G蛋白及其在细胞信号转导中的作用

概述G蛋白的结构、种类、转导信息的机制,细菌毒素对G蛋白调节的影响及研究G蛋的意义和今后发展的重点。     

几丁质酶与植物防卫反应

几柄质酶广泛存在于自然界,亦普遍存在于高等植物中,但在植物体内,至今尚未发现几丁质酶作用的底物。最近的研究不断发现植物防卫反应诱导表达的基因中包含着编码几丁质酶的基因。许多研究已经表明,几丁质酶在植物体内的诱导与积累,对于增强植物防卫能力发挥着重要作用,而植物自身防卫反应是目前植物分子生物学研究的热点之一。     

抗病植物的防卫反应和机制

抗病植物的防卫反应和机制何晨阳,王金生（南京农业大学南京２１００１４）对于自然界中每种植物来说,它们无时无处不被病原物（真菌、细菌、病毒和线虫等）所包围,但只有少数植物生病,绝大多数能表现为免疫或者不同程度的抗病性。这是经过长期的植物一病原物相互作用...     

寡糖激发子对植物防卫反应的诱导

现已发现的生物激发子中除少数是蛋白质或多肽外 ,大多是糖蛋白和寡糖分子。文章对寡糖激发子的种类、信号转导及其对植物防卫反应基因表达调控过程等方面进行了评述     

葡聚糖酶及其在植物中的发育调节和防卫反应

葡聚糖酶又称昆布多糖酶,胼胝质酶。它的底物葡聚糖在植物中广泛分布,葡聚糖酶的作用即与此类物质的分布相关,且常与植物许多发育过程有联系。从六十年代起,就对葡聚糖酶及其作用进了研究,时至九十年代,对它的研究已涉及到分类、生理、抗病、分子生物学、基因工程等方面。目前主要集中在它的分子生物学、抗病基因工程及雄性不育基因工程的实际应用。以下就这些方面的研究进展做一综述。     

植物中的G蛋白

G蛋白是一类参与跨膜信号传导的GTP(三磷酸乌苷)结合蛋白质。GTP结合蛋白质是具有重要功能的蛋白质。G蛋白参与的信号传导链可概括为:信号→受体→G蛋白→效应体(靶子)等。70年代末期,在动物腺苷酸环化酶的激素调节研究、视觉光信号传导的研究中发现了G蛋白。动物体内有多种不同功     

G蛋白与植物细胞信号转导

本文概述了植物细胞信号转导的一些情况,并以信号转导中的G蛋白模型为依据,着重介绍植物细胞中存在的G蛋白,指出植物细胞G蛋白对于植物细胞信号转导的重要性。     

植物异三聚体G蛋白

对近年来植物异三聚体G蛋白的结构和功能的研究进展作了简单评述.     

活性氧与植物抗病反应

活性氧的产生是植物抗病最早期的反应之一,称为氧化跃变。本文介绍了植物抗病反应中氧化跃变的生理作用、可能的产生机制、信号传导途径以及与胞外碱性化的关系。     

茉莉酸类化合物在植物防卫反应中的作用

茉莉酸类化合物(jasmonate,JA)是诱导植物防卫反应的重要信号分子。JA不仅是系统素信号转导途径的重要组分,而且在植物长距离伤信号转导中发挥重要作用。JA还能单独或与其他激素相互作用调节与植物防卫反应相关的次生代谢物质芥子油苷的生物合成,从而影响植物的防卫反应。现对JA在植物防卫反应中的作用进行综述,并对今后这一领域的研究进行了展望。     

植物防御反应的两种信号转导途径及其相互作用

植物遭到病虫害时质膜两侧的离子发生跨膜交换、释放钙离子、产生大量的活性氧并产生蛋白质磷酸化,通过水杨酸、茉莉酸以及乙烯信号转导途径激活了PR1、BGL2等防御相关基因.这些基因的表达产物如蛋白酶抑制剂(proteinase inhibitor,PI)等能够抑制植食性昆虫的消化酶以及增加细胞壁厚度,从而增强了对昆虫和病原菌等的抵抗力.植物的各种防御信号途径之间既存在拮抗作用又有协同作用,共同组成了一个复杂的防御体系,在一定程度上有效地抵御各种生物胁迫.     

细胞核质转运及其受体在植物抗病防御反应中的调控作用

植物病害严重威胁全球粮食生产,研究植物对病原菌防御机制和病原菌对寄主作物的侵染过程和分子机制,有助于改良植物种源使其获得持久抗性。近年来, 日渐增多的研究表明, 一些抗病蛋白需要转移到细胞核内才能启动免疫反应,进而发挥抗病防御作用,而细胞核质转运受体是实现这些抗病蛋白核质转运必不可少的“载体”。因此,细胞核质转运及转运...     

植物挥发物代谢工程在改良香气品质和植物防御中的应用

挥发物次生代谢在植物繁殖、植物防御和改良食物品质方面发挥着重要作用。近年来,随着参与挥发物生物合成的基因和酶类的鉴定以及代谢途径和调控机理等研究的不断发展和深入,挥发物代谢工程已经具备较高的可行性。应用代谢工程改良花、果实的香气品质以及提高植物防御能力的研究成效显著。主要介绍了这些方面的最新进展,同时也讨论了植物挥发物代谢工程应用存在的问题和挑战以及研究思路。     

Jasmonates as Signals in the Wound Response

Plant responses to wounding and herbivore attack are orchestrated by complex signaling pathways that link the production of chemical and physical signals at the wound site to activation of gene expression and other cellular processes. The systemic nature of many wound-induced responses provides an attractive opportunity to study intercellular signaling pathways that operate over long distances within the plant. Genetic dissection of the wound-response pathway in tomato indicates that (1) systemin and its precursor protein, prosystemin, are upstream components of an intercellular signaling cascade that requires the biosynthesis and action of jasmonic acid (JA); and (2) physiological processes regulated by this pathway confer host resistance to a broad spectrum of plant invaders. Grafting experiments conducted with mutants defective in systemic wound signaling indicate that systemin functions at or near the wound site to trigger the production of JA, which in turn acts non-cell autonomously to promote systemic defense responses. The location of JA biosynthetic enzymes within the companion cell-sieve element complex of vascular bundles, together with the accumulation of JA in vascular tissues, support a role for jasmonates as phloem-mobile signals. The recent discovery of enzymes involved in the metabolism of JA to volatile methyl-JA and bioactive JA-amino acid conjugates has potential implications for the mechanism by which JA promotes wound signaling. Species-specific differences in the mechanism of wound signaling appear to reflect the way in which the wound-induced jasmonate pathway is regulated by other signals including systemin, cell wall-derived oligosaccharides, ethylene, and insect-derived elicitors. Adding to the complexity of the wound-induced jasmonate cascade are wound-signaling pathways that operate independently of JA.     

The heterotrimeric [corrected] G protein subunit G alpha i is present on mitochondria

Receptors that signal through heterotrimeric [corrected] GTP binding (G) proteins mediate the majority of intercellular communication. Recent evidence suggests that receptors acting through G proteins also transfer signals across the nuclear membrane. Here we present cell fractionation and immunolabeling data showing that the heterotrimeric [corrected] G protein subunit Galphai is associated with mitochondria. This finding suggests that G protein receptor signaling may be a feature common to all membranes.     

MAU-8 is a Phosducin-like Protein required for G protein signaling in C. elegans

The mau-8(qm57) mutation inhibits the function of GPB-2, a heterotrimeric G protein beta subunit, and profoundly affects behavior through the Galphaq/Galphao signaling network in C. elegans. mau-8 encodes a nematode Phosducin-like Protein (PhLP), and the qm57 mutation leads to the loss of a predicted phosphorylation site in the C-terminal domain of PhLP that binds the Gbetagamma surface implicated in membrane interactions. In developing embryos, MAU-8/PhLP localizes to the cortical region, concentrates at the centrosomes of mitotic cells and remains associated with the germline blastomere. In adult animals, MAU-8/PhLP is ubiquitously expressed in somatic tissues and germline cells. MAU-8/PhLP interacts with the PAR-5/14.3.3 protein and with the Gbeta subunit GPB-1. In mau-8 mutants, the disruption of MAU-8/PhLP stabilizes the association of GPB-1 with the microtubules of centrosomes. Our results indicate that MAU-8/PhLP modulates G protein signaling, stability and subcellular location to regulate various physiological functions, and they suggest that MAU-8 might not be limited to the Galphaq/Galphao network.     

病程相关蛋白10在植物防御反应中的作用

文章对近几年来与病程相关蛋白10（PR-10）有关的基因的基本特征、在植物中的表达模式、核酸酶活性和抗菌活性PR-10在植物防御系统中的作用研究进展作了介绍。     

Non-canonical signaling and localizations of heterotrimeric G proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins typically transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to effector proteins. In the conventional G protein signaling paradigm, the G protein is located at the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane, where, after activation by an agonist-bound GPCR, the GTP-bound Gα and free Gβγ bind to and regulate a number of well-studied effectors, including adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase Cβ, RhoGEFs and ion channels. However, research over the past decade or more has established that G proteins serve non-canonical roles in the cell, whereby they regulate novel effectors, undergo activation independently of a GPCR, and/or function at subcellular locations other than the plasma membrane. This review will highlight some of these non-canonical aspects of G protein signaling, focusing on direct interactions of G protein subunits with cytoskeletal and cell adhesion proteins, the role of G proteins in cell division, and G protein signaling at diverse organelles.