高压热水浸提法提取金针菇中游离氨基酸的优化研究

研究了采用高压热水浸提法从金针菇中提取游离氨基酸的最适条件。通过单因素试验和正交试验,探讨了料液比、高压热水浸提时间及高压热水浸提温度对金针菇中游离氨基酸提取率的影响。试验结果表明,此法提取金针菇中游离氨基酸的最适条件为：料液比为1∶35（g/mL）、高压热水浸提温度为108℃、高压热水浸提时间为50min。在此条件下,金针菇中游离氨基酸的提取率为3.37%。     

正交试验法优选三七茎叶中总黄酮的提取工艺

目的：从三七茎叶中提取总黄酮。方法：采用正交试验法研究三七茎叶总黄酮的提取工艺,考察了浸提用水的pH值、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数、液料比五个因素对三七茎叶总黄酮提取率的影响。结果：确立了三七茎叶总黄酮最佳提取条件为：用pH10的稀碱水作溶剂,液料比30：1,浸提温度为80℃,回流提取2次,提取时间为每次40min。     

正交实验优选月腺大戟根总黄酮的提取工艺

目的：研究月腺大戟根中总黄酮类化合物的提取工艺,为研发新型植物源农药提供理论基础。方法：采用索氏提取法对月腺大戟根总黄酮进行提取,以乙醇体积分数、提取时间、提取温度、料液比为实验因素,以提取的总黄酮含量为指标,对提取工艺进行考察,确定最佳提取条件。结果和结论：根总黄酮提取的优化条件为：提取时间2h,提取温度70℃,料液比1：40,乙醇浓度50％;影响提取的主次顺序为：料液比〉提取时间〉乙醇浓度〉提取温度;其中料液比和提取时间是影响根总黄酮提取效果的显著因素。     

野西瓜低聚糖的提取及含量测定

目的:确定野西瓜低聚糖提取工艺参数并测定其含量.方法:对提取温度、提取时间、料液比和乙醇浓度进行了单因素和L9(34)正交试验;用分光光度法测定了野西瓜中低聚糖含量.结果:影响野西瓜低聚糖提取率的4个因素的影响程度依次为:提取时间>提取温度>乙醇浓度>料液比.最佳提取条件为:提取温度70℃、提取时间70min、料液比1/25、乙醇浓度80%,在此实验条件下低聚糖得率为3.70%.结论:实验结果为野西瓜低聚糖的进一步研究提供科学依据.     

萌发大麦种子水溶性蛋白组分提取

采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验方法,对大麦种子中水溶性蛋白组分的提取工艺进行了研究,得出了大麦种子水溶蛋白组分提取量与料液浓度,浸提温度和浸提时间的数学模型,确定了大麦籽粒水溶蛋白组分最佳提取条件为料液浓度9．1％,浸提温度20℃,浸提时间3h;通过连续检测萌发大麦种子水溶蛋白含量发现：随萌发时间增长,蛋白含量逐渐升高,麦芽中水溶蛋白含量约为大麦的4倍．     

百合中氨基酸组成测定与营养功能分析

以3种不同的百合为原料,用水浸提法提取百合中游离氨基酸,对提取条件进行研究,通过正交试验确定最适宜提取条件(即:以7.5%乙酸为提取液,料液比1:35,70℃提取3 h).同时采用氨基酸分析仪测定3种百合的水提取液样品,共检出17种游离氨基酸(其中7种为必需氨基酸).结果表明,百合中的游离氨基酸以精氨酸为主体,占总游离...     

正交试验优选超声提取芦笋总皂苷的工艺

目的:优选超声提取芦笋总皂苷的最佳工艺。方法:以高氯酸作为显色剂,用紫外分光光度法测定芦笋中总皂苷的含量,并以提取率为评价指标,采用单因素实验和正交试验优选最佳提取工艺。结果:芦笋总皂苷超声提取的最佳工艺为乙醇浓度70%,料液比1:15(W/V),超声时间50 min,超声温度40℃。结论:该提取工艺可行,为芦笋总皂苷的进一步研究提供了依据。     

老龙皮总氨基酸的提取工艺研究

通过单因素选择和正交设计法,以老龙皮总氨基酸含量为指标,分别对乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间等因素进行考查,优选老龙皮总氨基酸的最佳提取条件。结果显示料液比对总氨基酸提取率影响最大,最佳提取条件为60%乙醇作提取液,料液比(W/V)为1∶20,在70℃提取3 h。     

超声波法提取短毛柽柳中总黄酮

目的：测定短毛柽柳中的总黄酮含量并确定其提取条件。方法：在提取过程中通过单因素实验分析了料液比、超声时间、乙醇浓度及超声温度等主要因素对提取率的影响。在此基础上通过正交设计法进行实验,优化短毛柽柳黄酮提取工艺条件。结果：短毛柽柳总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比为1∶15,超声处理时间为40min,乙醇浓度为45%,超声温度50℃。根据实验测得的短毛柽柳总黄酮平均得率为33.675mg/g,含量为22.75%。结论：实验结果可靠、方法简便、省时且无污染,是提取短毛柽柳中黄酮化合物的有效途径。     

小茴香果实中总黄酮含量测定方法研究

目的：测定小茴香果实中的总黄酮含量,以利于后续的提取操作。方法：采用分光光度法,以芦丁为标准样品,测定小茴香中的总黄酮含量;通过单因素和正交试验确定果实中总黄酮的最佳提取条件。结果：总黄酮的最佳提取条件为：乙醇浓度70%,提取时间2h,料液比1∶30,提取温度70℃,在此条件下提取率可达2.871。结论：试验结果可能为以后小茴香资源的开发利用提供重要的理论依据。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.