蛋白激发子PeaT1在枯草芽胞杆菌中的分泌表达及重组菌株提高小麦抗旱和促生的作用

PeaT1是从极细链格孢菌Alternaria tenuissima中分离的一种蛋白激发子,具有促进植物生长和诱导植物产生系统获得抗性的功能,为了实现peaT1基因在枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis中的分泌表达,增加其应用途径,从枯草芽胞杆菌基因组DNA中分别扩增获得P43启动子和nprB基因的信号肽序列,并用SOE (Splicing by over lapping extension) 方法与peaT1基因连接,将连接产物克隆到大肠杆菌-枯草芽胞杆菌穿梭表达载体pHY300-PLK上,构建了重组表达载体pHY43N-peaT1。将重组载体转化枯草芽胞杆菌WB800菌株,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析证实,在NprB信号肽的引导下,枯草芽胞杆菌成功分泌表达了PeaT1蛋白。构建的重组菌株能够显著增强幼苗抗旱性,提高小麦株高。     

地衣芽胞杆菌FLP/FRT基因编辑系统的构建及验证

地衣芽胞杆菌有效的基因编辑工具有限,为了拓展和丰富其基因编辑手段,在地衣芽胞杆菌中构建一个抗性标记可重复使用的FLP/FRT基因编辑系统,并通过敲除α-淀粉酶基因amyL、蛋白酶基因aprE及敲入外源透明颤菌血红蛋白基因vgb对该系统进行初步验证。首先以温敏质粒pNZT1为载体分别构建amyL和aprE基因敲除质粒pNZTT-AFKF和pNZTT-EFKF,两个敲除质粒各自包含针对目标基因的同源臂、抗性基因及同向的FRT位点;将敲除质粒转化地衣芽胞杆菌并经过两次同源交换过程实现目标基因的敲除;最后导入一个FLP重组酶表达质粒通过FLP/FRT系统的重组作用介导抗性基因的回收。为进一步验证本系统的实用性及编辑效率,构建了包含透明颤菌血红蛋白编码基因vgb表达盒及基因组丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶编码基因pflB敲除盒的重组质粒pNZTK-PFTF-vgb,并以此进行外源基因vgb在基因组上的定向敲入。结果显示,成功敲除amyL及aprE并回收了抗性标记卡那霉素基因,敲除后淀粉酶活和蛋白酶活分别减少95.3%和80.4%;vgb基因成功整合入基因组pflB位点并回收了抗性标记四环素基因,并利用荧光定量PCR技术检测到vgb的整合表达。文中首次建立了一个适用于地衣芽胞杆菌的、抗性标记可重复使用的FLP/FRT基因编辑系统,并进行了基因敲除及基因敲入验证,为地衣芽胞杆菌遗传改造提供了良好的方法参考。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌启动基因的克隆及其对地衣杆菌α-淀粉酶基因的调控

用大肠杆菌启动基因探针质粒pHE5克隆了解淀粉芽胞杆菌的启动基因。供体菌DNA的HindⅢ片段与pHE5重组后转化大肠杆菌,获得一批带启动基因的抗四环素转化子,其中四株的抗性达到200μg/mL,从这四株高抗性转化子中提取质粒,并对其中的一个重组质粒pAE23的插入片段进行限制性图谱分析和缺失研究,获得了一个缺失了部份片段,四环素抗性仍达到200μg/mL的衍生质粒pAED23,经酶切分析证明其上的启动基因位于0.8kb的EcoR Ⅰ—HindⅢ片段上。点杂交分析证实该片段来自解淀粉芽胞杆菌的DNA。将地衣杆菌的α-淀粉酶基因亚克隆至pAED23启动基因下游的HindⅢ位点上能增强该基因在大肠杆菌中的表达。     

同源重组法构建枯草芽孢杆菌224 yugS基因缺失突变株

从枯草芽孢杆菌224的基因组DNA中分别扩增出溶血样基因yugS的上、下游片段,并利用携带新霉素抗性基因(neor)的重组质粒pMD18-T-neo作为骨架,构建了基于yugS基因位点的基因阻断质粒pMD18-T-neo-yugS,线性化后电转化入枯草杆菌224,从新霉素抗性平板上挑取转化子,通过对基因组的PCR鉴定和核苷酸测序证明,确定转化子yugS156为yugS基因缺失突变株。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌营养期杀虫蛋白基因vip3A在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达

枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis常被用于表达杀虫和抗菌蛋白.为了探讨苏云金芽胞杆菌B. thuringiensis营养期杀虫蛋白基因（vip3A）在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达情况,促进杀虫防病工程菌构建,将枯草芽胞杆菌168菌株核糖体小亚基S4蛋白基因的启动子与苏云金芽胞杆菌WB7菌株vip3A基因的编码序列连接,插入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli与枯草芽胞杆菌穿梭载体pAD123,得到重组原核表达质粒pADpvip,将重组质粒转化枯草芽胞杆菌标准菌株168和分离自辣椒体内的生防内生枯草芽胞杆菌BS-2菌株中,获得工程菌株.SDS-PAGE分析表明在枯草芽胞杆菌168菌株的部分工程菌株中有约88 kDa大小的VIP条带,而BS-2的工程菌株中未见相应的条带,表明Vip3A蛋白仅在168菌株中表达.生物测定表明有5株168的工程菌株（168vip1-4,6）表现较高的杀虫活性,工程菌株发酵稀释液（约10⁷CFU/mL）处理的小白菜叶片饲喂斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫72 h的杀虫效果可达87.64%~92.13%,但vip3A基因转入内生枯草芽胞杆菌BS-2中不表现杀虫作用.毒力测定表明168vip2菌株对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫72 h的LC₅₀为0.0194 mL/mL.这些结果为进一步研究基因在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达构建杀虫防病工程菌打下了基础.     

炭疽芽胞杆菌A16D2株BA2380基因缺失突变株的构建

本课题组早期研究结果表明,炭疽芽胞杆菌BA2380蛋白可能与炭疽芽胞杆菌毒力有关,因而有必要对其功能进行深入研究。选取炭疽芽胞杆菌A16D2株为出发菌株,以其BA2380基因为目的缺失基因,参照A16D2株基因组序列及质粒pSET4s序列,利用软件设计上下游同源臂及抗性基因引物,用本实验室改造的“Golden Gate”克隆方法将3个片段同时连入温敏型穿梭载体pKMBK中(本实验室构建的受体质粒),从而构建基因打靶质粒。将该基因打靶质粒导入炭疽芽胞杆菌A16D2感受态细胞中,利用同源重组原理,筛选获得炭疽芽胞杆菌A16D2 BA2380基因缺失突变株,并对其进行验证。结果验证了本课题组构建的“Golden Gate”克隆体系进行多片段克隆的高效性,也为后续探索其基因功能奠定了基础。     

以CotX为分子载体在枯草芽胞杆菌芽胞表面展示绿色荧光蛋白

芽胞衣壳蛋白CotB、CotC、CotG等可作为芽胞表面展示外源蛋白的分子载体,制备口服重组疫苗或具有催化活性的重组酶。CotX为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubtilis芽胞衣壳中的另一种结构蛋白。为证明CotX能否作为分子载体将外源蛋白展示在芽胞表面,本研究将cotX基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp的编码序列进行基因重组,构建融合表达CotX-GFP的整合型重组质粒,将该质粒转化枯草芽胞杆菌,筛选重组菌株并诱导产生芽胞,观察到重组芽胞表面具有GFP绿色荧光。结果表明枯草芽胞杆菌的芽胞衣壳蛋白CotX位于芽胞衣壳外层,可作为芽胞表面展示外源蛋白的载体分子。     

高温α-淀粉酶高表达的研究

为了进一步提高工业上重要的地衣芽胞杆菌高温α-淀粉酶(BLA)的发酵生产性能,以高温α-淀粉酶基因(amyL)为目的基因,构建地衣芽胞杆菌高温α-淀粉酶基因产生菌的整合表达通用性质粒pB li16 s-amyL-EryR,采用原生质体转化法将此整合型表达质粒导入B.licheniformis CBBD302,在整合表达质粒中的16SrDNA序列的介导下实现了同源整合。挑选20株阳性转化子,分别通过提高培养基中红霉素的使用浓度,增加染色体上目的基因amyL的拷贝数,由此获得的重组菌的BLA生产水平提高了56.37%~80.29%。     

在枯草杆菌芽胞表面展示P74蛋白膜外肽段

目的:对家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)囊膜蛋白P74膜外肽段与枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)CotC与进行融合表达,制备表面展示有P74蛋白的重组芽孢,为深入研究该重组芽孢的功能提供基础.方法:将CotC基因与BmNPV P74膜外编码序列进行融合,构建表达CotC-P74融合蛋白的重组质粒pJS700-p74.通过双交换使该重组质粒中的CotC-P74表达盒整合到枯草芽胞杆菌染色体淀粉酶基因位点,并对发生同源重组后的菌株进行筛选和PCR鉴定.结果:PCR结果表明CotC-P74成功地整合到枯草芽孢杆菌基因组上,通过作者实验室制备的P74多抗对诱导后的重组芽孢衣壳总蛋白进行Western blot分析,结果在49 kDa位置处能杂交到一条特异的蛋白带.结论:P74蛋白胞外肽段成功地展示在枯草芽胞杆菌芽胞表面.     

过量表达DegQ有利于地衣芽胞杆菌表达高温α-淀粉酶

研究了过量表达DegQ对地衣芽胞杆菌表达高温α-淀粉酶的影响。通过PCR从地衣芽胞杆菌基因组中扩增得到degQ基因,将其克隆到pHY—P43载体中,得到重组质粒pHY—P43-degQ。将其分别转化至地衣芽胞杆菌ATCC14580和B0204中,得到重组菌ATCC14580（pHY—P43-degQ）和B0204（pHY—P43-degQ）。通过发酵试验,证实degQ基因的表达能够显著提高高温α-淀粉酶的表达水平。     

Characterization of Xyn30A and Axh43A of Bacillus licheniformis SVD1 identified by its genomic analysis

The genome sequence of Bacillus licheniformis SVD1, that produces a cellulolytic and hemi-cellulolytic multienzyme complex, was partially determined, indicating that the glycoside hydrolase system of this strain is highly similar to that of B. licheniformis ATCC14580. All of the fifty-six genes encoding glycoside hydrolases identified in B. licheniformis ATCC14580 were conserved in strain SVD1. In addition, two new genes, xyn30A and axh43A, were identified in the B. licheniformis SVD1 genome. The xyn30A gene was highly similar to Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168 xynC encoding for a glucuronoarabinoxylan endo-1,4-β-xylanase. Xyn30A, produced by a recombinant Escherichia coli, had high activity toward 4-O-methyl-d-glucurono-d-xylan but showed definite activity toward oat-spelt xylan and unsubstituted xylooligosaccharides. Recombinant Axh43A, consisting of a family-43 catalytic module of the glycoside hydrolases and a family-6 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), was an arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (α-l-arabinofuranosidase) classified as AXH-m23 and capable of releasing arabinosyl residues, which are linked to the C-2 or C-3 position of singly substituted xylose residues in arabinoxylan or arabinoxylan oligomers. The isolated CBM polypeptide had an affinity for soluble and insoluble xylans and removal of the CBM from Axh43A abolished the catalytic activity of the enzyme, indicating that the CBM plays an essential role in hydrolysis of arabinoxylan.     

Purification, characterization, cloning, and expression of a glutamic acid-specific protease from Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580.

A glutamic acid-specific protease has been purified to homogeneity from Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 utilizing Phe-Leu-D-Glu-OMe-Sepharose affinity chromatography and crystallized. The molecular weight of the protease was estimated to be approximately 25,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protease, which we propose to call BLase (glutamic acid-specific protease from B. licheniformis ATCC 14580), was characterized enzymatically. Using human parathyroid hormone (13-34) and p-nitroanilides of peptidyl glutamic acid and aspartic acid, we found a marked difference between BLase and V8 protease, EC 3.4.21.9, although both proteases showed higher reactivity for glutamyl bonds than for aspartyl bonds. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate and benzyloxycarbonyl Leu-Glu chloromethyl ketone completely inhibited BLase, whereas EDTA reversibly inactivated the enzyme. The findings clearly indicate that BLase can be classified as a serine protease. To elucidate the complete primary structure and precursor of BLase, its gene was cloned from the genomic DNA of B. licheniformis ATCC 14580, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Taking the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified BLase into consideration, the clones encode a mature peptide of 222 amino acids, which follows a prepropeptide of 94 residues. The recombinant BLase was expressed in Bacillus subtilis and purified to homogeneity. Its key physical and chemical characteristics were the same as those of the wild-type enzyme. BLase was confirmed to be a protease specific for glutamic acid, and the primary structure deduced from the cDNA sequence was found to be identical with that of a glutamic acid-specific endopeptidase isolated from Alcalase (Svendsen, I., and Breddam, K. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 165-171), being different from V8 protease and the Glu-specific protease of Streptomyces griseus which consist of 268 and 188 amino acids, respectively.     

Heterogenous expression of poly-gamma-glutamic acid synthetase complex gene of Bacillus licheniformis WBL-3

Bacillus licheniformis WBL-3, one of poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) producers, depends on the existence of glutamate in the medium. In this paper, gamma-PGA synthetase complex gene (pgsBCA) was cloned from Bacillus licheniformis WBL-3. pgsBCA gene of B. licheniformis WBL-3 was highly homologous with pgsBCA gene of B. licheniformis 14580. The similarity was 97%, but the similarity of pgsBCA gene between B. licheniformis WBL-3 and Bacillus subtilis IF03336 was only 74%. However, when pgsBCA was expressed in Escherichia coli, the E. coli clone produced gamma-PGA extracellularly. The yield of gamma-PGA was 8.624 g/l. This result infers that B. licheniformis and B. subtilis has the similar gamma-PGA biosynthesis mechanism, namely, glutamic acid is catalyzed by an ATP-dependent amide ligase to synthesize gamma-PGA.     

地衣芽孢杆菌YP1A耐有机溶剂蛋白酶基因的克隆与功能表达

根据B．licheniformis YP1A来源的碱性蛋白酶具有的高强度耐有机溶剂性能及相关数据库分析,采用PCR克隆B．licheniformis YP1A耐有机溶剂碱性蛋白酶基因,序列分析显示该基因（1264bp）包含启动子与编码380个氨基酸的开放阅读框（ORF）,ORF包括信号肽、前肽及编码254个氨基酸的成熟肽序列。相关基因分析表明,YP1A耐有机溶剂碱性蛋白酶基因与地衣芽孢杆菌ATCC14580的碱性蛋白酶基因仅有6个氨基酸残基差异：构建2种含YP1A碱性蛋白酶CDS的组成型穿梭表达载体pHY／aprYP与pHY／aprP43,前者采用YP1A蛋白酶自带的启动子,后者则采用来自于质粒pP43NMK的P43强启动子。利用这2种表达载体在枯草芽孢杆菌WB800中成功进行蛋白酶的功能表达．其中P43强启动子的表达能力明显优于碱性蛋白酶自带的启动子,表达的蛋白酶比酶活为395U／ml。重组菌表达的碱性蛋白酶在体积分数50％的亲水及疏水有机溶剂中表现出了很好的耐受性,验证了克隆基因为地衣芽孢杆菌YP1A的高强度耐有机溶剂碱性蛋白酶基因.     

产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌CGMCC 3963耐受特征及基于转录组学的耐受机制分析

【目的】地衣芽孢杆菌是茅台酒高温大曲中能产酱香风味物质的主要微生物,对酱香型白酒的酿造具有重要价值。而酱香型白酒的酿造环境具有高渗、高温、酸性、高乙醇胁迫等特征,研究产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌在环境胁迫下的耐受特征有利于认识酱香型白酒的酿造特征。【方法】以一株产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 3963)为研究对象,测定其耐渗、耐酸、耐乙醇特征,并从比较转录组学角度系统分析B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963的耐受机制。【结果】B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963在15%的KCl、15%的Na Cl、p H 4.0的酸性环境或6%乙醇浓度下的生长情况明显优于不产酱香的模式菌株B.licheniformis ATCC 14580。转录组比较分析显示B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963中一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。【结论】来源于酿造环境的B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐受能力强于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580,一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。编码脯氨酸和甜菜碱等溶质转运、离子外排、钾离子通道蛋白等基因的差异表达,使得高渗胁迫下B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963生长明显优于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580;编码II类热休克蛋白、乙醇脱氢酶、氧化应激、p H动态平衡等相关基因的差异表达,在提高菌株耐受酸性环境能力上起了重要作用;II类及III类热休克基因的高表达对B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐乙醇能力起了重要作用。     

Molecular cloning in Bacillus subtilis of a Bacillus licheniformis gene encoding a thermostable alpha amylase

A resident-plasmid cloning system developed for Bacillus subtilis has been used to isolate recombinant plasmids carrying DNA from Bacillus licheniformis which confer alpha-amylase activity on alpha-amylase-negative mutants of B. subtilis. These plasmids contain a 3550-bp insert at the EcoRI site of the plasmid pBD64. Subcloning various lengths of the B. licheniformis DNA has localised the gene to a 2550-bp BclI fragment. We present evidence that the cloned fragment codes for a B. licheniformis heat-stable alpha-amylase with a temperature optimum of 93 degrees C. The foreign gene is expressed efficiently in B. subtilis and is stably maintained.     

Molecular cloning and expression of Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase gene in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

The chromosomal beta-lactamase (penicillinase, penP) gene from Bacillus licheniformis 749/C has been cloned in Escherichia coli. The locations of the target sites for various restriction enzymes on the 4.2-kilobase EcoRI fragment were determined. By matching the restriction mapping data with the potential nucleotide sequences of the penP gene deduced from known protein sequence, we established the exact position of the penP gene on the fragment. A bifunctional plasmid vector carrying the penP gene, plasmid pOG2165, was constructed which directs the synthesis of the heterologous beta-lactamase in both E. coli and Bacillus subtilis hosts. The protein synthesized in E. coli and B. subtilis is similar in size to the processed beta-lactamase made in B. licheniformis. Furthermore, the beta-lactamase made in B. subtilis is efficiently secreted by the host into the culture medium, indicating that B. subtilis is capable of carrying out the post-translational proteolytic cleavage(s) to convert the membrane-bound precursor enzyme into the soluble extracellular form.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the penicillinase antirepressor gene penJ of Bacillus licheniformis.

The penicillinase antirepressor gene, penJ, of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a was cloned in Escherichia coli by using pMB9 as a vector plasmid. The penicillinase gene, penP, its repressor gene, penI, and penJ were encoded on the cloned 5.2-kilobase HindIII fragment of the recombinant plasmid pTTE71. The penJ open reading frame was composed of 1,803 bases and 601 amino acid residues (molecular weight, 68,388). A Shine-Dalgarno sequence was found 7 bases upstream from the translation start site. Since this sequence was located in the 3'-terminal region of the penI gene, penJ might be transcribed together with penI as a polycistronic mRNA from the penI promoter. Frameshift mutations of penJ were constructed in vitro from pTTE71, and the penJ mutant gene was introduced into B. licheniformis by chromosomal recombination. The transformant B. licheniformis U173 (penP+ penI+ penJ) turned out to be uninducible for penicillinase production, whereas the wild-type strain (penP+ penI+ penJ+) was inducible. Only when these three genes (penP, penI, and PenJ) were simultaneously subcloned in Bacillus subtilis did the plasmid carrier exhibit inducible penicillinase production, as did wild-type B. licheniformis. It was concluded that penJ is involved in the penicillinase induction. The regulation of penP expression by penI and penJ is discussed.     

Cell physiology and protein secretion of Bacillus licheniformis compared to Bacillus subtilis

The genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis was published in 1997 and since then many other bacterial genomes have been sequenced, among them Bacillus licheniformis in 2004. B. subtilis and B. licheniformis are closely related and feature similar saprophytic lifestyles in the soil. Both species can secrete numerous proteins into the surrounding medium enabling them to use high-molecular-weight substances, which are abundant in soils, as nutrient sources. The availability of complete genome sequences allows for the prediction of the proteins containing signals for secretion into the extracellular milieu and also of the proteins which form the secretion machinery needed for protein translocation through the cytoplasmic membrane. To confirm the predicted subcellular localization of proteins, proteomics is the best choice. The extracellular proteomes of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis have been analyzed under different growth conditions allowing comparisons of the extracellular proteomes and conclusions regarding similarities and differences of the protein secretion mechanisms between the two species.