狗尾草蒸腾特性与水分利用效率对模拟光辐射增强和CO2浓度升高的响应

 在人工控制光照强度和CO2浓度条件下,测量了禾本科C4植物狗尾草（Setaria viridis）的光合速率（Pn）,蒸腾速率（Tr）,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）,气孔导度（Gs）和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺（Vpdl）对不同模拟光辐射（SPR）强度与CO2浓度的响应。结果表明：Pn, Tr 及Gs均随SPR的升高而增大,增幅趋缓,最终趋于动态平衡。SPR增强的起始阶段,水分利用率（WUE）逐渐增大,在SPR为1200 μmol·m-2·s-1时达到最大值,然后逐渐降低。Ci与Vpdl则随SPR的增强而减小,SPR高于600 μmol·m-2·s-1之后,两者均达到平衡状态。CO2浓度从300增至600 μmol·mol-1的过程中,狗尾草Pn逐渐增大,从600增至1 000 μmol·mol-1过程中,其Pn逐渐降低。Ci、Vpdl和WUE随CO2浓度的升高而增大,Gs和Tr则随CO2浓度的升高而减小。即禾本科一年生C4植物的光合作用对CO2浓度升高响应不敏感,水分蒸腾消耗的减少和WUE的提高对CO2浓度升高的响应极显著。可见,CO2浓度升高对C4植物光合作用的直接促进作用有限,但是却能从提高现有水分利用效率途径促进植物的第一性生产。     

Water relations and gas exchange in poplar and willow under water stress and elevated atmospheric CO2

Predictions of shifts in rainfall patterns as atmospheric [CO2] increases could impact the growth of fast growing trees such as Populus spp. and Salix spp. and the interaction between elevated CO2 and water stress in these species is unknown. The objectives of this study were to characterize the responses to elevated CO2 and water stress in these two species, and to determine if elevated CO2 mitigated drought stress effects. Gas exchange, water potential components, whole plant transpiration and growth response to soil drying and recovery were assessed in hybrid poplar (clone 53-246) and willow (Salix sagitta) rooted cuttings growing in either ambient (350 &mgr;mol mol-1) or elevated (700 &mgr;mol mol-1) atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]). Predawn water potential decreased with increasing water stress while midday water potentials remained unchanged (isohydric response). Turgor potentials at both predawn and midday increased in elevated [CO2], indicative of osmotic adjustment. Gas exchange was reduced by water stress while elevated [CO2] increased photosynthetic rates, reduced leaf conductance and nearly doubled instantaneous transpiration efficiency in both species. Dark respiration decreased in elevated [CO2] and water stress reduced Rd in the trees growing in ambient [CO2]. Willow had 56% lower whole plant hydraulic conductivity than poplar, and showed a 14% increase in elevated [CO2] while poplar was unresponsive. The physiological responses exhibited by poplar and willow to elevated [CO2] and water stress, singly, suggest that these species respond like other tree species. The interaction of [CO2] and water stress suggests that elevated [CO2] did mitigate the effects of water stress in willow, but not in poplar.     

Stomatal limitation of photosynthesis as affected by water stress and CO2 concentration

A water stress effect on photosynthesis and transpiration of wheat seedlings at 50-500 µmol(CO2) mol-1 was measured in an open gas exchange system. The limitation of photosynthesis by stomatal conductance was quantified by a stomatal control coefficient of the net photosynthetic rate. The stomatal control coefficient increased linearly as the water potential of root media decreased to -1 MPa, and it decreased with increasing CO2 concentration.     

CO2对植物在光补偿点附近量子效率的影响

应用植物光合作用对光响应修正模型研究了CO2浓度分别为380和600 mol·mol-1时,栾树和辣椒在光补偿点附近光合量子效率的改变及Kok效应。结果表明:光响应修正模型可很好地拟合栾树和辣椒2种CO2浓度下的光响应曲线,且获得的光合参数与实测值相符合;2种不同CO2浓度条件下,栾树和辣椒总是存在初始量子效率(φ0)大于光补偿点处的量子效率(φc),光合量子效率在光补偿点附近不是常数,且与暗呼吸速率无关;CO2浓度的大小影响着栾树的Kok效应,但对辣椒的Kok效应影响不明显,分析认为,这是由于栾树在光补偿点附近光合量子效率的改变来自其净光合速率对光强的非线性响应,而辣椒不存在Kok效应。     

Changes in Stomatal Conductance,Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency of Ten Species Experienced in High CO2 Concentrations in Biosphere 2

The stomotal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured using a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system for 5 tropical rain forest species and 5 desert species in Biosphere 2, USA. All the species have experienced in very high CO2 ( > 2 200 μmol• mol- 1 ) for more than 4.5 years. The results showed that the stomatal conductance and transpiration of rain forest species decreased from ( 127.4 ± 65.6) and (2.04 ± 0.61 ) mmol• m- 2•s- 1 to (61.3 + 30.5) and ( 1.54 ± 0.65 ) mmol• m-2• s -1 respectively, while WUE increased from (2.90 ± 0.55) to (8.45 ± 2.71) μmol CO2 •mmo1-1 H2O, with CO2 increasing from 350 – 400 to 700 – 820 μmol• mol-l. For the desert species, stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased from respectively (142.8±94.6) and (2.09±0.71) mmol•m-2•s-1 to (57.7±35.8) and (1.36±0.52) mmolm-2•s-l, but WUE increased from (4.69 ± 1.39) to (9.68 ± 1.61) μmol CO2•mmo1-1 H2O, with the CO2 increase from 320 - 400 to 820 – 850 μtmol• mol- 1. The stomatal conductance, transpiration and WUE were less influenced by light intensity under high CO2 than low CO2 concentrations. Most rain forest species reached their light saturation points at light intensity of 500 μmol• m-2•s-1, while desert species at 1 000 μmol•m-2•s-1. Among different species, the desert C3 tree, Nicotiana glauca Grah., had the highest decrease in stomatal conductance and transpiration and the highest increase in WUE, by 78%, 69% and 310% respectively. The enhancement of increasing CO2 to the stomatal, transpiration and WUE of species with different photosynthesis pathway and life forms in Biosphere 2 could be concluded as: C3 species > C4 species, and desert C3 species > rain forest C3 species.     

Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves

A field study on the photosynthetic characteristics in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. was conducted using a LI-6200 Portable Photosynthesis Analysis System as a measuring device and the modified half-leaf method. It was revealed that the light-saturating photosynthetic rate measured in leaves was in a range of 6~10 μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1, and the lowest apparent quantum requirement was about 17. The CO2 compensation concentration of photosynthesis was a little more than 100μmol · mol-1 indicating that E. ulmoides was a C3 type plant. Besides stomatal limitation, photoinhibition of photosynthesis was a possible cause of the midday depression in photosynthetic rate. Only about 14 percent of the photosynthetic product was transported from the leaves during photosynthesis.     

全球变化条件下植物个体的生理生态学模型

天气模型中应用随机模拟方法,产生以天或小时为时间间隔的气温、降水、相对湿度、云量、太阳辐射等天气要素的动态变化时间序列。利用北京地区近30年天气资料进行了模拟验证,模拟结果与实际的天气变化进程相符。生理生态模型描述了净光合速率、气孔传导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率的变化机理。结合开顶式CO_2浓度倍增大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)生长实验,分析了这些生理生态特性在全球变化下的动态响应机制,并进行了模拟预测。结果表明:CO_2浓度倍增情况下,净光合速率提高45％,其中光量子效率显著增加,而CO_2传导系数略有下降;气孔传导度、蒸腾速率下降约30％;水分利用效率随CO_2浓度增加几乎呈线性增长,倍增后提高近一倍。     

CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫下小麦光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

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Doubling the CO2 Concentration Enhanced the Activity of Carbohydrate-Metabolism Enzymes,Source Carbohydrate Production,Photoassimilate Transport,and Sink Strength for Opuntia ficus-indica

After exposure to a doubled CO2 concentration of 750 [mu]mol mol-1 air for about 3 months glucose and starch in the chlorenchyma of basal cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica increased 175 and 57%, respectively, compared with the current CO2 concentration of 370 [mu]mol mol-1, but sucrose content was virtually unaffected. Doubling the CO2 concentration increased the nocturnal malate production in basal cladodes by 75%, inorganic phosphate (Pi) by 32%, soluble starch synthase activity by 30%, and sucrose-Pi synthase activity by 146%, but did not affect the activity of hexokinase. Doubling CO2 accelerated phloem transport of sucrose out of the basal cladodes, resulting in a 73% higher dry weight for the daughter cladodes. Doubling CO2 increased the glucose content in 14-d-old daughter cladodes by 167%, increased nocturnal malate production by 22%, decreased total amino acid content by 61%, and increased soluble starch synthase activity by 30% and sucrose synthase activity by 62%. No downward acclimation of photosynthesis during long-term exposure to elevated CO2 concentrations occurs for O. ficus-indica (M. Cui, P.M. Miller, P.S. Nobel [1993] Plant Physiol 103: 519-524; P.S. Nobel, A.A. Israel [1994] J Exp Bot 45: 295-303), consistent with its higher source capacity and sink strength than under current CO2. These changes apparently do not result in Pi limitation of photosynthesis or suppression of genes governing photosynthesis for this perennial Crassulacean acid metabolism species, as occur for some annual crops.     

庐山鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)幼苗蒸腾特性研究

庐山山地上的鹅掌楸幼苗,在夏季晴天土壤供水充足的条件下,其叶片蒸腾速率的日变化为午后高峰型,日蒸腾量为７０９２ｍｏｌＨ２Ｏｍ＾２ｄ＾１,最大蒸腾速率达３．９ｍｍｏｌＨ２Ｏｍ＾－２ｓ＾－１,叶／敢温度差,敢孔导率,相对湿度等对蒸腾速度的影响最显著;鹅掌楸地的水分利用率日平均为４．１４２ｍｍｏｌＣＯ２３ｍｏｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ最高可达１１．８ｍｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍｏｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ。     

胡杨不同叶形光合特性、水分利用效率及其对加富CO2的响应

 胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）叶形多变化,大致归纳为杨树叶（卵圆形叶）和柳树叶（披针形叶）两大类。在内蒙古额济纳旗胡杨林自然保护区,选择成年树同时具有卵圆形叶和披针形叶的标准株,将枝条拉至同一高度,通过活体测定,比较了其光合特征、水分利用效率及对CO2加富的响应。结果表明：在目前大气CO2浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m－2·s－1时,卵圆形叶（成年树主要叶片）（A）和披针形叶（成年树下部萌条叶片）(B)的净光合速率（Pn）分别为16.40 μmol CO2·m－2·s－1和9.38 μmol CO2·m－2·s－1;水分利用效率（WUE）分别为1.52 mmol CO2·mol－1 H2O和1.18 mmol CO2·mol－1 H2O;A的光饱和点和补偿点分别为1 600 μmol·m－2·s－1和79 μmol·m－2·s－1,B的相对应值则为1 500 μmol·m m－2·s－1和168 μmol·m－2·s－1。当CO2浓度加富到450 μmol·mol－1时,A的光饱和点升高了150 μmol·m－2·s－1,光补偿点降低了36 μmol·m－2·s－1;而B的光饱和点降低了272 μmol·m－2·s－1,光补偿点则升高了32 μmol·m－2·s－1。这表明,柳树叶的光合效率较低,以维持生长为主;随着树体长大,柳树叶难以维系其生长,出现杨树叶,杨树叶更能耐大气干旱,光合效率高,通过积累光合产物,使胡杨在极端逆境下得以生存并能达到较高的生长量,这就是胡杨从幼苗到成年树叶形变化的原因。随着CO2加富,两种叶片表现出截然相反的响应,柳树叶的光合时间缩短,光能利用率减小;而杨树叶的光合时间延长,光能利用率提高。如果地下水位下降,近地层空气变干燥,或随着大气CO2浓度升高,气候变暖,柳树叶可能会逐渐减少以至消失。     

不同时期毛乌素沙区主要植物种光合作用和蒸腾作用的变化

 采用LI—6000便携式光合分析系统对毛乌素沙区主要植物种油蒿、中间锦鸡儿、旱柳进行了不同时期光合作用,蒸腾作用日进程的测定,并同步测定有效光辐射、空气相对湿度、叶温、气温、胞间CO2浓度、气孔阻力、叶片水势及土壤水势等因子;结果表明：不同时期、不同植物种其光合、蒸腾特征各异;植物的光合、蒸腾与环境因子和植物内部因子之间有密切关系,其中有效光辐射是影响光合作用、蒸腾作用诸因子中的主导因子,而气孔阻力变化则在调节光合和蒸腾中起着重要作用;不同植物种间气孔对环境条件变化的响应程度不同,以中间锦鸡儿最为灵敏;3种植物的水分利用效率表明,中间锦鸡儿的水分利用效率较油蒿、旱柳为高。     

北京山区典型暖温带落叶阔叶林大气CO_2浓度、草本层光合作用及土壤释放CO_2变化特点(英文)

为探讨森林生态系统植被、土壤等不同组分与大气CO_2交换特点,利用中型同化箱(40cm×40cm×2Ocm)及红外CO_2分析仪装置对北京山区典型暖温带森林生态系统辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensisKoidz.)林草本层净光合作用、土壤释放CO_2及林外(高出林冠2m)与林内(低于林冠2m)大气CO_2变化进行测定。结果表明:夏季及秋季大气CO_2浓度分别为(323±10)μmol·mol~(-1)和(330±1)μmol·mol~(-1);在一天内连续24h的测定中,大气与林内CO_2浓度的差值最大时可分别达-46和-61μmol·mol~(-1)。夏季草本层净光合强度为(2.59±1.05)μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),是秋季((1.31±0.39)μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1))的2倍;夏季土壤呼吸释放CO_2的强度明显高于秋季,分别为(5.18±0.75)μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和(1.96±0.57)μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。土壤释放CO_2强度与地面温度之间存在显著相关,其关系式为Y=-0.8642 0.3101X(r=0.7164,P<0.001,n=117)。大气CO_2浓度的低值及草本层光合强度高值约出现在14:00左右;而在夜间土壤释放CO_2强度增加,表现为大气CO_2浓度升高。     

Does the direct effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration on leaf respiration vary with temperature? Responses in two species of Plantago that differ in relative growth rate

The objective of this study was to investigate the direct effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on leaf respiration in darkness (R) over a broad range of measurement temperatures. Our aim was to further elucidate the underlying mechanism(s) of the often-reported inhibition of leaf R by a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Experiments were conducted using two species of Plantago that differed in maximum relative growth rate (fast-growing Plantago lanceolata L. and the slow-growing P. euryphylla Briggs, Carolin & Pulley). Rates of leaf respiration (R) were measured at atmospheric CO2 concentrations ranging from 75 to 2000 &mgr;mol mol-1 at temperatures from 12 to 42 degrees C. R was measured as CO2 release with a portable gas exchange system with infrared gas analysers. Our hypothesis was that the changes in temperature alter the flux coefficient (i.e. the extent to which changes in potential enzyme activity has an effect on the rate of a reaction) of enzymes potentially affected by CO2. Initial analysis of our results suggested that R was inhibited by elevated CO2 in both species, with the apparent degree of inhibition being greatest at low temperature. Moreover, the apparent degree of inhibition following a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration from 350 to 700 &mgr;mol mol-1 was similar to that reported by several previous studies (approximately 14% and 26% for P. lanceolata and P. euryphylla, respectively) at a temperature equal to the mean of the previous studies. However, subsequent correction for diffusion leaks of CO2 across the gas exchange's cuvette gaskets revealed that no significant inhibition had occurred in either species, at any temperature. The inhibitory effect of elevated CO2 on leaf respiratory CO2 release reported by previous studies may therefore have been overestimated.     

Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and growth temperature on photosynthesis in cotton leaves

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv DPL 5415) plants were grown in naturally lit environment chambers at day/night temperature regimes of 26/18 (T-26/18), 31/23 (T-31/23) and 36/28 °C (T-36/28) and CO2 concentrations of 350 (C-350), 450 (C-450) and 700 L L-1 (C-700). Net photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, RuBP carboxylase activity and the foliar contents of starch and sucrose were measured during different growth stages. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased with increasing CO2 and temperature regimes. The enhancement of photosynthesis was from 24 mol CO2 m-2 s-1 (with C-350 and T-26/18) to 41 mol m-2 s-1 (with C-700 and T-36/28). Stomatal conductance decreased with increasing CO2 while it increased up to T-31/23 and then declined. The interactive effects of CO2 and temperature resulted in a 30% decrease in transpiration. Although the leaves grown in elevated CO2 had high starch and sucrose concentrations, their content decreased with increasing temperature. Increasing temperature from T-26/18 to 36/28 increased RuBP carboxylase activity in the order of 121, 172 and 190 mol mg-1 chl h-1 at C-350, C-450 and C-700 respectively. Our data suggest that leaf photosynthesis in cotton benefited more from CO_2 enrichment at warm temperatures than at low growth temperature regimes.     

In vitro bulb production fromAllium spp.

Summary A procedure for bulb formation from onion, garlic, and shallot explants is described. Explants from cut stem bases were cultured in shoot induction medium composed of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with or without N⁶-benzyladenine. Shoots produced were then transferred to bulb induction medium composed of MS medium containing 5 g/liter activated charcoal and 120 g/liter sucrose under a long-day photoperiod and 28&#x00B0; C. Bulbs were also produced from onion and garlic directly, without passing through shoot formation, when explants were cultured in the bulb induction medium described above. Bulbs were transferred to soil without acclimatization and produced viable plants.     

Nonstructural carbohydrates of soybean plants grown in subambient and superambient levels of CO2

Photosynthesis Research - Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increases plant photosynthesis, biomass and carbohydrate accumulation. Since plants have grown in low CO2 (200 to 300 µmol...     

高浓度二氧化碳对百合生长和两种化感物质的影响

在大棚栽培条件下,研究不同CO₂浓度（600、800、1 000 μmol·mol^-1）对亚洲型黄花多头切花百合的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1时,切花百合维持较高的Pn,在CO₂浓度为600～1 000 μmol·mol^-1时并持续45 d,百合并未出现明显的光合作用下调,这与新生子球对高CO₂浓度下的百合光合适应性具有一定调节能力有关.CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1时,能提高百合切花0.57个茎高等级,对显色花蕾增长有正效应.不同CO₂浓度对百合叶片中的多酚类和类黄酮含量影响不同,CO₂浓度为600和800 μmol·mol^-1时,能明显提高多酚类和类黄酮含量,植株也未出现叶枯病病株,这与适宜的高CO₂浓度对Pn及碳水化合物的形成和转化以及化感物质与提高百合自身抗病性有关.在试验浓度范围内,CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1时最有利于百合叶片多酚类和类黄酮含量的提高.     

Changes in leaf physiology caused by Calacarus heveae (Acari, Eriophyidae) on rubber tree

The influence of Calacarus heveae Feres on physiological processes was evaluated in two rubber tree clones. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with 5-month-old potted seedlings of RRIM 600 and GT 1 clones, that were either infested with C. heveae or not (non-infested control). The level of photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, changes in relative humidity between leaf surface and ambient air (Δw) and intercellular CO(2) concentration (Ci CO(2)) were evaluated. Infested plants showed significant reductions in the rate of transpiration, the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and Δw. RRIM 600 seedlings showed more pronounced physiological damage than GT 1 seedlings, indicating a lower physiological tolerance of the former clone to the mite. However, carotenoid levels were reduced only in GT 1 seedlings. Photosynthesis was probably reduced due to a decrease in stomatal opening, as indicated by reductions in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and by the absence of differences in chlorophyll levels between treatments. Our results indicate that populations of C. heveae reduce the productivity of rubber trees. Thus, farmers must to be aware to control this mite pest in rubber tree plantations.