm. It was speculated that operating the chromatography step at a pH higher than pepsin's low pI, but lower than pIs, of most viruses would allow the pepsin to flow through the resin and be recovered from the flow through pool whilst the viruses would be retained on the resin. In this study, we investigated low pH inactivation of viruses including PCV Type 1 (PCV1) and PCV1 removal by cation exchange chromatography (CEX) in the presence of pepsin. Both parvovirus and PCV1 could be effectively inactivated by low pH and PCV1 could be removed by POROS 50HS CEX. The POROS 50HS method presented in this article is helpful for designing other CEX methods for the same purpose and not much difference would be expected for similar product intermediates and same process parameters. While the effectiveness needs to be confirmed for specific applications, the results demonstrate that both low pH (pH 1.7) and CEX methods were successful in eliminating PCV1 and thus either can be considered as an effective virus barrier.     

猪圆环病毒2型流行株的分离及其感染性克隆的构建

【目的】通过分离一株猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)流行毒株,并构建其感染性克隆,为研究PCV2基因功能提供操作平台。【方法】通过PCR方法,从疑似患断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症(PMWS)的仔猪淋巴结中鉴定为猪圆环病毒(Porcine circovirus,PCV)2型阳性。把阳性病料接种PK-15细胞传代培养,在培养物中扩增出PCV2的全基因序列。对扩增出的全序列进行序列测定,并与GenBank中公布的5株广东PCV2分离株(GD-pz、GD-gj、GD-jm、GD-ss和GD-sz)进行同源性分析。通过EcoRⅠ和SalⅠ将PCV2全基因组序列克隆进pUC18载体中,获得含PCV2 GD-zq株全基因组单拷贝的重组质粒pPCV2-GD-zq,再通过SalⅠ和HindⅢ把另一个全长拷贝克隆进pPCV2-GD-zq质粒中,使PCV2 GD-zq株基因组DNA以头尾相接的双重复方式克隆进pUC18载体中,获得重组质粒pPCV2-2GD-zq。将pPCV2-2GD-zq DNA纯化和定量后转染PK-15细胞,拯救PCV2 GD-zq病毒。【结果】从PMWS感染的猪淋巴结中分离到了一株PCV2,命名为GD-zq株;序列分析结果显示,GD-zq株全基因组为1 767 bp,与GenBank中公布的5株广东PCV2分离株ORF1核苷酸一致性为97.1%-99.7%,编码氨基酸一致性为98.7%-100%;ORF2核苷酸一致性为93.2%-99.6%,编码氨基酸一致性为92.3%-99.1%;全基因一致性为96.0%-99.6%。pPCV2-2GD-zq质粒转染PK-15细胞后,其通过间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)能从转染细胞及其传代细胞中,检测到拯救出的病毒。【结论】分离了一株PCV2广东株GD-zq,成功构建了PCV2 GD-zq株的感染性克隆。     

Impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on boar semen quality and quantity using two different vaccines

Porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV2) is widespread in domestic pig populations. It can be shed with boar semen, but the role boars have in epidemiology is still unclear. Vaccinating boars against PCV2 can reduce disease and virus load in semen, but may have unwanted side effects, that is, impairment of spermatogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect and impact of two different PCV2 vaccines on boar semen quality and quantity. Healthy normospermic Large White boars in three groups of 12 each were vaccinated with either Circovac, Ingelvac CircoFLEX, or received NaCl. Eight ejaculates were collected starting 1 week after vaccination and assessed for quantitative traits. In general, sperm quantity and quality parameters did not change due to the vaccination (P > 0.05). Only DNA integrity between the Circovac and control group was P < 0.05 but remained at a low level (<2%). One boar showed clinical signs with body temperature up to 39.9 °C and went off feed. For this animal, a clear relation between vaccination, fever period, and impaired sperm quality could be observed. The results indicate that both vaccines did not have a major impact on sperm quality or quantity. Therefore, vaccination of boars against PCV2 seems to be feasible. However, one boar treated with the oil-based vaccine showed a temporarily impaired semen quality after elevated body temperature after vaccination. Thus, possible systemic reactions and the subsequent impact on sperm quality should be taken into account when choosing a PCV2 vaccine for boars.     

Ochratoxin A promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro and in vivo

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a worldwide mycotoxin found in food and feeds, is a potent nephrotoxin in animals and humans. Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, is a worldwide swine disease. To date, little is known concerning the relationship between OTA and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the primary causative agent of PCVAD. The effects of OTA on PCV2 replication and their mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results in vitro showed that low doses of OTA significantly increased PCV2 DNA copies and the number of infected cells. Maximum effects were observed at 0.05 μg/ml OTA. The results in vivo showed that PCV2 replication was significantly increased in serum and tissues of pigs fed 75 μg/kg OTA compared with the control group and pigs fed 150 μg/kg OTA. In addition, low doses of OTA significantly depleted reduced glutathione and mRNA expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase; increased reactive oxygen species, oxidants, and malondialdehyde; and induced p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PK15 cells. Adding N-acetyl-l-cysteine reversed the changes induced by OTA. Knockdown of p38 and ERK1/2 by their respective specific siRNAs or inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by their respective inhibitors (SB203580 and U0126) eliminated the increase in PCV2 replication induced by OTA. These data indicate that low doses of OTA promoted PCV2 replication in vitro and in vivo via the oxidative stress-mediated p38/ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. This suggests that low doses of OTA are potentially harmful to animals, as they enhance virus replication, and partly explains why the morbidity and severity of PCVAD vary significantly in different pig farms.