吉林省集安地区蝴蝶种类和生态考察报告

为了解掌握吉林集安地区蝴蝶种类及资源的本底资料.笔者在该地区开展了为期三年的蝶类资源考察,采用人工捕捉法捕获蝶类,并对捕获的蝶类进行分类鉴定,已发现蝶类8科64属104种.经调查初步摸清了集安地区蝶类的种类,为今后开展集安地区蝶类调查研究工作提供了科学依据.     

鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类多样性

通过对安徽省鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类资源的调查 ,共发现蝶类 65种 ,隶属 1 0科 46属。区系分析结果表明 ,该地区蝶类呈现由东洋界向古北界过渡的特征。结合保护区的地理地貌、植被类型、土壤、气候等生态地理因素 ,分析了保护区蝶类的垂直分布特征     

皇甫山蝶类资源及区系的研究

通过对安徽省皇甫山自然保护区蝶类资源的调查,共发现蝶类４８种,隶属８科３７属,所发现的蝶类中除枯叶峡蝶未采到标本外,其它均有１至数例标本。研究表明该地区蝶类具有东洋界属性及由东洋界向古北界过渡的特征。     

湖南高望界国家级自然保护区及其周边蝶类多样性与影响因素

为了解湖南高望界国家级自然保护区蝶类多样性本底及其影响因素, 2016年5月至2018年10月, 我们采用样线法对保护区内外的6种生境(保护区内4种, 区外2种)开展了20次蝶类多样性调查。共记录蝴蝶个体13,956只, 依照五科分类系统, 隶属5科113属239种, 其中湖南省蝶类新记录17种。区系成分以东洋种为主(139种, 占58.1%), 广布种次之(97种, 占40.6%), 古北种最少(3种, 占1.3%)。对不同生境的蝶类群落多样性指数进行分析后发现, 人为干扰程度和生境异质性共同影响蝶类多样性。不同生境相似性分析结果表明, 蝶类群落的相似度与人为干扰程度和植被类型差异密切相关。3年间, 蝶类多样性指数月度变化基本一致, 蝶类物种数、多样性指数与月均温间呈显著正相关, 与月降水量无相关性。综上, 蝶类多样性受到人为干扰程度和气象因子的影响。为保护蝶类资源, 建议保护好蝶类栖息地, 减少人为干扰。     

浙江天童国家森林公园蝶类昆虫多样性研究

为探明浙江天童国家森林公园蝶类昆虫本底资料,提供该地区后续开发利用、进一步保护蝶类资源相应的理论依据,开展本项目研究。对已有和补充采集标本整理鉴定的基础上,结合国内外已公开发表的资料,建立浙江天童国家森林公园鳞翅目Lepidoptera蝶类昆虫数据库。共记录鳞翅目蝶类昆虫10科58属82种,其中14种(隶属于6科14属)为本研究在该地区新纪录种类。其寄主涉及32科81属植物,不同科的蝶类对寄主植物的选择具有一定专化性。蝶类区系类型组成以东洋+古北共有种类为主,共47种,东洋种32种,古北种3种,分别占总数的57.32%,39.02%和3.66%,表明古北界与东洋界的蝶类物种在该地区有广泛的交流。     

四川峨眉山夏季蝶类调查

通过2008—2017年夏季在峨眉山地区的调查,共采集蝶类标本1 860号,隶属10科73属154种,结合前人报道,峨眉山共有蝶类11科126属279种。本次调查显示,蛱蝶科Nymphalidae物种数(55种)和个体数(645只)均最多,珍蝶科Acraeidae物种数(1种)和个体数(6只)均最少;常见种(数量占比大于5%)包括嘉翠蛱蝶Euthalia kardama、斑星弄蝶Celaenorrhinus maculosus、东方菜粉蝶Pieris canidia、素饰蛱蝶Stibochiona nicea、灰翅串珠环蝶Faunis aerope和黑纹粉蝶P.melete,这6种蝶类占蝶类总数的41.10%;珍稀种包括金裳凤蝶Troides aeacus、裳凤蝶T.helena、燕凤蝶Lamproptera curia、三尾凤蝶Bhutanitis thaidina、双星箭环蝶Stichophthalma neumogeni、白袖箭环蝶S.louisa、箭环蝶S.howqua、黑紫蛱蝶Sasakia funebris、枯叶蛱蝶Kallima inachus和朴喙蝶Libythea celtis,这些珍稀蝶类值得重点关注和保护。建议加强峨眉山蝶类资源的长期监测和调查研究,为科学合理地开发蝶类资源和进行濒危珍稀特有蝶类的保护提供基础数据。     

小兴安岭凉水自然保护区蝶类多样性

2012—2013年选取原始阔叶红松林、人工林、天然次生林和灌丛草甸4种典型植被生境,对小兴安岭凉水自然保护区的蝶类进行了系统研究。共捕获蝶类1438头,分属7科47属76种,4种植被生境中蝶类群落优势类群均为蛱蝶科,不同生境蝶类群落相似性与生境植被类型密切相关。计算分析了4种植被生境中蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度、优势度指数、均匀度指数和种-多度关系,结果表明:3种森林生境蝶类多样性大于灌丛草甸,原始阔叶红松林蝶类具有最高的多样性指数、较高的物种丰富度、均匀度指数以及最低的优势度指数,种-多度分布为对数正态分布,说明环境质量优越,最适合蝶类生存和繁衍;灌丛草甸蝶类的多样性指数、物种丰富度和均匀度指数均为最低,而优势度指数最高,种-多度分布为对数级数分布,反映植物群落结构较单一,适合各种蝶类生存和繁衍的资源不足;天然次生林蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度高于人工林,均匀度小于人工林,但前者种-多度分布为对数级数模型,后者为对数正态模型,说明在封山育林状态下,对森林植被组成进行适当合理的干扰,有利于森林的健康发展     

贵州赤水桫椤自然保护区蝶类组成及多样性格局

2008年5～10月期间,对贵州省赤水桫椤自然保护区蝶类资源进行了调查.共采集到蝶类465只,结合文献,计113种,分别隶属于11科66属.从自然保护区3条沟的物种组成和刚捕最来看,幺站沟的种数和网捕量最多,其次是板桥沟,金沙沟种数最少.对保护区的幺站沟、金沙沟和板桥沟的蝶类多样性和均匀度分析表明,幺站沟的物种多样性指数(H')最高,板桥沟的均匀度指数(J)最高.3条沟蝶类之间的相似性系数低.     

四川省动物学会等联合举办四川蝴蝶展览

四川省由于复杂的地形和气候条件,造成植被丰富多样,导致蝶类数量和种类众多,近年来已引起国内外关注。为了展示四川的蝶类资源,宣传生物学、野生动物保护、环境保护和资源保护等知识,四川省动物学会、《四川动物》编辑部、德阳市莲池珍稀动物养殖场和学会最年轻的会员赵力,于1993年9—11月在成都市人民公园联合举办了“赵力四川蝴蝶展”。     

安徽省蝶类新记录

2007年5月再次对安徽天堂寨地区的蝶类资源进行了调查,经鉴定魔女矍眼蝶Ypthima medusa为安徽省新记录种.     

Nectar Resources and Their Influence on Butterfly Communities on Reclaimed Coal Surface Mines

Despite the critical role insects play in ecosystem functioning, there has been little study of factors affecting their reestablishment in restored ecosystems. The goals of this research were to quantify the nectar resources provided by reclaimed coal surface mines and to examine the role nectar resources play in determining butterfly community composition on these sites. Adult butterfly communities and nectar resources were sampled on 18 reclaimed coal surface-mined sites and five unmined hardwood sites in southwestern Virginia. Recently, reclaimed sites provided an average of 300 times the nectar abundance of the surrounding hardwoods, and nectar abundance and species richness decreased with time since reclamation. Total nectar abundance was highly correlated with total butterfly abundance and species richness for the entire flight season; these variables were also significantly correlated among sites during most of the 12 sampling periods during the flight season. In only a few cases, however, were butterfly and nectar abundance and species richness significantly correlated within individual sites during the flight season. These results suggest that, although adults of many butterfly species move in response to nectar availability, nectar resources are not sufficiently limiting that their life histories have evolved to maximize nectar resources temporally. While planting species in restored areas that provide abundant nectar will likely attract adult butterflies, this is only one of a number of habitat variables that must be considered in efforts to restore butterfly populations. Finally, adult butterflies appear to have limited utility as indicators of revegetation success.     

Nectar and hostplant scarcity limit populations of an endangered Oregon butterfly

As grassland habitats become degraded, declines in juvenile and adult food resources may limit populations of rare insects. Fender's blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi), a species proposed for listing as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act, survives in remnants of upland prairie in western Oregon. We investigated the effects of limited larval hostplants and adult nectar sources on butterfly population size at four sites that encompass a range of resource densities. We used coarse and detailed estimates of resource abundance to test hypotheses relating resource quantity to population size. Coarse estimates of resources (percent cover of hostplant and density of nectar flowers) suggest that butterfly population size is not associated with resource availability. However, more detailed estimates of resources (density of hostplant leaves and quantity of nectar from native nectar sources) suggest that butterfly population size is strongly associated with resource availability. The results of this study suggest that restoring degraded habitat by augmenting adult and larval resources will play an important role in managing populations of this rare butterfly. Received: 20 June 1998 / Accepted: 25 November 1998     

试论海南省蝴蝶保护与可持续性利用的关系

根据世界自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 1994年前制订的《IUCN红色名录》和 1994年IUCN理事会第 4 0次会议上通过的《世界物种红色名录濒危等级》(IUCNRedListCatagories) ,针对我国 1989年颁布的《国家重点保护野生动物保护名录》和 2 0 0 0年国家林业局颁布的《国家保护的有益或者有重要经济、科学价值的陆生野生动物名录》中有关蝴蝶的部分 ,简述制订时的历史背景 ,就其中涉及海南分布的蝴蝶保护种划分的科学依据进行了探讨 ;建议今后蝴蝶保护名录修订时应将栖息地的保护状况列为评估濒危状况的首要依据 ,使保护名录更附合客观事实并有利于保护的可操作性 ;提出保护生物资源的最终目的是在条件成熟时对它们进行利用 ,如果可持续性利用的生物资源不加以利用 ,就是对资源的浪费 ;在利用中需引入高新技术、开拓创新 ,以提高利用效益 ,进而提升资源保护的管理水平。     

Local and landscape effects on butterfly density in northern Idaho grasslands and forests

Understanding butterfly response to landscape context can inform conservation management and planning. We tested whether local-scale resources (host and nectar plants, canopy cover) or landscape context, measured at two scales, better explained the densities of four butterfly species. The density of Coenonympha tullia, which has host plants strongly associated with grassland habitats, was positively correlated with the amount of grassland in 0.5- and 1-km radius landscapes and only occurred in forests when they bordered grasslands. For the other species, Celastrina ladon, Cupido amyntula, and Vanessa cardui, local-scale resources better explained butterfly densities, emphasizing the importance of local habitat quality for butterflies. These three species also used host plants that were distributed more heterogeneously within and among habitat types. Our findings demonstrate the importance of host plant spatial distributions when determining the scale at which butterfly density relates to resources, and we recommend that both these distributions and landscape context be evaluated when developing butterfly monitoring programs, managing for species of concern, or modeling potential habitat.     

New insights into butterfly-environment relationships using partitioning methods

Variation partitioning and hierarchical partitioning are novel statistical approaches that provide deeper understanding of the importance of different explanatory variables for biodiversity patterns than traditional regression methods. Using these methods, the variation in occupancy and abundance of the clouded apollo butterfly (Parnassius mnemosyne L.) was decomposed into independent and joint effects of larval and adult food resources, microclimate and habitat quantity. The independent effect of habitat quantity variables (habitat area and connectivity) captured the largest fraction of the variation in the clouded apollo patterns, but habitat connectivity had a major contribution only for occupancy data. The independent effects of resources and microclimate were higher on butterfly abundance than on occupancy. However, a considerable amount of variation in the butterfly patterns was accounted for by the joint effects of predictors and may thus be causally related to two or all three groups of variables. Abundance of the butterfly in the surroundings of the focal grid cell had a significant effect in all analyses, independently of the effects of other predictors. Our results encourage wider applications of partitioning methods in biodiversity studies.     

山西省蝶类多样性与地带分布

结合自然地理与植被条件对山西蝶类多样性分布的现状进行研究,结果表明,其特点是：不同林区差异性大,呈南北递减趋势,受小气候环境影响较大,资源呈片段化分布,耕作区种类多样性丧失严重。根据已知的216种蝶类在山西15个林区的分布情况,采用聚类平均法(UPGMA)对这15个林区的蝶类多样性进行聚类分析,在相似性系数为0.85时,可将山西林区划分为5个蝶类分布地带。按照地理位置和自然景观的不同,分别称之为：Ⅰ.南端山地蝴蝶区;Ⅱ.南部盆地蝴蝶区;Ⅲ.中南部山地丘陵蝴蝶区;Ⅳ.中部高山蝴蝶区;Ⅴ.西北部丘陵蝴蝶区。在关键区系分析中,得知南端山地蝴蝶区和中部高山蝴蝶区是山西蝶类多样性分布的重要地区,对这两个区系加以保护,即可保护山西已知蝴蝶种类的97.7%。     

Coincidence in the distributions of butterflies and their foodplants

The relationship between the geographic distribution of consumers and of their hosts (foodplants) is examined using the resident butterfly fauna of Britain. On average, butterfly species that feed on more widely distributed hosts are themselves more widely distributed. However, the relationship is approximately triangular and the upper constraint imposed by the range sizes of hosts is not closely followed; some species have much more restricted ranges than their hosts have. There is no relationship between the proportion of the range of the foodplant that is occupied and the size of the range of the foodplant. Monopbagous butterfly species have smaller range sizes than polyphagous species, probably as a consequence of the greater potential range sizes of the latter. Those plant species that are used as hosts by butterflies have larger range sizes than expected by chance, and individual polyphagous butterfly species tend disproportionately to be found in areas containing larger numbers of their host plant species. In sum, this study reveals a complex relationship between the distribution of butterflies and that of their resources (foodplants).     

Variation in grazing management practices supports diverse butterfly communities across grassland working landscapes

Landscape changes and resource exploitation have driven global biodiversity declines and reduced provision of ecological functions and services. In grassland working landscapes managed for ecological services and livestock production, it is essential to understand the influence of grazing practices on biodiversity to guide conservation. We used grassland butterflies to investigate the effects of four grazing management practices on biodiversity and pollination services from 2015 to 2016. We hypothesized grazing management practices would generate differing floristic resources that would thereby influence grassland butterfly community composition. To address our hypothesis, we sampled floral resources using belt transects and butterfly community and species level dynamics using line-transect distance sampling. We detected 2578 butterflies representing 34 species. Management practice was not a significant predictor of floral (p?=?0.319) or butterfly community composition (p?=?0.604), and sites under the same management showed dissimilarity in ordination space, indicating differences that may not be associated with grazing practices. At the species level, management explained density for six of nine butterfly species, but no individual management practice was optimal for a majority of detected species. Thus, over the timeframe of this study, grazing management practices did not generate differences in floristic community composition to drive community-level responses in grassland butterflies. Rather, management drove differences in individual species’ abundance within the butterfly community, likely contributing to the butterfly diversity observed at a broader scale.     

Age-related changes in thoracic mass: possible reallocation of resources to reproduction in butterflies

In nectar-feeding butterflies, reproductive potential is usually thought to depend on the size of the reproductive reserves in the abdomen, the adult food quality and, for females, the amount of resources received in the spermatophores at mating. Recent findings show that thorax mass and nitrogen content decrease with age in some butterfly species, and that thorax resources may be used for reproduction in the butterfly Pieris napi , just as in some other insects. In order to determine whether this is a general pattern and ascertain how it relates to the investment of resources in reproduction we studied the dynamics of thorax and abdomen mass changes in 11 Swedish butterfly species. By regressing thorax and abdomen mass on age of field-collected specimens, we show that loss of mass from both the thorax and the abdomen is a common phenomenon among nectar-feeding temperate zone butterflies under natural conditions. We argue that our results indicate that resources from flight muscles can be reallocated to reproduction by these butterflies, thus increasing their reproductive potential. Within species, females use proportionately more resources from the thorax than do males, as expected from the difference in investment of resources in reproduction. Among males we expect species with a higher reproductive investment to have a larger decrease in thorax and abdomen mass, and our data indicate that this is the case. Looking at the change in relative thorax mass, our results suggest that the use of resources from the thorax does not affect flight performance negatively, something that could constrain the use of muscle resources.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 86 , 363–380.