Dynamic Chromatin Remodeling Mediated by Polycomb Proteins Orchestrates Pancreatic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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Highlights? Pancreatic lineage progression is governed by PcG-dependent chromatin remodeling ? A temporal chromatin signature predicts regulators of pancreatic development ? Endocrine cells differentiated from hESCs in vivo are similar to native human islets ? In vitro-produced malfunctioning endocrine cells exhibit aberrant chromatin structure     

Sox2 Cooperates with Inflammation-Mediated Stat3 Activation in the Malignant Transformation of Foregut Basal Progenitor Cells

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Highlights? Sox2+ve basal stem/progenitor cells self-renew and differentiate in vitro and in vivo ? Conditional Sox2 overexpression promotes the expansion of basal progenitor cells ? Sox2 cooperates with an inflammatory microenvironment to induce squamous cancer ? Sox2 and Stat3 together transform mouse and human esophageal progenitor cells     

Dynamin 2 Potentiates Invasive Migration of Pancreatic Tumor Cells through Stabilization of the Rac1 GEF Vav1

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Highlights? Dyn2 promotes lamellipodia formation and pancreatic tumor cell migration ? Direct binding between Dyn2 and Vav1 promotes Rac1 activation and migration ? Dyn2 binding protects Vav1 from degradation by the lysosome ? Vav1 is targeted for degradation through an interaction with Hsc70     

Keeping cell identity in Arabidopsis requires PRC1 RING-finger homologs that catalyze H2A monoubiquitination

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Highlights? AtBMI1A/B proteins prevent misexpression of embryonic traits in somatic cells ? PRC2 and AtBMI1A/B proteins maintain cells in their differentiated state ? AtBMI1A/B proteins mediate H2A monoubiquitination     

The Retroviral Restriction Ability of SAMHD1, but Not Its Deoxynucleotide Triphosphohydrolase Activity,Is Regulated by Phosphorylation

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Highlights? SAMHD1 only exhibits antiviral activity when expressed in noncycling cells ? SAMHD1 is unphosphorylated in noncycling cells ? Reverse genetics revealed that phosphorylated SAMHD1 is repressive for restriction ? SAMHD1 phosphorylation regulates restriction, but not the cellular levels of dNTPs     

ESCs Require PRC2 to Direct the Successful Reprogramming of Differentiated Cells toward Pluripotency

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Highlights? Mouse pluripotent cells reprogram human B cells in heterokaryons ? ESCs lacking PRC1 or PRC2 cannot successfully reprogram ? Failure of PRC1/2-deficient ESCs to reprogram is functionally dominant ? PRC1/2 play a critical role in the chromatin reorganization required for reprogramming     

Intestinal Tumorigenesis Initiated by Dedifferentiation and Acquisition of Stem-Cell-like Properties

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Highlights? Epithelial nonstem cells can be reprogrammed into tumor-initiating cells ? Dedifferentiation depends on degree of Wnt signaling ? Wnt signaling is enhanced by NFkB via the coactivator CBP ? Differentiation of stem cells into nonstem cells is bidirectional     

Endothelial Cells Are Essential for the Self-Renewal and Repopulation of Notch-Dependent Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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Highlights? Coculture with endothelial cells promotes HSC expansion and self-renewal ? Endothelial cell effect on HSCs mediated by Notch signaling ? In vivo, sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) express Notch ligands ? Blocking vessel remodeling impairs hematopoietic recovery after irradiation     

Trachea-Derived Dpp Controls Adult Midgut Homeostasis in Drosophila

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Highlights? Trachea-derived Dpp/Bmp is required for midgut homeostasis ? Dpp expressed in tracheal cells reach intestinal cells through visceral muscles ? Dpp signaling is activated in enterocytes (ECs) in the Drosophila adult midgut ? Dpp signaling stabilizes ECs to restrict intestinal stem cell proliferation     

Imparting Regenerative Capacity to Limbs by Progenitor Cell Transplantation

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Highlights? Transplantation of limb progenitor cells promotes multiple digit regenerates ? Wnt/β-catenin activation is required to stimulate adult frog limb regeneration ? Growth factors promote cell survival and growth and give pattern information ? Regeneration-incompetent host limb cells contribute to the regenerated limbs     

Repeated,Long-Term Cycling of Putative Stem Cells between Niches in a Basal Chordate

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Highlights? Identification of a niche for germline and somatic stem cells in a basal chordate ? Stem cells repeatedly migrate between aged or damaged niches into developing niches     

Dopamine controls neurogenesis in the adult salamander midbrain in homeostasis and during regeneration of dopamine neurons

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Highlights? Regeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons depends on decreased dopamine signaling ? L-dopa inhibits ependymoglia cell proliferation during dopamine neuron regeneration ? Proliferation of ependymoglia cells is constantly suppressed by dopamine signaling ? Inhibition of dopamine signaling evokes neurogenesis by quiescent ependymoglia cells     

Selective Elimination of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by an Oleate Synthesis Inhibitor Discovered in a High-Throughput Screen

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Highlights? High-throughput screen identifies selective cytotoxic inhibitors of hPSCs ? The most potent and selective compound inhibits stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD1) ? Pluripotent cells uniquely depend on oleate metabolism for their viability ? SCD1 inhibition rapidly and robustly eliminates undifferentiated cells from culture     

CED-1, CED-7, and TTR-52 regulate surface phosphatidylserine expression on apoptotic and phagocytic cells

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Highlights? PS is expressed on the surface of apoptotic and phagocytic cells during apoptosis ? CED-7 and TTR-52 mediate time-dependent loss of PS from surface of apoptotic cells ? CED-7 and TTR-52 promote generation of extracellular PS vesicles ? CED-7/TTR-52/CED-1 promote phagocyte PS expression, important for corpse engulfment     

A microRNA miR-34a-Regulated Bimodal Switch Targets Notch in Colon Cancer Stem Cells

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Highlights? miR-34a regulates colon cancer stem cell asymmetric division ? miR-34a generates a sharp threshold response ? miR-34a converts Notch signaling into a toggle switch ? Binary Notch levels specify self-renewal versus differentiation     

Epigenetic Regulation of miR-184 by MBD1 Governs Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

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Highlights? MBD1 governs the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) ? MBD1 controls the expression of miRNAs, including miR-184, in NSCs ? MiR-184 represses the expression of Numblike ? Numblike rescues the effects of abnormal MBD1 and miR-184 expression     

Fas/CD95-Induced Chemokines Can Serve as “Find-Me” Signals for Apoptotic Cells

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Highlights? Fas-induced apoptosis is associated with secretion of cytokines and chemokines ? Fas-driven MCP-1 and IL-8 were chemotactic for monocytes and neutrophils, respectively ? IL-8 and MCP-1 can act as “find-me” signals for apoptotic cells ? Apoptotic cells can actively communicate with cells of the immune system     

Reprogramming Adult Schwann Cells to Stem Cell-like Cells by Leprosy Bacilli Promotes Dissemination of Infection

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Highlights? Leprosy bacteria reprogram adult Schwann cells by altering host-gene expression ? Bacterially reprogrammed cells resemble progenitor/stem-like cells (pSLC) of mesenchymal trait ? pSLC promote bacterial spread to mesenchymal tissues by redifferentiation ? pSLC secrete immune factors, recruit macrophages, transfer bacteria, form granulomas, and disseminate infection