糖化酶生产工艺的改进

在前面研究的基础上,仍采用黑曲霉突变株ＷＭＣ－１５为产酶菌株,对糖化生产和提取工艺进行了较大的改进,提高了菌株的产酶缩短了发酵时间,提高回收率,大幅度降离糖化酶的生产成本,按最佳的培养基配方和发酵工艺条件,采用突变株ＷＭＣ－１５仅发酵９６小时左右,酶活力可达２５,０００ｕ／ｍｌ以上,对提高我国的糖化酶活力及设备利用率都具有现实意义。     

以葡萄渣为原料,固体发酵生产单细胞蛋白的初步研究

本文报道以葡萄渣为唯一碳源,利用微生物混合培养固体发酵技术生产单细胞蛋白的初步尝试。将自分的３株霉菌、（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓ）４株酵母（Ｓａｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ）和１株细菌（Ｃｅｌｕｌｏｍｏｎａｓ）进行了不同组合的培养,并用正交试验法作了培养基配方试验,同时对培养基含水量和发酵时间也进行了一些摸索。初步结果表明,培养基在未经灭菌的条件下,以尿素为氮源,培养基含水量６０％,于２８℃—３０℃,培养４８ｈ,发酵产物的粗蛋白含量可提高一倍。     

复合水解酶黑曲霉HD—1固体发酵工艺研究

黑曲霉ＨＤ－１是一株分泌高单位酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶、糖化酶等多种水解酶的生产菌,本研究采用单因素搜索和正交试验对其固体发酵工艺进行优化,并采用中心组合设计进行扩大生产试验,结果表明酶活可达;酸性蛋白酶１．１万Ｕ左右,果胶酶９千Ｕ以上,纤维素ＣＸ酶１．１万Ｕ左右,纤维素ＣＬ酶４千Ｕ以上,糖化酶７千Ｕ左右。     

农抗120发酵高产培养基优选

采用正交试验浓度加倍的方法 ,进行了农抗 12 0发酵培养基筛选 ,获得两种培养基配方Q1和Q2 。经摇瓶发酵试验 ,发酵水平分别比原始配方提高了 197 3%和 130 9%。摩式自动控制发酵罐试验 ,发酵水平是原始配方的 32 7%和 181%。 2 0M3发酵罐中试 ,发酵水平比原始配方提高了 30 0 0～ 50 0 0单位。     

万古霉素产生菌发酵培养基及发酵条件的优化

通过单因素分析和正交试验,对万古霉素产生菌的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行了研究,确定最佳的发酵培养基配方为葡萄糖2.0%,淀粉3.0%,豆粕1.8%,大豆粉2.2%,氯化钠0.2%,碳酸钙0.2%,与原培养基配方相比,优化后万古霉素的摇瓶发酵效价提高了11.2%。同时优化了部分发酵条件,即二级种接种量为10%,溶氧为摇床转速220 r/min时250 mL摇瓶装液量为25 mL。将优化后的发酵工艺进罐验证,其保持了较高的适应性和连续性。     

海藻希瓦氏菌(Shewanella alga)发酵培养基条件优化的研究

目的:优化海藻希瓦氏菌生产河豚毒素的发酵培养基。方法:通过测定菌体密度(用OD600表示)和菌体收获量,研究了部分初始条件及添加不同营养物质对海藻希瓦氏菌生长的影响,采用单因素试验和正交试验对发酵条件进行了优化。结果:最适发酵初始pH为7.5,最适摇瓶装液量为150mL。通过正交试验找出最大影响因素为葡萄糖供应,优化后的培养基最佳配方为:在2216E培养基中添加1.0%葡萄糖、2.5%酵母粉、1.0%磷酸高铁。结论:优化后的培养基培养供试菌,菌体收获量比在2216E培养基中培养增加了2.012g.L-1。     

食用真菌蛋白——美味丝葚霉D-100的研究——Ⅲ.丝状真菌连续发酵的研究

本文研究了以丝状真菌D-100直接利用淀粉连续发酵的工艺条件。通过氮源试验,摇瓶生长曲线和发酵罐生长曲线的对比试验,发酵过程中淀粉糖化酶的定量检测,以及连续发酵过程中四个主要参数在三水平上的正交试验,确定了以0.1—0.2%NH_4NO_3为氮源,0.5%玉米粉为碳源,稀释速率D值为0.15,搅拌转速为200 r/min,pH 5.5的条件为最佳连续发酵条件。连续发酵结果是:以玉米淀粉为底物的菌体产率是37.5%,其菌体蛋白质含量38.5%,发酵罐效率是0.35g菌体干重/L·h,试验还证明该菌淀粉糖化酶的生成受还原糖的反馈控制,故发酵过程培养基中还原糖浓度衡定在一定值。培养基浓度增加时,超过玉米粉浓度1.25%以上其比生长速率不明显增加。     

新型杀虫剂——Spinosad发酵工艺的研究

采用^60Co正交设计的方法,选择最优种子培养基配方和发酵培养基配方,在此基础上进行UV,^60Co等诱变,得突变株,其发酵水平较原始菌株提高了150％,同时,对菌株的发酵接种量,发酵液处理及发酵曲线也作了研究。     

纤维素酶产生菌和糖化酶产生菌液体混合发酵的研究

应用正交试验设计研究了糖化酶高产菌株黑曲霉UV-11(Aspergillus niger UV-11)和纤维素酶高产菌株黑曲霉F_(27)(A.niger F_27)液体混合发酵条件。结果表明,发酵液糖化酶活力为6500U/ml,CMC酶活力为99mg葡萄糖/ml·h。与UV-11单菌发酵相比,糖化酶活力提高16％,CMC酶活力提高266％。     

糖化酶生产菌株种子制备工艺优化

目的：缩短糖化酶工业生产菌株黑曲霉A.nigerCICIM GB0506的种子制备周期。方法：对该菌的活化培养基配方及种子制备方式进行改良,并通过L9（3^4）正交试验对其液体培养方法进行优化。结果：在固体活化培养基中添加0.2%的酵母粉及1%的玉米淀粉,有利于加速菌体生长;加入40粒,粒径3-4mm的玻璃珠130r/min,摇床培养可以获得更为分散、均一的种子液;液体种子制备的较优条件为初始pH4.5,装液量90mL,琼脂加量0.1%,培养天数5d。结论：新的制备工艺使糖化酶种子制备时间较现在工业生产上使用的工艺缩短了4d,进行后续糖化酶摇瓶发酵产酶水平是原工艺的1.18倍。     

糖化酶及其基因研究进展

论述了糖化酶的产生、酶的性质和分子结构,以及糖化酶对淀粉的作用机制,并且介绍了利用基因工程技术构建糖化酶工程菌的研究进展。     

黑曲霉糖化酶高产和低产菌株糖化酶基因调控区的克隆及其分析比较

以PCR合成的糖化酶高产菌株黑曲霉(Asp. Niger)T21糖化酶基因5’近端非编码区588bp(EcoRI-BamHI)的序列为探针,从T21染色体DNA中克隆到近2.0kb的糖化酶基因5’端非编码区序列,并以此序列为探针从糖化酶低产菌株黑曲霉3.795(T21的诱变出发株)的染色体DNA中克隆到1.5kb的糖化酶基因5’端非编码区序列。该二序列的分析测定结果表明,其结构特征与文献报道的黑曲霉糖化酶基因5’端非编码区的基本一致,被称为“核心启动子”(Core promoter)的TATAAAT框及GCAAT框,分别在翻译起始点的-109bp及-178bp处。此外,在曲霉amdS,amyB基因中已发现有调控功能的CCAAT序列存在于-449bp和-799bp处。高产和低产菌株糖化酶基因5’端非编码区序列的分析比较结果表明,有9个部位的碱基发生了变化。此实验结果为进一步研究黑曲霉糖化酶基因在转录水平上的调控规律打下了基础。     

An aspergillus awamori mutant with enhanced glucoamylase activity

The mutagenesis of a glucoamylase-producing A. awamori strain yielded a mutant exhibiting an 80% increase in the level of the biosynthesis of this enzyme under liquid state fermentation conditions (LSF).     

Mating Signals Control Expression of both Starch Fermentation Genes and a Novel Flocculation Gene FLO 8 in the Yeast Saccharomyces

In the yeast Saccharomyces diastaticus, expression of both glucoamylase-producing (STA) genes and a novel flocculation gene FLO 8 was greatly diminished by the mating-type locus MATa/MAT α.     

Development of schemes of induced mutagenesis for improving the productivity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus</Emphasis> strains producing amylolytic enzymes

In order to improve the biosynthesis of amylolytic enzymes by industrial Aspergillus strains, the efficiency of stepwise application of the following methods of induced mutagenesis was studied: ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, gamma irradiation, and treatment with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG). It was found that at the early stages of mutagenesis of the glucoamylase-producing A. awamori strain UV and NG, used either alone or in combination, were efficient enough as mutagenic agents, providing an increase of glucoamylase activity by 30–35 and 50–60%, respectively. At the later stages, serial UV mutagenesis and gamma-irradiation showed high efficiency for both A. awamori, and A. oryzae strains. Gamma-mutagenesis of Aspergillus strains using a cobalt source provided the most stable and highly active strains retaining 90–95% of their activity after five transfers on agar medium. The experiments resulted in significant improvement of the studied industrial strains, more than doubling activity of the target enzymes.     

Alcohol fermentation of starch by a genetic recombinant yeast having glucoamylase activity

Alcohol fermentation of starch was investigated using a direct starch fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae SR93, constructed by integrating a glucoamylase-producing gene (STA1) into the chromosome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SH1089. The glucoamylase was constitutively produced by the recombinant yeast. The ethanol concentration produced by the recombinant yeast was 14.3 g/L which was about 1.5-fold higher than by the conventional mixed culture using an amylolytic microorganism and a fermenting microorganism. About 60% of the starch was converted into ethanol by the recombinant yeast, and the ethanol yield reached its maximum value of 0.48 at the initial starch concentration of 50 g/L. The fed-batch culture, which maintains the starch concentration in the range of 30 to 50 g/L, was used to produce a large amount of ethanol from starch. The amount of ethanol produced in the fed-batch culture increased about 20% compared to the batch culture. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Construction and characterization of an oxalic acid nonproducing strain of Aspergillus niger

Aspergillus niger produces oxalic acid as a by-product which causes problems with downstream processing of industrial enzymes. To overcome this problem the oah gene encoding oxaloacetate hydrolase (EC 3.7.1.1) was disrupted in a glucoamylase-producing strain of A. niger and the resulting strain was incapable of producing oxalic acid. The strain with the disrupted gene was compared with the wild-type strain producing oxalic acid in batch cultivations. The specific growth rate of both strains was 0.20 h(-1). The citric acid yields were identical, but the glucoamylase yield was only 50% in the disruptant compared with the wild-type strain. Batch experiments with 13C-labeled glucose as substrate were carried out to determine the metabolic fluxes through the central metabolism. The two strains had almost identical metabolic fluxes, which suggested that it was possible to disrupt the oah gene without pleiotropic consequences. The flux through the pentose phosphate pathway was around 60% of the glucose uptake for both strains, which suggested that a sufficient supply of NADPH was available for biosynthesis.     

Establishment of a hyper-protein production system in submerged Aspergillus oryzae culture under tyrosinase-encoding gene (melO) promoter control

UV-mediated mutagenesis generated a high glucoamylase-producing mutant of Aspergillus oryzae exhibiting strong melanization in solid-state culture. Expression of the glucoamylase-encoding gene (glaB), which is specifically expressed in solid-state culture, and the tyrosinase-encoding gene (melO), was analyzed using an E. coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assay to investigate this phenomenon. Although no common regulation was found for melO and glaB expression, the former was greatly enhanced in submerged culture. Interestingly, the melO promoter was about four times stronger for GUS production than the powerful promoters amyB, glaA, and modified agdA, previously isolated for industrial heterologous gene expression in A. oryzae. These findings indicated that the melO promoter would be suitable for hyper-production of heterologous protein in Aspergillus. The glaB-type glucoamylase selected as the target protein was produced in a submerged culture of A. oryzae under the control of the melO promoter. The maximum yield was 0.8 g/l broth, and the total extracellular protein purity was 99%. Repeated batch culture, to improve productivity, gave a maximum yield of 3.3 g/l broth. The importance of this work is in the establishment of a both high-level and high-purity protein overproduction system in A. oryzae by use of the melO promoter.     

Quantification of intracellular metabolic fluxes from fractional enrichment and 13C-13C coupling constraints on the isotopomer distribution in labeled biomass components

A method for the quantification of intracellular metabolic flux distributions from steady-state mass balance constraints and from the constraints posed by the measured 13C labeling state of biomass components is presented. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy is used to analyze the labeling state of cell protein hydrolysate and cell wall components. No separation of the biomass hydrolysate is required to measure the degree of 13C-13C coupling and the fractional 13C enrichment in various carbon atom positions. A mixture of [1-13C]glucose and uniformly labeled [13C6]glucose is applied to make fractional 13C enrichment data and measurements of the degree of 13C-13C coupling informative with respect to the intracellular flux distribution. Simulation models that calculate the complete isotopomer distribution in biomass components on the basis of isotopomer mapping matrices are used for the estimation of intracellular fluxes by least-squares minimization. The statistical quality of the estimated intracellular flux distributions is assessed by Monte Carlo methods. Principal component analysis is performed on the outcome of the Monte Carlo procedure to identify groups of fluxes that contribute major parts to the total variance in the multiple flux estimations. The methods described are applied to a steady-state culture of a glucoamylase-producing recombinant Aspergillus niger strain.