秦岭川金丝猴雌性携抱偏好与婴儿吸乳偏好

为了揭示婴儿吸乳偏好以及母猴携抱偏好发育过程,对具有不同生育背景的出生一周的婴儿吸乳偏好和母亲携抱偏好进行了研究。采用扫描取样法,对32 对母婴(7 个初次生育雌性及其婴儿,25 个多次生育雌性及其婴儿)的雌性携抱婴猴偏好行为,及其婴猴的吸乳偏好行为进行了记录。经对比和相关分析检验,结果显示,初次生育雌性的婴儿在吸乳时出现群体水平上的左侧偏好(t₍₆₎ = - 3.731,P = 0.010),再次生育雌性的婴儿没有出现群体水平的吸乳偏好(t₍₂₄₎ = 0.854,P = 0.402);初次生育的雌性会出现群体水平上的左侧携抱偏好(t₍₆₎ = - 3.890,P = 0.008),再次生育的雌性没有群体水平的偏好方向存在(t₍₂₄₎ = 1. 955,P = 0.062);同母婴儿绝大部分(8/9)会出现相反方向的吸乳偏好(N1 = 8,N2 = 1,P = 0.039)。这表明,再次生育经历会影响秦岭川金丝猴新生婴儿的吸乳偏好进而影响雌性的携抱偏好。     

Neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality in wild Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)

Lateralized behavior is considered an observable phenotype of cerebral functional asymmetry and has been documented in many mammalian species. In the present study, we examined evidence of lateralization in neonatal nipple contact, maternal cradling, and the relationship between these two behaviors during the first 12 weeks of life in wild Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis). The results showed that across our sample of nine mother–infant dyads: (1) Seven of nine neonates exhibited a significant left-side nipple preference during the first 12 weeks of life, whereas eight of nine mothers displayed a significant right-side cradling preference; (2) at the population level, there was a significant preference for left nipple contact by neonatal Taihangshan macaques and a significant right-hand maternal cradling preference; (3) at the population level, there was a nonsignificant negative correlation between neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling bias; and (4) the strength of individual neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality were not correlated. We conclude that asymmetry in nipple contact of Taihangshan macaques occurs early in behavioral development. Given that infant Taihangshan macaques are able to nurse and cling unassisted to their mothers within a few days after birth, it appears that the infant rather than its mother is responsible for determining a nipple-side preference. Our results indicating a left-side nipple bias in 78% of wild neonatal Taihangshan macaques are most consistent with the heartbeat hypothesis.     

非人灵长类动物雌性携抱婴儿与婴儿吸乳偏好的研究进展

灵长类雌性动物在携抱婴儿时会表现出一种方向偏好,同时,婴儿在吸乳时也会表现出方向偏好.相关研究表明,这两类偏好与灵长类大脑不对称性及其功能的进化有着极其紧密的联系.此方面的研究作为灵长类偏好行为研究的重要关注点之一,在国外已得到了较好的发展,在国内尚处于萌芽阶段.由于多种影响因素的存在,非人灵长类已有的研究结果间存在一定差异.     

笼养川金丝猴社会偏侧行为的初步研究

社会环境中动物个体之间在互动行为过程中所表现出的行为偏侧称为社会偏侧.社会偏侧对于物种个体和群体的适应性生存均有重要意义.本研究基于生物系统发生关系,应用定量多维方法和The Observer 11.0动物行为观察分析系统初步研究笼养川金丝猴社会偏侧(社会互动过程中的位置偏侧)的基本特征.研究结果显示:(1)笼养川金丝...     

Laterality in Maternal Cradling and Infant Positional Biases: Implications for the Development and Evolution of Hand Preferences in Nonhuman Primates

Left-sided maternal cradling has been widely reported in human populations. In this paper, I review the evidence of laterality in maternal cradling and infant positional biases in non-human primates. The review revealed some evidence of population-left sided cradling in great apes but little consistency in bias was found among Old and New World monkeys. Very little data have been reported in prosimians. I further describe how asymmetries in either maternal cradling or infant positional biases may explain individual and species differences in hand preference.     

秦岭川金丝猴的一种自发性双足姿势的脚偏好

与手偏好相比较,脚偏好被认为是研究大脑半球中语言功能偏侧性调控表达的一种更佳的行为预测指标。当前国际科学界对于人类大脑半球功能不对称性和肢体偏好进化起源的关注,有力地推动了非人灵长类物种肢体偏好行为学研究,其中关于树栖灵长类物种的相关研究,对身体姿势在灵长类肢体偏好表达的理解有十分关键作用。川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)是我特有濒危灵长类物种,主要营树栖生活。本研究首次关注秦岭川金丝猴自发性非移动双足姿势(双足叠放)的脚偏好。研究发现在个体水平上每个焦点动物均表现出明显的脚偏好,在群组水平上表现出显著的右脚偏好,脚偏好表达无显著性别差异,其研究结果支持“姿势起源理论”。本文首次呈现野生旧大陆猴物种群组水平脚偏好的研究证据。     

Scan and focal sampling: reliability in the laterality for maternal cradling and infant nipple preferences in olive baboons, Papio anubis

We compared measures of laterality obtained by two observational sampling procedures (a 15-min focal-dyad sampling with continuous recording, and a scan and instantaneous sampling), using 10 mother-infant dyads of captive olive baboons. The two measures of lateral biases for maternal cradling, infant nipple preference, infant head position and maternal carrying, but not those for infant retrieval, were positively and significantly correlated. Our results clearly show that the two sampling procedures produce equally sensitive measures of lateral bias for both the maternal and the infant behaviours. They also provide evidence of asymmetries in mean bout length and therefore suggest that recording bouts is not necessarily the best measure of lateral bias. Taken together, these results show empirically that the scan and instantaneous sampling procedure does not lead to a lack of independence of data points, as previously assumed.     

Infant cradling in a captive mother gorilla

The purpose of the study presented here was to investigate the handedness and cradling preferences of a mother gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) from the Metro Toronto Zoo. The study also examined preferences for handedness for each member of the captive group. Observational data were collected using scan sampling at 60‐sec intervals. Handedness was determined with a coordinated bimanual tube test using peanut butter spread on the interior of a PVC tube. Our findings were largely consistent with the literature on laterality in African apes by documenting a left‐side cradling bias for one apparently ambidextrous captive gorilla mother. This bias was associated with a left head positioning preference by her infant. Although based on a single mother/infant pairing, this study indicates that cradling bias is not always determined by maternal handedness. Zoo Biol 27:420–426, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Handedness in nature: first evidence on manual laterality on bimanual coordinated tube task in wild primates

Handedness is a defining feature of human manual skill and understanding the origin of manual specialization remains a central topic of inquiry in anthropology and other sciences. In this study, we examined hand preference in a sample of wild primates on a task that requires bimanual coordinated actions (tube task) that has been widely used in captive primates. The Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an arboreal Old World monkey species that is endemic to China, and 24 adult individuals from the Qinling Mountains of China were included for the analysis of hand preference in the tube task. All subjects showed strong individual hand preferences and significant group-level left-handedness was found. There were no significant differences between males and females for either direction or strength of hand preference. Strength of hand preferences of adults was significantly greater than juveniles. Use of the index finger to extract the food was the dominant extractive-act. Our findings represent the first evidence of population-level left-handedness in wild Old World monkeys and broaden our knowledge on evaluating primate hand preference via experimental manipulation in natural conditions.     

川金丝猴摄食过程中“手”的选择使用

本文对20只川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana) 摄食过程中左右“手”的使用频次进行了观察和分析。在样本较小的条件下, 尽管被研究动物中有一半个体明显地倾向于使用右手, 但没有发现统计学上明显的种群水平的单手利现象。虽然本研究中成体金丝猴使用右手的比例在数量上高于幼体, 但在统计学上, 单手利行为不存在明显的年龄差别; 同样, 单手利用行为也不存在统计学上明显的性别差异。建议在未来的研究中采用大样本在解决复杂问题过程中对单手利行为做进一步的探讨。     

Hand preference during unimanual and bimanual reaching actions in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Hand preferences were investigated during one unimanual action (food-reaching) and one bimanual action (mount-reaching) in a semi-free-ranging group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve, Qinling Mountains of China. Nine of 14 individuals tested on the unimanual food-reaching action and all six individuals tested on the bimanual mount-reaching action exhibited a manual preference. Both significant right- and left-handed preferences were observed in the two actions. Sex did not affect either direction or strength of hand preference in the unimanual action. Hand preference for the bimanual action was stable over time, and the strength of hand preference was significantly stronger in the bimanual action than in the unimanual action.     

Left Nipple Preferences in Infant Pan paniscus and P. troglodytes

We investigated laterality in nipple preference in 16 mother-infant dyads, 8 bonobos, and 8 chimpanzees via an event sampling procedure in infants 5–55 mo of age. Both bonobo and chimpanzee infants preferred the left nipple, and the results were stable over time. Maternal age, experience, and rearing history did not influence laterality in offspring nipple preferences. We discuss the results in the context of the role of early mother-infant interactions on the development of laterality in primates.     

Ear asymmetry and left-side cradling

Women and girls tend to cradle infants and dolls on the left side of the body. Left-sided cradling is found in chimpanzees and gorillas, is cross-cultural and present in historical works of art, and is transmitted down the human maternal line. One explanation for the left-cradling tendency is that it facilitates the flow of affective information from the infant via the left ear and eye to the center for emotional decoding, that is, the right hemisphere of the mother. We show that the developmental stability of the ear, as measured by ear asymmetry, is negatively correlated with the left-sided cradling tendency. Left-cradling English women holding infants and Jamaican girls holding dolls had a strong tendency to show lower ear asymmetry than right cradlers, whereas no such relationship was found in boys nor for various measures of asymmetry of the hand, with the possible exception of the wrist in Jamaican girls. Degree of handedness, as measured by the Annett peg-moving test, did not predict cradling preference in the Jamaican children, and the relationship between ear asymmetry and cradling preference was independent of hand preference. Our results suggest that developmental instability of the ear (including the pinna, external auditory meatus, and middle ear) may interfere with the flow of affective information to the right hemisphere. Ear asymmetry also showed evidence of strong maternal but not paternal transmission. It is suggested that between-individual variation of in utero stress may explain patterns of maternal transmission of lateral cradling tendencies.     

Principles and levels of laterality in unimanual and bimanual stone handling patterns by Japanese macaques

The preferential use of one hand over the other is considered the primary behavioral expression of structural and functional asymmetry in cerebral structures, which is a decisive factor in human evolution. We present the first analysis of manual laterality in a form of object play—stone handling (SH) behavior—in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques. Defined as a stone-directed manipulative activity, and comprised of multiple one-handed SH patterns (e.g., grabbing a stone in one hand and cradling it against its chest), as well as coordinated two-handed SH patterns with manual role differentiation (e.g., holding a stone with one hand and rubbing it with the other), SH behavior is a good candidate for the study of hand lateralization. We systematically followed the methodological framework developed by McGrew and Marchant (1997) to measure and analyze the presence, strength, and direction of manual preference in the performance of SH behavior and in various SH patterns, both at the individual and group level. Some individuals showed a significant manual lateral bias on a single SH pattern (hand preference), whereas others showed consistency in laterality across all or most of the SH patterns they performed (hand specialization). At the group level, we found that, although their collective distribution of left versus right remained random, most subjects were either significantly but incompletely lateralized, or completely lateralized within particular SH patterns (pattern specialization), but not across all SH patterns (no handedness for SH behavior as a whole). As predicted by the task-complexity model, hand specialization and handedness were stronger in the coordinated bimanual SH patterns than in the unimanual patterns. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution of manual preferences in noninstrumental object manipulation versus stone tool use in nonhuman primates and hominins.     

野生川金丝猴一个全雄青年猴群的同性爬背行为

本研究采用行为取样方法,首次对秦岭野生川金丝猴全雄青年群中的同性爬跨行为进行报道。研究中我们共观察到21 次同性爬背行为,其平均持续时间为5.53 ± 3.11s;雄性同性爬背发生前的行为中以玩耍行为(47.62% )和3 种不同姿势的邀配模仿行为(42.85% )为主;而同性爬背行为发生后则主要为彼此间的相互理毛行为(47.62% )和玩耍行为(23.81% )。对比先前婴幼猴时期的相关研究结果,青年猴同性爬背行为前邀配模仿资势的多样化在一定程度上体现了野生状态下雄性川金丝猴个体青少年阶段的性行为发育进程。考虑到川金丝猴全雄群的社会结构,青年猴同性爬背行为具有巩固社群稳定和加强个体关系的功能。此外,研究中观察到76.19% 的同性爬背行为发生在昼间休息期之后的第一个小时内,这可能是“睡眠与觉醒循环”对性激素的反调节作用所致。     

川金丝猴食谱的地域性差异比较

对不同地区川金丝猴食物组成的比较有助于了解其对不同生境食物供应的适应性。本研究通过对陕西川金丝猴猴群食谱的长期记录,并汇集了国内对四川-甘肃和湖北的川金丝猴食性研究结果,集成了这三个地理种群川金丝猴各自的地域性食谱,共计有136 种植物(隶属35 科)被该物种作为采食对象。对来自这三个不同区域(陕西、四川-甘肃、湖北)的川金丝猴食谱组成的比较,发现有近半数的植物是三个地理种群共同的采食对象,但其食谱组成差异明显。这可能源于各地植物本身的多样性差异,及不同地理种群对各种食物采食偏好的不同所致。对其相关聚类分析结果显示,陕西和湖北的猴群在食谱组成上相近,但四川-甘肃的猴群与前两个地区猴群的食谱组成差异极大。然而湖北和四川-甘肃种群在食物的选择上采用了近乎相同的偏好倾向,而陕西的猴群与它们明显不同。我们初步分析认为造成食谱组成和采食偏好差异的原因可能是各地理种群活动地海拔带重叠度不同、森林类型不同、它们在不同林型中活动的时间分配不一。很明显,就我们目前所掌握的有关川金丝猴食谱组成来看,该物种不应该仅仅被认为是一个叶食性灵长类动物,而应该是一个泛化采食者。     

川金丝猴射精标准的量化辅助

通过对位于秦岭周至国家级自然保护区玉皇庙西梁川金丝猴群的交配行为进行拍摄记录(2003 年7～12 月), 运用NOLDUS公司编制的The Observer 610 动物行为分析系统对摄像资料进行分析, 发现野生川金丝猴采用腹背式交配方式, 交配中(N = 285) 有单足踩脚踝(54157%) 和双足踩脚踝(45143%) 两种姿势, 与圈养观察中仅发现单足踩脚踝交配姿势有别。此外, 通过与笼养和圈养条件下报道的射精标准比较, 我们将抽插过程分为“抽插前期”和“抽插后期”两个阶段, 并试图为川金丝猴交配过程中的射精行为判定提供一个量化辅助。     

Lateralization in the predatory behaviour of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis)

Ectotherms have been shown being lateralized as well as mammals and birds. This is particularly evident in visual lateralization, i.e. the different use of the eyes, leading to use a specific eye to observe specific kind of stimuli and to process them with the correspondent contralateral hemisphere. Several lower vertebrates are facilitated in this from the lateral position of the eyes, enabling them to carry out more tasks simultaneously, controlled by different eyes and relative hemispheres. Predatory responses seem usually mediated by the right eye/left hemisphere in fishes, amphibians and some sauropsids, but there are no strong evidences of this in lizards. Eighteen wild males of the Common wall lizard Podarcis muralis were tested individually in captivity to ascertain whether they are lateralized to look at prey with a specific eye. The lizards were gently induced entering a 30-cm long central arm of a T-maze which led to a 44.5-cm long arm cross-arm at whose extremities there were two identical prey, Tenebrio molitor larvae, familiar to the lizards. We recorded what direction the lizards chose to reach the prey and the frequency and duration of head turning, indicative of looking either prey with the left or the right eye. We found that individuals show being lateralized at individual level. The preferred direction taken to reach the prey is the right for the majority of those (4 of 5) showing an evident preference, indicating also a possible form of laterality at population level. In addition, lizards maintained the same head side of the direction taken turned for more time towards the prey than the opposite head side, revealing an eye preference for observing this kind of cue. Our study demonstrates how males of Podarcis muralis have a visual lateralization to capture prey. Furthermore, it is another support to the hypothesis of vertebrate lateralization derivation from a common ancestor.     

Hand preference in unimanual and bimanual tasks and postural effect on manual laterality in captive red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus)

Hand preference in 11 captive red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) was examined under different conditions: a free situation during spontaneous food processing, three different postural conditions (brachiating, and bipedal and tripedal standing), and a situation involving bimanual processing. Generally, individual laterality was found regardless of the task and behavior involved. However, the number of monkeys with hand preferences and the strength of the preference increased with the complexity of the tasks. The monkeys exhibited a significantly higher and positive mean manual preference index (HI) when they were hanging than when they were quadrupedal or sitting. The strength of manual preference (ABS-HI) was in turn higher when the monkeys were hanging or bipedal than when they were quadrupedal. The strength of manual preference was higher for both the bimanual and experimental tasks than for unimanual tasks and spontaneous activities. Although our sample was too small to allow us to make any generalizations concerning lateral preferences in red-capped mangabeys, we propose some hypotheses about the influence of posture stability and task complexity.     

The meaning of weaning in wild Phayre's leaf monkeys: Last nipple contact,survival, and independence

In primates and other mammals, weaning is an equivocal concept, as is reflected in the numerous ways it is measured: a) first intake of solid food, b) conflict over access to the nipple, c) ability to survive without mother, d) maternal resumption of cycling, or e) the cessation of nipple contact. The lack of a consistent definition means that weaning age, although it falls between gestation (fetal growth) and age at first reproduction (most energy diverted from growth), is currently not a reliable life history variable capturing offspring independence. Using data for wild Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (51 offspring, four groups), we asked whether the end of nipple contact indicates offspring independence as measured by survival to 3 years. To establish a baseline for the onset of independence, we assessed the youngest age at which individuals were orphaned (15–17 months) but then survived to 3 years. Next we determined that offspring age at last nipple contact (19.0 months) was comparable to two other independently calculated measures: offspring age at mother's first postpartum ovulation (11.5 months), and age at mother's re‐conception (15.6 months). Using these separate “starting points,” we arrived at similar ages for nipple contact cessation (18.4 and 19.2 months, respectively). Overall, in wild (but not in provisioned) Asian colobines, age at last nipple contact was allometrically related to adult female body mass, supporting its designation as a life history variable. Future comparisons need to show if this holds for other taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:291–301, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.